The global HIV and AIDS pandemic have continued to change the lives of many people especially in Sub-Saharan Africa. Both boys and girls have been affected by this menace. However, girls face considerable vulnerabilities and risks than boys that affect their health, food security, education status and general well-being. It is therefore critical to intervene before these challenges that girls face result to outcomes that are irreversible. Many development partners, Non- governmental organizations, Faith based organizations, Community based organizations and the government are taking considerable effort in providing services to the vulnerable adolescent girls in different sectors which includes; educational assistance, health, food aid, material support and other HIV and AIDS mitigation programs. Despite these different interventions in responding to the needs of these children, there is however little evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions in improving the well- being of adolescent girls affected by HIV and AIDS. This study sought to determine the influence of food interventions in reducing the effects of HIV and AIDS among adolescent girls affected by HIV and AIDS in Ol-Joroorok Sub-County of Nyandarua County. The research adopted a descriptive research design to collect primary data to answer questions concerning the status of the issues under investigations. Cluster and purposive sampling was used. A sample population of 123 respondents was selected. Descriptive data was analyzed using percentages, tables and bar graphs. Statistical analysis was conducted using Pearson product-moment correlations and Pearson Chi-Square tests. Results of the study revealed that food interventions had significant relationship in reducing the effects of HIV and AIDS in adolescent girls.

This study sought to examine the link between customer role clarity and emergent change preparedness. Customer role clarity emanates from the experience that a customer obtains from a particular service provider to the extent of becoming a co-producer on their product. The complex nature of the organizations has led to the upsurge of the emergent change. These abrupt changes have left customers in a state of confusion and sometimes they abscond since they do not understand their roles in the organization. However, despite the effort put into obtaining more customers in the organization, the organization keeps on losing its grip on the customers when emergent change arises. This study adopted a census survey that was completed by all the 39 managers from Safaricom, Airtel and Telkom Telecommunication’s companies in Nakuru Sub County, Kenya. The study established a significant positive relationship between customer role clarity and emergent change preparedness. The results found a significant value of 0.002 which showed a statistically significant relationship of the study variables. The findings demonstrate that if telecommunication companies clearly defined the roles of the customers, they would be prepared for any emergent change that arises. The study lays a foundation through which customer role clarity is the backbone for the investigation of other customer participation strategies.

In this study, the legislation applicable in Turkey for certain terms and phrases used in the labels of the food presentation was reviewed. Labeling of food should not be misleading in terms of the qualities of food. Accordingly, the trademark on the label of food should not refer to another product group in terms of name, expression, term and visuals of food, in particular nature, identity, characteristics, composition, and quantity, endurance, origin and production method of food. Geographical indications are given to natural products distinguished from others, identified with a distinctive character or reputation, and identified with the area or region in which they are located. The terms of traditional” can be only used for mentioned the terms of “traditional” foods according to published vertical food codex that is certain foods or food groups and for registered or will be registered products including the studies carried out in relation to the protection of traditional product name by the Turkish Patent Institute. In order to prevent counterfeiting of a similar product in association with the registered products, the studies have been continued by Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock. The trademark on label of food should not refer another product group in terms of the name of the food, the expression, the terms and the visuals, especially the nature, identity, characteristics, composition, quantity, endurance, origin of production method of food. Food managements should not use misleading information about their productions. Otherwise, the administrative penalty is imposed according to the Turkish Food Codex Food Labeling and Consumer Information Regulation.

This paper presents an examination of the influence of leadership on change management in the office of Director of Public Prosecutions in Nakuru County. The study from which the paper is taken was based on stewardship theory. The target population comprised 3 Senior Assistant Deputy Prosecution counsels and 48 Assistant Prosecution counsels who are distributed across the three sub-branches. The study used descriptive survey research design while a census survey was adopted. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires. Data was analyzed using both descriptive statistics such as percentages, means and standard deviations while inferential statistics methods included; correlation coefficient and chi- square. The research findings were presented inform of percentages, frequency distribution tables, and inferential statistics tables. The research findings indicate that there exists a significant, positive correlation between leadership and change management and that there exists a significant association between the two variables. It was concluded that leadership has a significant effect on change management and a positive non-causal relationship with change management in the office of director of public prosecutions in Nakuru County. It was found that the management team at ODPP does not interact or inspire the subordinates toward organizational objectives this may have affected less consideration by the management on human and emotional aspects of change during the change process. The regular communication by the management team on change management aspects and role played by the top management in administering the change process at ODPP has enhanced change management. It was recommended that the Office of Director of Public Prosecutions should ensure that there is cordial interaction between the management team and subordinate staff, toward achieving set organizational objectives on change management in ODPP.

