Forest and its bi-product (often called as biomass) are the essential part of environment. Forest is directly or indirectly serving human being from the very beginning. Three forest ranges of Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh namely Banki, Tilkonia and Pharenda are the reserved forest which have Sal (Shorea Robusta) and Sagaun (Tectona Grandis) as the dominant species. The biomasses generated from the three forest range are mainly dry leaves and twigs which are generally used as litter. The biomass production of three forest ranges are 2782.91 Kt. The trees are mostly mature in which the results state that the Sal plantation forest are with less Above Ground Biomass. It is revealed that plantation forest has large tree population with less DBH class. The plantation forest has greater carbon stock as well as great carbon sequestration potential than any other forest.

The study analyzed business risk of fast food firms in Calabar metropolis, Cross-River State, Nigeria. Specifically, it assessed the operations of fast food businesses, analyzed rate of growth of the firms, evaluated the different risks involved and determine the effect of risk variables on their performance (profit). Both primary and secondary data were used while data obtained were analyzed using descriptive statistics, business risk model and multiple regression analytical technique. The results revealed that 75.6% of the firms source their raw materials from the markets; their mean growth rate was 5.78 with a mean coefficient of variation of 67.16%, showing that most firms were exposed to high level of risk. The regression results revealed that business risk, volume of sales, age of the firms, variable costs, business equity growth rate and total revenue were significant on profit. Consequently, the study recommended that, in setting up a fast food business, the social setting of the people particularly their food preferences should be considered, managing variable costs through bulk purchases could improve the profit of these firms and that the significant variables should be considered for optimum performance and sustainability.

Salinity and bad quality irrigation water is very common problem in Pakistan due to limited rainfall, more evapo-transpiration and high temperature. So, there is need to select salt tolerant plants. In view of that a pot experiment was conducted to study the growth performance and ionic composition of Conocarpus erectus L. under saline – sodic conditions. Sixteen treatments i.e. (T1=<4(dSm-1) + <15 (mmol L-1)1/2, T2= 20(dSm-1) + 20 (mmol L-1)1/2, T3= 20(dSm-1) + 40 (mmol L-1)1/2, T4= 20 (dSm-1) + 60 (mmol L-1)1/2, T5= 20 (dSm-1) + 80(mmol L-1)1/2, T6= 20(dSm-1) + 100 (mmol L-1)1/2, T7= 30(dSm-1) + 20(mmol L-1)1/2, T8= 30(dSm-1) + 40(mmol L-1)1/2, T9= 30 (dSm-1) + 60(mmol L-1)1/2, T10= 30 (dSm-1) + 80(mmol L-1)1/2, T11= 30(dSm-1) + 100 (mmol L-1)1/2, T12= 40(dSm-1) + 20(mmol L-1)1/2, T13= 40(dSm-1) + 40(mmol L-1)1/2, T14= 40 (dSm-1) + 60(mmol L-1)1/2, T15= 40 (dSm-1) + 80(mmol L-1)1/2 and T16= 40(dSm-1) + 100 (mmol L-1)1/2) were evaluated in order to assess their effect on plant growth and ionic composition. Results revealed that increasing levels of salinity and sodicity had negative effect on all plant growth parameters i.e. plant height, number of leaves and branches. While owing to dual stress of salinity and sodicity minimum percentage increase over control was noticed in T16 having EC (40 dSm-1) and SAR 100 (mmol L- 1)1/2. Results showed that sodium concentration increased with increasing salinity/ sodicity, while potassium in leaf samples was decreased. Maximum K/ Na was depicted in control while minimal at the highest level i.e. T16.

