An integrated counseling and testing centre is a place where a person is counseled and tested for HIV, on his own free will or as advised by a medical provider. The main functions of an ICTC include: Early detection of HIV, Provision of basic information on modes of transmission and prevention of HIV/AIDS for promoting behavioral change, reducing vulnerability and link people with other HIV prevention, care & treatment services. ICTC data can guide in identifying the various risk groups for priority targeted interventions to reduce HIV transmission in the community. To estimate the prevalence, mode of transmission, risk behavior and socio-demographic characteristics of attendees who tested HIV positive at ICTC in IGMC, Shimla for the year 2016 and prevalence of TB-HIV co-infection among HIV positive cases. This study is based on the Record review of attendees at ICTC in Indira Gandhi Medical College & Hospital in Shimla from 1st January to 31st December 2016. Data was entered using Microsoft excel software and analyzed with the help of epi info v7. This study depicts the role of ICTC & its Implementation in a Medical College. Among the 9156 total attendees in a year 2016 at ICTC, 63 were HIV Positive, so the overall prevalence of HIV among attendees was 0.69%, in which 41 were males and maximum (29) were in the age group of 35-49 years. TB-HIV co-infection was present in 3 patients out of 41 who were referred to RNTCP centre. Most common (71.42%) mode of transmission was heterosexual. Govt/ Pvt services & truck driving were the common occupations among HIV Positive Patients. Present study shows that males, 35-49 years of age group, hetero-sexual mode of Transmission & Inservice (Govt/Pvt) and truck drivers by occupation were predominate among HIV Positives. So we need to focus on these groups by IEC or BCC activities to modify the risk behavior to reverse the HIV epidemic.

The Ritz method was used in this paper for the flexural analysis of a statically indeterminate Euler – Bernoulli beam with a prismatic cross section. The beam considered was a propped cantilever of length, l, fixed at x = 0, and simply supported at x = l; and carrying a linearly distributed transverse load on the longitudinal axis. Two cases of coordinate (basis) functions were studied. In the first case, the basis functions were constructed to satisfy the deflection boundary conditions, but not the force boundary conditions. In the second case, the basis functions were constructed to satisfy all the boundary conditions. It was found that the stiffness equations formed with the basis functions that satisfied all the boundary conditions gave the exact solutions for deflection, bending moments and shear force distributions along the beam’s longitudinal axis. The effectiveness of the Ritz method for solving statically indeterminate Euler Bernoulli beam flexure problems was thus highlighted.

This study explored antediluvian and contemporary developments in human history and critically scrutinized their impacts in chronological developments of accounting. Considering the fact that the study is theoretically designed, it is therefore considered as literature based .The research design adopt is an explanatory research design. Secondary data is used and sources of information include text books, journals and other related materials in existence taken on in explaining the research variables. The study revealed some prehistoric phenomenal events that have influenced accounting techniques and horizon over the decades or centuries. Equally demystified are some contemporary happenings around the globe such as technology advancement (among others) that have orchestrated globalization with its attendant accounting responses such as the emergence of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS).How such developments have shaped accounting as a field of study is highlighted. It equally brought to limelight the import of each of the significant prehistoric and contemporary happenings in relation to how such developments have shaped accounting. It was discovered that accounting as a field of study has antediluvian origin and it has kept evolving even till date. The study concluded accounting cannot be alienated from the wide range of prehistorical developments (both ancient and modern) in our environment because they have a way of forcing accounting as field of study to metamorphose and this has made accounting sciences highly dynamic. The paper established that accounting developed purely in response to the needs of the time orchestrated by changes in the environment and societal demands. At some other points, the development of the science of accounting has itself driven the evolution and development of commerce since it was only through the use of more precise and clear-cut accounting techniques that modern business was able to grow, thrive and respond to the needs of its owners and the public. It is therefore recommended that academics and professional accountants should be well informed of the dynamic nature of accounting with a view to being on the alert in order to respond timely and appropriate to up-and-coming challenges technologically, economically, politically and otherwise that may confront accounting.

This study aims to determine the effect of debt ratio (DR), current ratio (CR), and working capital turnover (WCT) on return on assets (ROA) at companies listed on Indonesia Stock Exchange tourism, hotels and restaurants sector period of 2012-2016. Sample selection in this study using purposive sampling method and got 6 companies which are suitable with the criteria. The research data is obtained from Indonesia Stock Exchange. The method used in this research is panel data regression analysis and it is found that the more appropriate model used is random effect. From the result of research got the value of adjusted R-Square equal to 9.13%. It indicated that current ratio variable has significant positive effect on return on assets (ROA) with regression coefficient equal to 0,0286. However, the variable debt ratio (DR) has insignificant negative effect on return on assets (ROA) with the regression coefficient of 0,6852 and working capital turnover (WCT) variable does not positively influence dividend policy with the regression coefficient of 0,6768.

The paper looked at science as a systematic or step-by-step procedure requires in acquiring or obtaining knowledge that is objective, empirical and rational. The paper talked about the elements of scientific inquiry such as concepts variables, hypotheses, measurements and theories. It further highlighted the characteristics of sciences like objectivity, empiricism, universal applicability, systematic, predictability, verifiability, testability, logicality, experimentation and cumulative knowledge. Various conceptions of science were treated which includes realist conception, conventionalist conception, and traditional conception (a theory, operationalization and observation). Social research is viewed as a systematic way of search for knowledge of understanding social reality. Some types of research were identified as descriptive, analytical, applied, fundamental, quantitative, qualitative, conceptual, empirical, longitudinal, exploratory, and clinical among others. One of the scientific approach, the paper viewed quantitative research and qualitative research as having step-by-step procedures in the collection and the analysis of data collected in the field. The paper concludes that both quantitative and qualitative data are scientific with quantitative research being more rigorous related to positivist science and qualitative to non-positivist conception. The paper further suggests the need for mixed method in social research in order to overcome the shortcomings of both quantitative and qualitative approaches.