The universities are rich with research outputs due to their nature of teaching, research and development through the transfer of knowledge to the society, but the extent to which the research outputs are translated into socio-economic outcomes that benefit the society concerns the industry players. Of particular interest is the research dissemination process. The central question in this paper, therefore, is how does the dissemination process determine the utilization of universities’ research outputs by social service NGOs in Nakuru Town of Kenya? In order to answer this question, the study applied the Triple Helix Theory and the Diffusion of Innovation Theory. It utilized the descriptive survey design where data was collected from 30 managers from 30 social services Non-Governmental Organizations within Nakuru Town. Managers were selected from a list of social services NGOs provided by the National Council of NGOs Rift Valley Office using the simple random sampling technique. The questionnaire comprised of both open-ended and close-ended questions that were administered by the researcher. The data collected was analyzed mainly using the qualitative methods and minimal quantitative methods and presented using tables and graphs. The study results show that Journal and conferences are the main channels that these organization use to access research findings and that both had a positive influence on universities research utilization by the organizations. The study recommends that Universities encourage their researchers to disseminate their findings in open access online journal as they are cost effective.

Play is essential to development because it contributes, among other developments, to cognitive development to children and youth. Play also offers an ideal opportunity for parents to engage fully with their children. Despite the benefits derived from play for both children and parents, time for free play has been markedly reduced. The recent report from head teachers, class teachers and parents of children in schools in Kenya indicates that these children have been exhibiting increased learning difficulties, inability to solve simple problems associated with socialization and control of emotions, many cases of truancy, dropping out of school and aggressive behavior. This paper embarks on assessing the influence of play on cognitive development among primary school children at Kihingo Division, Njoro Sub-County of Nakuru County in Kenya. This study was guided by social cognitive theory and it targeted teachers and pupils from 18 public primary schools in the study area. Stratified random sampling design was adopted to sample 154 pupils from the 18 schools. Nasiuma’s formula was used to come up with an ideal and an appropriate sample size for the pupils. Questionnaires and interview schedule were used as the key data collection instruments. Questionnaires were used to collect data from the teachers while interview schedules were used to collect data from the pupils. Data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS Version 24) tool. Data was presented in graphs, pie chart and tables. From the findings the researcher concluded that children who are more engage in play are more decisive in their actions compared to less active children. From the findings, the researcher concluded that children who are more engage in play are more decisive in their actions compared to less active children. Playful children are more creative and innovative compared to less active children. The study recommends that the government and other education stakeholders partner to provide enough play and instructional materials to primary schools.

Optimal management sequence for the primary tumor and the liver in synchronous colorectal liver metastases (SCLM) is still controversial. Except reviews, studies comparing the 3 surgical approaches are infrequent. The present study aimed to describe the surgical management of patients operated of SCLM. In particular, we compared short-term outcomes and survival according to the surgical strategy. A multicentric retrospective study was conducted on 125 patients with SCLM. Surgical strategy was defined as classic (colorectal first approach), combined and reverse (liver-first approach). Between 2008 and 2013, 87 patients completed the classic strategy, 24 combined strategy and 14 reverse strategy. The 3 groups were comparable regarding pre-operative data. Liver metastases involvement was significantly higher in reverse group. Severe cumulative postoperative morbidity was 39.2%, similar between the 3 strategies. Ninety-day mortality was higher in combined group (12.5%, p>0.05). Failure rate of liver first approach was 17%. The 3-year overall survival (OS) was 73% in classic group, 78% in combined group and 93% in reverse group. The 3-year disease free survival (DFS) was 29%, 30% and 19% for classic, combined and reverse strategy respectively. There was no significant difference with regard to OS and DFS between 3 groups. We demonstrated that liver first approach is safe and feasible with acceptable perioperative and survival outcomes despite initially worse prognostic criteria. Reverse strategy can be applied to a vast majority of patients independently to the liver tumor burden and should be considered progressively as a reference in the management of SCLM

