The main objective of this work was to investigate the cow’s milk ingredients percentage after pasteurized using laser and heat treatment in order to compared them with untreated milk. In this work, fresh cow’s milk sample (360 ml) were obtained from farms of Sudan University of Science and Technology, the sample was divided into three parts, the first part pasteurized by Nd: YAG laser with output power of 50 watts for two minutes, the second part pasteurized by heating to a temperature of 72°C for 15 seconds the third part was control sample used as obtained. Moisture content, crude protein content, crude fat, ash content, total solid (TS) content, lactose content, pH of the milk samples and titratable acidity were analyzed for the three samples. The obtained results revealed that the ingredients percentage reduced in all heat-based pasteurized milk components compared to laserbased pasteurized milk components.

The use of medicinal plants in human and animal health care systems is well documented in ancient literature. However, excessive consumption of these plants could cause damage to some body tissues as well as impair their functions. There is dearth of information on the medicinal use of Costus lucanusianus in males hence this study was designed to investigate the effect of methanolic leaf extract of C. lucanusianus (MLECL) on male reproductive parameters using albino rats as model. Twenty animals were divided into four groups. Group A (Control) received 0.5ml/kg of 20% Tween 80 (vehicle), Group B (100 mg/kg of MLECL), Group C (200 mg/kg of MLECL), Group D (300 mg/kg of MLECL) by oral gavage daily for 28 days. Thereafter, Animals were anaesthetized and testes collected, homogenized and used for determination of sperm characteristics. Blood was collected for hormonal assay (testosterone) using ELISA. Histopathological study of the testes and epididymides were conducted. Methanolic leaf extract of C. lucanusianus has no significant (p>0.05) effect on sperm cell count and characteristics relative to the control, although the percentage of the sluggishly motile sperm cells increased in a dose dependent manner. No abnormality was observed in the testicular and epididymal sections of rats in the treated groups except the thickened interstitial spaces of testicular sections of rats treated with 200 and 300 mg/kg MLECL. It is therefore concluded that Costus lucanusianus methanolic leaf extracts have no deleterious effect on male reproductive parameters and can be considered relatively safe in male fertility

Okro fiber was obtained from okro stem by soaking in ammonium oxalate for 20minutes.The effect of alkali treatment (mercerization) on 10grammes of each sample was investigated. Various concentration of the NaOH (Sodium hydroxide) ranging from 0% to 22% was prepared. The temperature of the treatment was varied from 25 to 40oC .Water imbibitions studies was also carried out on the fiber samples by varying the temperature and concentration of the fiber samples obtained. Result of treatment of the fiber with ammonium oxalate indicated a whitish lustrous material. The mercerization effects on the fiber indicated an increase in mass of the fiber from an initial weight of 0.4g in 1.0M to 0.8g in 4.0M at 25oC .On the other hand, there was a substantial swelling noticed in the case of the fiber sample treated with 1.0M (0.6g) to 0.9g (4.0) at 40oC.For imbibitions studies, the water uptake recorded the best value with fiber treated with 1.0M showing a maximum imbibitions value at 25oC. The overall results of the study indicated that treatment of fiber with chemical enhanced some crucial properties of the fiber and has inhibited substantially the amount of water absorbed by fibrous materials. Industries involved in the exploration of natural fibers as potential fibers may benefit immensely from this investigation as this may add to the list of fiber utilized for fiber production due to its abundance.

The present study was aimed to evaluate in vitro anti-arthritic activity of methanolic leaf extract of Syzygium caryophyllatum (L.)Alston. Materials and Methods: The anti-arthritic activity of the leaf extract was evaluated by the in- vitro studies viz. effect on membrane stabilization, protein denaturation and proteinase inhibitory activity

Exploration of vegetations in ecologically significant areas became underline research in modern approach. In this regard the East Indian coastal belt at Ganjam district has been chosen as the study area and the ethno ecology of Pandanus fascicularis Lamk was focused. Normal taxonomic and ecological overviews were adopted to establish the vegetational data. The various ethno biological, ethno ecological uses, medico folklore remedies approaches were strictly adopted. The various data so procured are compiled and greater emphasis of this plant was laid as comprehended from the utility and general psychology of the people who took this as a crop more than that of rice was confirmed as each and every part of the plant is used in one or the other way. On the contrary, the study area (Ganjam Hinterland) is designated as the sacred groove for this plant owing to the part played by the plant for the people’s economy and biodiversity conservation as well.