The effects of the financial crisis in America, which happened to be spoken as one of the most advanced countries, spread from there to the other countries of the world and none were spared of its effects. For some of the countries, the effect was immediate whereas in some much smaller countries the effect was slow to come. One of the countries that have been lately affected by this is the Sultanate of Oman. This is a small high income economy that is highly dependent on its oil resources. It is a small member of the OPEC (Organization of Petroliam Exporting Countries) oil-cartel with a share of only 0.4% of the world‘s proven oil stocks and 1% of the world production according to the EIU (Economist Intelligent Unit), CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) World fact book. This reflects the needs for carrying out policy changes in order to increase its exports and imports as well as to adopt measures whereby a diversification should be seen on its sources of revenue. Effective trade policies which shall include Omanization, promotion of the tax policy and improving both the SME (Small & Medium Enterprises) as well as the tourism industry shall help in the long run to nullify or reduce the negative impacts of the crisis. Further, if modernization in the existing political system is brought about and the investment by other countries, along with promotion of its own cottage industries like production of the Omani Halva, Date processing and Oudh and Frankincense export increased little if not much can help achieve to turn around the present scenario.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) of Fabaceae family belongs to genus Cajanus usually grown in semi-arid tropics of Asia and Oceania, Africa and America. This crop has been a best source for improving food and soil quality amongst farmers. However, its seed have been always questioned for purity. This problem is managed by using polymorphic SSR markers. In present study, a DNA fingerprints generated by seven SSR markers and hybrid testing is performed on Pigeonpea test samples along with parental lines. The seed samples of pigeonpea were germinated in laboratory and three week old leaves samples were used for DNA isolation by CTAB method. A total of 9 alleles were observed in three test samples using three primers out of seven primers. The screening of the allelic data associated with the three cultivated varieties, revealed markers (CcM0246) displayed unique allelic profiles for one variety. Yet, the genetic fingerprinting data is not well resolved to potentially distinguished two bands of hybrid that are merely of 4-8 bp to confirm hybrid testing of seed. Hybrid Testing of pigeonpea may be confirmed including more SSR primers prepared from genomic DNA of pigeonpea.

Reward plays a vital role to establish the attitudes of employee towards their job and the organization. There are several forms of reward that an organization can provide. However, this paper examines which types of rewards play significant role to motivate employees for achieving task and extra task behaviors. Based on the previous research and the suitability of data collection, the research method has chosen for this study is a quantitative approach. A variety ofthe finding is available from this research, such as: the reward practices of the sector presented in this study, why employee thinks non-financial rewards are important to them rather than financial rewards or vice versa. At the same time, this study also identifies whether female employees are considering non-financial rewards as motivating factors for them than men or not. Furthermore, it discloses that job position (managerial and nonmanagerial) has a considerable impact on reward perceptions. However, the results and conclusion are only applicable to the chosen organization.

Occupational hazards are termed as workplace undesirable activities that can cause an injury or ill health among the health care workers at their work place Aluko et al., 2016. In discharging their duties, nurses encounter a variety of occupational health problems which may be categorized into biological, chemical, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards Manyele, Ngonyani, & Eliakimu, 2008. The main aim of this study is to determine the knowledge and attitude of clinical practicing nurses regarding occupational hazards at the selected hospital. A Descriptive Cross sectional design was used to assess the awareness of nurses regarding the occupational hazards and its management. A quantitative non experimental approach was applied. A sample n=200 registered nurses was drawn from the list of all registered nurses at Mayo Hospital Lahore through convenient sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was adopted from a previous study. The adopted questionnaire meets the basic purpose and objectives of this current study. All the questions were written and formulated simply. The data collection tool consists of closed ended questions with Yes and No for Knowledge and Likert scale of agreements and disagreements for Attitude. After the data categorized and entered in to the computer, it will be analyzed with the help of SPSS software (version 21). Religion and Knowledge of occupational hazards is having significant association (p value= .001). Furthermore Marital status of the participants is significantly associated with the knowledge and attitude towards the occupational hazards among nurses. The chi squire tests are having significant association (p value= .000) less than .05. Moreover Knowledge and attitude of occupational hazards showed a significant relationship with having Pearson chi square values (p values .000). In conclusion, the Knowledge ad attitude of occupational hazards was found to be associated with different factors such as Education, Marital status and religion etc.