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are at the rapidly developed field of nanotechnology with a few potential applications in drug delivery, clinical medication and research, and additionally in other distorted sciences. Because of their small size-subordinate properties, lipid nanoparticles offer the likelihood to grow new therapeutics. The capacity to loaded drugs into nanocarriers offers another model in drug delivery that could be utilized for optional and tertiary levels of drug targeting on. Consequently, SLNs hold extraordinary advantage for achieving the objective of controlled and site specific drug delivery and henceforth have pulled in wide consideration of analysts. The current review describes the role of solid lipid nanoparticles on the pharmacokinetics of poorly soluble antihypertensive drugs. In the event that suitably examined, solid lipid nanoparticles may open new areas in treatment of hypertension with improved oral delivery

Content digitization is a current phenomenon that has had a huge impact on traditional media. The era of globalization has had significant effect on the way media houses the world over strive to reach their audience and especially given that the world is so interconnected to a point that any happening in one continent has a significant effect in the most remote location in another continent. This has led to innovations such as the use of E-Paper that’s geared towards reaching larger audiences by media houses as well as remain competitive in this era of great competition and liberalization of the economy. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the effect of EPaper subscription on the revenue performance of the Standard Media Group Limited, Nairobi. The study was guided by the Schumpeter’s innovation theory of entrepreneurship. Descriptive survey research design was adopted. Both primary and secondary data were collected. Primary data was collected by the use of a questionnaire while Secondary data sought historical data on the organisational revenues by department and on the profitability of the organisation for the past twentyfive years between 1991 and 2016. The target population included all the 202 members of staff in the Commercial and Online departments at Standard Media Group, Nairobi. The researcher drew a proportional random sample of 30% of the respondents from the two departments who provided the information required. Data was processed and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics with the help of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 22 and Microsoft’s Excel 2013 to generate Frequencies, percentages and regression that were used to answer the research questions. Findings were presented using appropriate tables and graphs that depicted the relationship between the dependent variable and the independent variables. It was established that the rate of revenue growth in the e-paper platform was exponential, and was highly co-related to the overall organizational revenue, and that the combined revenue from the e-paper, and other aspects of digital content provision had exponentially grown from nil in 2009 to over KES 120 million 2016. Further research is suggested on the effect of content digitization on the operational and revenue performance of print media at Standard Media Group, and on the effect of content digitization on revenue performance of the other media houses in Kenya.

Ocular diseases have been documented as the most common health problems universally. Most of the chemicals and synthetic drugs currently in use have marked side effects. Hence, there has been an ideal shift from the use of modern drugs to the age old herbs. Randia dumetorum Lamk is one such important plant with various established medicinal properties. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the preliminary antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of Randia dumetorum Lamk. (Xeromphis spinosa Thumb) Against common ocular pathogens such as Serratia marcescens, S. agalactiae, Corynebacterium macbinleys and Propionibacterium acnes. Methanolic extract of the dried fruits of the plant was prepared. Different concentrations of the dried fruit extracts (R. dumetorum) were transferred to the nutrient agar plates, which had been previously inoculated with the test microorganisms. The plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h in an incubator and the zones of inhibition were measured using well diffusion method. The extract showed potential antibacterial properties comparable with that of the standard streptomycin against the organisms tested. The methanol extract of R. dumetorum displayed a concentration related antibacterial activity. The results showed that the inhibition of the bacterial growth was more pronounced on Corynebacterium macbinleys as compared to the other tested organisms

The current clinical study was planned to assess the efficiency of Jeemootakaphala Avapeedaka and Pradhamana Nasya in Kosthashakhashrita kamala. The study was completed on 30 patients diagnosed with Kosthashakashrita kamala of either sex, among the age faction of 20 to 60 years who were arbitrarily chosen. The patients were categorized into 2 groups i.e Group A & group B. Jeemootaka phala Avapeedaka Nasya was given to group A, while Jeemootaka phala Pradhamana Nasya was administered in group B. The dosage of Nasya was -1.5 ml in every nostril in group A, 65 mg in every nostril in group B. The evaluation was made before the treatment and after treatment. Patients were followed up after 7 days of Nasya. Hence whole study period was 15 days. Both Nasya showed considerable improvement in Kosthashakhashrita kamala. Clinical efficiency of group A was better than to group B however statistically both groups showed similar efficacy.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is commonly referred to as a “sugar” and it is the most common endocrine disorder and usually occurs when there is deficiency or absence of insulin or rarely, impairment of insulin activity (insulin resistance). The powdered leaves phoenix dactylifera was extracted with 400ml of 70 % v/v of ethanol and water for 5 hour in soxhelet. Alloxan monohydrate at a dose of 150 mg/kg injected intraperitonally for induction of diabetes mellitus. The extract of Phoenix dactylifera leaves was subjected to anti-diabetic activity in rats. Group-IV & Group-V received the ethanolic & aqueous extract of phoenix dactylifera leaves(500mg/kg) shown a marked reduction in blood glucose level on day 4th i.e. in ethanolic extract it was 284.76±mg/dl while in aqueous extract it was 264.76±6.65. On 10th day of study the glucose level falls up to 264.40±7.72 in ethanolic extract rat & 254.05±9.18 in aqueous extract. The results of the present study indicate that Phoenix dactylifera leaf extract was found to reduce the glucose level in animals made diabetic with alloxan. In the present investigation ethanolic extract of Phoenix dactylifera leaf showed significant anti-diabetic activity