Cesarean section is a life-saving procedure that saves the life of mother and fetus. World Health organization has recommended a threshold rate of 15% caesarean section. It is a major healthcare issues now in all over the world and rising cesarean delivery rate higher than the optimal both in developed and developing countries. The main objective of this study is to assess the trends and magnitude of cesarean section. The study was carried out in one of the regional hospital in Western Nepal. It was the hospital based retrospective review that used the three years record information from data registry of maternity, gynae, operation theater, NICU of regional hospital. The prepared retrospective guidelines were used to collect the demographic, obstetrics and outcome variables of the study. The study analyzed the three years retrospective review of fiscal year 2070 – 2073. The overall magnitude of the cesarean section was 24.25%. The rate of Cesarean section was 23.91, 26.51 and 22.78 percent in the fiscal year 2070/71, 2071/71 and 2072/73 respectively. The study concludes that cesarean section rate was higher than WHO recommendation of particular regional hospital of Western Nepal. The trends of cesarean section seem rising in the year by Year

The sustainable production of ethanol from implausible bio-resources like, less or non-edible fruit samples are focused in the current investigation. Bio-ethanol is a fuel ethanol (ethyl alcohol), the same type of alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. It is most often used as a motor fuel, mainly as a bio-fuel additive for gasoline. Therefore, an attempt has been made to obtain a fuel grade ethanol using fruit samples like, Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis, L) and Cashew Apple (Anacardium occidentale, L.) by fermenting them with the help of flocculating yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, L). The outcome of the experimentation facilitated to obtain 48% alcohol after finishing point of distillation processes; it can be can envisioned that, an optimized concentration of ethanol has been obtained on ensuing to standardization of the protocol. This bio-ethanol has been further subjected for physico-chemical characterization and found that, it can be one of the most promising types of bio-fuels that can be explored from the fruit resources. Hence, in the studies, the technological attributes of flocculated Yeast (Saccharomyces cereviseae) was employed to rationalize its use in alcoholic fermentation, thereby, the enhancement in the production of bio-ethanol from the selected fruit cultivars at significant level was achieved with a speed of about three to four folds greater than the yield reported in the earlier studies. Further, the ethanol samples were evaluated for Gas chromatography; the yield of ethanol, sample-4 (Passion fruit juice) gave 100% purity of ethanol as compared to standard. The bio-ethanol obtained as a result of fermentation was further subjected for the evaluation of Engine performance using single cylinder IC Engine with standard specifications.

Managing abdominal wall tumors with high risk of relapse usually requires large excisions. It is the case of sarcomas, desmoid fibromatosis and abdominal wall metastases. The repair of large full-thickness defects of the abdominal wall usually needs the combination of a prosthetic material as a replacement of the deep layer and a reliable flap to cover the prosthetic material. Depending on the local condition of the surgical site and the size of the defect, the use of a free flap might become necessary. The authors report the case of a 55 year-old patient who underwent surgery for a relapsing sarcoma of the anterior abdominal wall. A two-stage reconstruction of the abdominal wall defect was performed using a free transfer of a myocutaneous Latissimus Dorsi flap. The first stage of reconstruction took place before the excision was performed. The free flap was then folded in the fashion of an “apple turnover” waiting for the second stage to take place, so the excision of the tumor and the final covering could be performed at the same surgical time. Microsurgical transfers imply potential peroperative and postoperative risks, especially the risk of vascular thrombosis. The authors discuss the two-stage surgical transfer of the myocutaneous Latissimus Dorsi free flap, its technique, its advantages and its disadvantages

Abstract: The experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Farm, Sylhet Agricultural University during November 2012 to February 2013 to know the performance of pea varieties under rice-based relay and conventional tillage cropping systems. There were two sowing methods; i. Relay with transplant aman rice and ii. Conventional through land preparation after harvest of transplant rice and four pea varieties; i. BARI motoshuti-1, ii. IPSA motorshuti-1, iii. Jhikorgacha local and iv. Natore local as treatments in the experiment. The experiment was conducted in a split plot design assigning sowing methods in the main plot and varieties in the sub-plots. The results revealed that the highest green pod yield (3333 kg/ha) was obtained from Natore local and this was statistically at par with that of Jhikorgacha local (3234 kg/ha) in the relay cropping system. The lowest green pod yield (1745 kg/ha) was obtained from BARI motorshuti-1 under conventional method of sowing. Due to lower number of pod/plant all varieties produced lower green pod yield in spite of higher plant population/m2 in the conventional sowing method. Natore local motorshuti produced the highest fodder yield (4055 kg/ha) under relay cropping system which was significantly different from the others and BARI motoroshuti-1 produced the lowest (2220 kg/ha) under conventional sowing method. The maximum gross return (Tk 1,74,760 /ha) was obtained from the variety Natore local followed by Jhikorgacha local (Tk 1, 69, 218 /ha) in relay cropping system. Similar trends were found in case of gross margin.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent degenerative joint disease and the most important reason of the physical disability in the elderly population. Along with the fact that OA pathogenesis is not fully known, it is highlighted in the recent studies that oxidative stress is an important factor in OA progression. OA treatment comprises attenuation of pain, maintenance of functional capacity, and development of life quality. Tai Chi Chuan, also known as Tai Chi, is a traditional Chinese martial art and exercise. In recent studies, it has been reported that Tai Chi, as an alternative therapy, can alleviate the symptoms of OA and be effective against oxidative stress.