Acne is a common problem that can also leave behind permanent scarring leading to low self-esteem. Various treatment modalities can help dealing with these acne scars. The aim of this study is to compare efficacy of PRP with dermaroller against with PPP with dermaroller. A prospective study of 31 patients was done. After microneedling, PRP and PPP was applied on each side of face. The procedure was repeated every four weeks and scars were evaluated by Goodman and Barron grading system. Significant improvements were found on both sides of face and no substantial difference was observed on either of the treated sides. Also dermaroller therapy showed improvement in rolling type and boxcar types of acne scars only. Dermaroller is a safe and affordable device used with or without PRP and PPP for treatment of post acne scars

Contaminated water may affect the health of millions of residents in the world. The main objective of this research work is to evaluate the drinking water quality in Sharg and Garb el-gash drinking water stations, which considered as important sources for civil uses, in Kassala city, eastern Sudan, during June 2016. For this purpose, chlorinated water samples were taken from drinking water pump station units and chemically analyzed at the laboratory of Kassala authority drinking water. The results revealed that, values of Acidity (7.5), Ammonia, Ammonium and Ferrous Cations; Nitrite, Nitrate, Fluoride and Chloride ions, Total Hardness were found to be: (0.03, 0.033, 0, 12.28, 0.03, 0.88, 0, 185) mg/l respectively. Turbidity were found to be 2.91 NTU, the results matched with both the Sudanese and world health organization standards. Hence, Kassala drinking water was free from chemical pollutants and almost suitable for domestic use.

The study therefore is intended to ensure the application of benchmarking as a managerial tool for effectiveness of organization with the following steps to: find out the quality of service MTN offers to the customers better than other system network and find out the extent of MTN affordability of service which act as an inducement in choosing other network. The study was to evaluate the application of benchmarking as a managerial tool for effectiveness of the communication Service providers. The population consists of 482 staff of MTN, GLO 9 Mobile, Airtel in Enugu metropolis, Enugu state. The study used the survey approach. The primary sources used were the administration of questionnaire to staff and distributors. 352 copies of the questionnaire were returned and accurately filled. The validity of the instrument was tested using content analysis and the result was good. The reliability was tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). It gave a reliability co-efficient of 0.79 which was also good. The hypotheses were analyzed using f-statistics (ANOVA) tool. The findings indicated that the quality of service MTN offers has significant and positive effect to the customers than other system network F(95,n=352)=724.975,P<0.05; and that MTN affordability of service which acts as an inducement than choosing other network is to a great extent. F (95,n=352)=699.755, P<0.05; The study concluded that the quality and affordability of service MTN offers has significant and positive effect to the customers than other system network. The study Recommended that Quality of service is highly demanded of any organization that wants long-term sustainability to meet up with competitive advantage. Finally, affordability of service should be ensured for both the rich and poor at any point in time to increase market share.

Ivorian Cucurbitaceae seeds consumed in sauce find themselves in several varieties. Among the Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus lanatus species comprises four cultivars listed on the basis of the size and appearance of seeds (oval seed cultivar, large seed cultivar, average seed cultivar and small seed cultivar). To promote these crops, field trials in situ were carried out to show the diversity within the species. Works have been conducted on the characterization of physico-chemical properties of seeds, and almonds. The agromorphological analysis showed different fruits weight of 1135.45 ± 266.78 g, 1075.29 ± 336.89 g, 838.43 ± 184.15 g and 764.4 ± 242.3 g for COS, CBS, CAS and CSS cultivars respectively. The morphological characteristics of peeled seeds (almonds) and not peeled (whole seeds) varied significantly (P 0,05) of a cultivar to the other. The percentage of germination of seeds showed a significant difference (p 0,05) from a cultivar to the other one. So the percentages of germination were 62,81 % and 88,88 % for the cultivars CSS and CAS respectively. As for cultivars COS and CBS, the percentages of germination were 95,72 % and 90,72 %. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the characteristics of the seeds of Citrullus lanatus cultivars showed that cultivars CBS and COS were premature, produced big fruits containing big seeds contrary to the late cultivars CAS and CSS with small and average seeds. However, the shape of fruits of the various cultivars did not determine the size of their seeds.