The principle of the minimally invasive technique is to implant specific bony plate which is fixed across fractures via small incisions of the skin, muscle, and periosteum. The aim of the study was to find the functional outcomes in patients treated with proximal humerus fractures with a minimally invasive technique using locking compression plates. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Orthopedics, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagunur, Karimnagar. A total of 39 patients were included in the study. The patients were selected using the inclusion criteria and they underwent operations under general anesthesia followed by early mobilization and follow up at the intervals of 3 months, 6 months and 12 months to evaluate functional outcomes according to Constant-Murley criteria. Results: The fractures were classified according to the NEER/AO/ASIF classification of fractures of the humerus. The type A fractures were found in 20 out of 39 patients 51.28% A1 fractures were in 8 patients A2 in 5 patients and A3 in 7 patients and 19 fractures were type B 48.72% and B1 and B3 had in 7 patients each and B2 had 5 patients. The mean Constant-Murley score was 89.25 points at the end of one year follow up in 2 part fractures. According to Constant-Murley score, 85% had an excellent outcome, 10% had a good functional outcome and 5% had moderate outcomes. All the fractures were united on an average time of 19 weeks (14-24). In the Three-part fractures, the average Constant-Murley score at the end of one year was 81 points. The Constant-Murley score showed 78.94% had excellent outcomes, 15% had a good functional outcome and 5.26% had a moderate outcome. Conclusion: Within the limitation of the present study it can be concluded that minimal invasive plate osteosynthesis with locking compression plate is a good technique for the treatment of proximal humerus fractures. It provides good stability, functional outcomes and minimal post-operative complications

Staphylococcus aureus is a common bacterium that affects humans and causes several syndromes and infections with fast evolution which can endanger the patient's life. Investigate the incidence of nasal carriers of S. aureus among graduation nursing students who attends to the hospital for at least one year. 122 samples from the nasal cavities were analyzed. The identification of the bacteria was performed by conventional bacteriological methods. The antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using the BioMerieux Vitek system in the Bacteriology Laboratory of the Brazilian Army Biology Institute - IBEx. Of the 122 examined students, 51 were carriers of S. aureus, corresponding to a prevalence of 41.8%. The results demonstrated that nursing students who attend the hospital environment are more susceptible to carry S. aureus antibiotic-resistant strains. We suggest periodic medical exams to these students for appropriated antibiotic therapy and adopt precautionary measures in order to avoid the interpersonal transmission of the bacteria in the relationship with health professionals and patients at the hospital environment

Grain starch in general has wide array of applications in industry, food preparation, paper surface coating and textiles. Many of the important functional properties of starch including the emulsion capacity, water and oil absorption, least gelation concentration and foaming capacity can be substantially improved from physical and chemical modifications. In this review, current and advances in grain starch modification technology was examined and the functional properties compared with the unmodified sample. Chemical modifications such as crosslinking starch granules with variety of cross-linkers such as citric acid improved the functional properties of acha starch significantly. The least gelation concentration (LGC) increased from 6% to 8% and the pasting viscosity also decreased to 25Cp Other chemical modification techniques examined include oxidation and acid treatment or mild hydrolysis. Several starch oxidizing agents were reviewed and the effect of sodium hypochlorite (3% active chlorine) on acha starch was compared to the native starch. Oxidation further reduced the pasting viscosity of native sample from 30Cp to 20Cp whilst the least gelation concentration was also reduced to 6%. Acid treatment affected the pasting viscosity of acha starch substantially (15Cp) whilst the LGC increased to 14%. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of modified samples showed effects on starch granule morphology