Abstract: The effect of toxic chemicals on aquatic lives has been a problem in many communities and populations around the world today. Ekerekana and Okochiri communities in Okrika local government area of Rivers state Nigeria, whose river channel is a receptacle to Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation Port Harcourt Refinery’s effluent is not an exemption. It is perceived that this effluent has a negative ecological and human health impact on the affected communities. This study involved the use of Histology as a biomarker to tackle these environmental problems. The ecotoxicological study was carried out in Ekerekana (EKE station) and Okochiri (OKO station), while an aqua-culture centre – African Regional Aquaculture Centre (ARAC) at Buguma, Rivers state was used as the reference or control site. This followed a gross anatomical study of harvested fishes by applying a condition Factor (CF) equation and a fish health assessment index (HAI) protocol. Histological assessment protocol in a qualitative and semi-qualitative scenario was also done. The Environmental Water Quality Index (EWQI) result for the experimental sites were poor (10.5) and marginal (57.5) for EKE and OKO respectively. Sediment quality show elevated Pd. A comparative fish study shows: no significant difference for CF in ARAC (4.62) and OKO (6.65); HAI was better in ARAC (16.0) than OKO (55.5). This study was ecologically relevant; it revealed that Ekerekena and Okochiri creeks are contaminated with a moderate level of pollution.

In Filtering contrast, brightness and normalization of the image are performed with an ultimate goal to remove or reduce the noise to a maximum extent. Contrast and Brightness are two major factors, which affect the superiority of an image for easy or stainless or pleasant viewing. Equalization through Histogram (HE) is a very famous approach for image contrast adjustment or enhancement in image processing. In general, the histogram equalization distributes pixel values consistently and produces an outcome in a superior image with the linear increasing histogram. Contrast adjustment is the part of image preprocessing and specifically filtering noise. In this paper, the new algorithm is discussed for a Grayscale Fingerprint image. The algorithm tunes pixel intensity value to a higher intensity value based on a constant value τ. In this paper, we compare the new algorithm with Histogram Equalization and try to find its advantages and disadvantages. This method is effectively used in Fingerprint Identification/verification purpose as an alternative for image filtering. The algorithm is implemented using MATLAB2015a.

Abstract: This article explains the dichotomous phenomenon of rationality with religious belief in man. Both phenomena are represented here by Moses (faith and holiness) and Spinoza (rationalism and pantheism). This very early psychological phenomenon was discussed in anthropological research by Durkheim and Claude Levi Strauss, whose conclusions are consistent with the fact that these two approaches are combined allowing the rational person to contain both opposites. After presenting the background to this phenomenon, Spinoza's pantheistic approach will be discussed. We continue with Moshe's approach to holiness based on Scripture and its interpretation, while comparing the two approaches in a comparative study close to the original texts. The discussion will lead to the limitations of reason and the need for faith to fulfill it. An explanation of this need will be presented in Durkheim and Strauss`s interpretation as a phenomenon incorporated within spirit of man as his desire to exist. The article concludes that this existential aspiration is a metaphysical phenomenon.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the Information and communication technology (ICT) challenges are being faced by the small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the service sector of Pakistan. Quantitative research methodology is adopted by using the close ended questionnaire as a data collection tool. For the purpose of this study, nine challenges which are well documented in the literature being faced by the service industries in Pakistan are hypothesized. Out of these nine challenges, six are being accepted; however, three are rejected in the light of the responses received from the stakeholders. The accepted assumptions are unavailability, complexity of technology, limited speed of broadband, unskilled staff, frequent disconnection, and incomplete online payment process evaluated, those variables significantly influence to the performance & growth of SMEs in Pakistan. On the other hand, the results also indicate that affordability, lack of trust and cyber threats assumptions rejected. Since all these variables categorized in to three main factors i.e are ICT access, ICT infrastructure, and ICT securities. Additionally, the results indicate that these three factors are significant influenced on the performance of SMEs. Finally, findings of this study suggest that government need to empower ICT infrastructure on the basis of regional uniformity, and provide flexible policy regulations for creating strong bridge between SMEs and ICT, so that to minimize challenges and can contribute more in the development of country.

Drug-induced liver injury is a potential complication of all medications because the liver has a central role in the metabolism of drugs and toxic substances. This study was designed to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the methanolic extract of Gymnema slyvestre leaves on acetaminophen-induced liver damage in wistar rats. The experiment was carried in three phases. In Phase I, the hepatoprotective activities of the methanolic extract of the leaves was determined by assaying for some liver function indices (AST, ALT & ALP) on acetaminopheninduced liver damage in rats. In phase II, the methanolic extract of the leaves was further fractionated with chloroform, ethylacetate and n-butanol to obtained chloroform, ethylacetate, n-butanol and residual extracts respectively; and the effect of these fractions on liver function (AST, ALT & ALP) was determined.