The client M.H was 23 years old male, referred by his psychologist for the management of his addiction that he sniff and injects heroin, aggressive behavior, restless and body pain. An assessment was done through Clinical interview, Behavioral observation, Subjective ratings, Anger scale and Mental Status Examination which results shows the client was orientated to person, place and time. Other subjective ratings like aggressive behavior of client which he rate on 10 scale and insight about addiction on 5. The client was diagnosed with “other (or Unknown) Substance Withdrawal”. Different management techniques were used like, Distraction techniques, Psychoeducation and Disease concept were given to the client. The overall response toward therapeutic intervention was productive. Total number of 10 sessions was done with the client

Nursing Process is a process used to prevent, identify and treat potential or actual health problems & promote wellness (Carlson, 2010). Regardless of nurse knowledge on nursing process, certain features limit the capability of nurses to implement it in their practice, including lesser time, patient volume high, patient turnover. To assess the Nurses‟ attitude towards the nursing process in a public tertiary care hospital Lahore. Cross-sectional descriptive design was used to evaluate the attitude of nurses towards nursing process among clinical nurses working in Mayo Hospital. Sample size was selected by convenient selection and a sample n=150 staff nurses from medical, surgical and emergency ward were selected. A well-structured questionnaire with closed ended Likert scale is adopted from the previous studies. “Nurses‟ Attitude to Nursing Process” Prideaux, 1991. This questionnaire was distributed among clinical nurses of medical, surgical and emergency ward in Mayo hospital. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 21 is statistical computer software for data analysis. The findings reveals that majority of the participants 78.76% were having negative attitude towards the nursing process, having attitude score of 75% or above while 21.33% of the participants had positive attitude towards the nursing process and got attitude score of above 75% score. Overall the attitude of nurses was not positive and majority had negative attitude, which need special attention.

The purpose of this research is: 1) To know and analyze Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), BOPO, and SIZE, partially and simultaneously to Return on Assets (ROA) at Conventional Rural Bank in Indonesia; 2) To know and analyze the influence of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), BOPO, and SIZE, partially and simultaneously to Return on Assets (ROA) at Conventional Rural Bank in Indonesia. The population in this studies all credit banks in Indonesia period 2008-2016. This research is explanatory. The type of data is secondary data (publication of Central Financial Services Authority, Central Bank Indonesia, and other relevant publications), analytical tools using multiple regression. The results showed: 1). CAR tends to be higher in the healthy predicate, LDR is in the category of the healthy category, NPL is still in the predicate category, but the trend is getting worse, BOPO is still controlled and categorized as the healthy category, and Size shows growing trend positive; 2). partially CAR and NPL, negatively significant is not significant, LDR has a positive effect is not significant, while BOPO and size have a significant negative effect on Return on Asset; simultaneously tested that CAR, LDR, NPL, BOPO, and SIZE have a significant effect on Return on Assets.

Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) is the most common healthcare associated infection arising as the complication at intensive care units accounting for 80% of all hospital acquired infections .Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most commonly reported Health Associated Infections (HAIs) in the United States, accounting for 32% of all infections Weber, Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2011. Although many preventive measures and guidelines to prevent CAUTI exist in different health care setting. The main purpose of this study was, to assess the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection in the ICU’s of the public hospitals Lahore. A cross sectional descriptive survey was performed to assess the knowledge and attitude among Nurses. A convenient sample of n=160 was used to collect the data. A structured adopted questionnaire from knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses towards the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection in selected referral hospitals in rwanda was used to collect data. The questionnaire consisted demographic variables, Knowledge and attitude of nurses about CAUTI among the nurses of the ICU at public hospitals Lahore. The findings reveals that majority of participants 48.75% were having moderate knowledge towards CAUTI prevention, having 48.13% poor knowledge and 3.13% having only good knowledge. However, attitude of nurses toward CAUTI prevention was 60% negative and 40% positive. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. Overall knowledge is satisfactory however negative attitude needs much attention.