In the past decade, academic world established a variety of fragile states index systems. They were generally based on the evaluation of society, environment, economy and government. Given that climate change has far-reaching impact for the quality of humankind and the development of a country, we have reasons to believe that climate change may have increased fragility of a country. We used analytic hierarchy process and established fuzzy synthetic evaluation models to identify when a sate is fragile, vulnerable, or stable. And we used the gray correlation method to analyze the correlation between climate change and each evaluation indicators. Then, we combined with Yemen's specific situation; we found that climate change makes its more fragile through the impact to food production, water supply, natural disasters and other evaluation indicators. We also demonstrated that Yemen will not become so vulnerable without these adverse weather effects.

There are many challenges and difficulties faced by the Iraqi learners in their studies inside the traditional classroom. These are attributed to a number of reasons such as the limitation of time, the difficulty of understanding the course material, the limited interaction among the learners and between them and the lecturers, and the delay in providing feedback, and so on. The emergence of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) had an impact on the learning process for the past few years. Yet, there are still a number of questions about how to meet the learners’ needs of through distance learning via MOOC particularly for the Iraqi learners, as evidenced by the very high drop-out rates in the current MOOC courses. The researchers also do not understand deeply the learners’ needs, the different learners’ cultures and experiences in MOOCs. To help build such a concept, the researchers of this study conducted an in-depth investigation on the motivated learners and their perceptions and experiences of learning by a qualitative survey (interviews) at Baghdad & Tikrit Universities. The aim of this study is to examine whether Iraqi Higher Education Institutions need blended MOOC to support the traditional learning in Iraq. The results display that the majority of the participants need the blended learning to reduce the obstacles and challenges in the traditional learning and current MOOCs models. The findings also disclose that the students prefer learning through blended learning based on their environment (language and culture) rather than the current MOOCs courses.

This article seeks to render problematic the ideological underpinnings and theoretical conceptions, or lack thereof, of teacher education in the education system of the Republic of South Sudan. It uses the emergent perspective to question the construction of the country‟s Teacher Persona as envisioned in the legal and policy frameworks such as the General Education Act 2012 and the National General Education Policy (2017-2027). The Government sees these instruments as an essential catalyst to professionalize teaching and attract candidates of high calibre to the teaching profession using the political model as an offshoot of its paternalist and utilitarian national ideology to control and guarantee the quality of the teacher education enterprise. The political model, however, needs the generative practice of the institutional model and the replicative feature of the professional model to provide structure, stability and continuity to teacher education in South Sudan. This is particularly so given the fact that the current theoretical approach to teacher education at the curriculum level is informed by technical rationalist inclinations that essentially favour a strong behaviourist payload, a split of theory and practice, and a disconnect between training institutes and universities. In the same vein, the study points out that the greatest disservice to teacher education in South Sudan in terms of school outcomes has been the structural disconnect between the existing school curriculum and teacher education curriculum, critically failing to capture and engage the official standpoint of valid knowledge drawn upon to teach students in schools. A proper way of developing a national framework for teacher education is to state what good teachers effectively know, do and value. There is a need, therefore, for a new transformative model of teacher education that offers an idealistic, ethical thrust (character) and a specialist, exclusive power (competence) to future South Sudan‟s Teacher Persona, equipped with enquiry as its signature feature and as an antidote to a reductionist view. In that lies the promise to place premium in the country‟s education system.

Vulnerability of forest peoples (FPs) in the light of deforestation has received very little attention in contemporary environmental discourses and actions unlike forest and forest resources depletion within the framework of the Convention on Biological Diversity and climate change. Influence of foreign capital and the generalisation of the notion of agriculture being the fundamental driver of deforestation in the tropics, set the pace for deemphasizing the vulnerability of FPs to large-scale drivers of deforestation and forest degradation. This paper examines the extent to which deforestation and forest degradation perpetrated by exogenous stakeholders predispose FPs to socio-cultural, economic and environmental vulnerability in the southeast forest (SEF) zone of Cameroon. In-depth secondary data sourcing was carried out while primary data were collected from representatives of State Ministries, workers in industrial plantations, mining, dam construction, logging companies, FPs and a human rights activist using questionnaires, interview and focus group discussion (FGD) guides and field observation. Findings showed that paucity of Cameroon‟s environmental political will, inadequate human, material and financial resources, emergence euphoria and State acceptance of baiting gifts from foreign partners created plenty of room for legal oversights on fundamental deforestation and forest degradation drivers to which FPs, particularly indigenous Baka, are most vulnerable. Alleviating their vulnerability, achieving economic emergence and environmental resilience in the SEF zone require human resource development, an unprecedented political will, effective policy implementation and monitoring of deforestation and forest degradation drivers, as well as formalise tenure security, adjudicate intercommunity dialogue, informed consent and equitable benefit sharing.

Enterococcus faecalis has long been mentioned in increased frequency with regard to teeth with post-treatment disease (PTD). The prominence of E. faecalis in root-filled teeth with apical periodontitis has made it a focus of attention as an etiological factor of PTD. To evaluate and compare bacterial culture and species-specific polymerase chain reaction for the detection of enterococcus faecalis in retreatment cases with apical periodontitis in rural Indian population. A total of 80 samples were obtained from 40 patients, divided into 2 groups and analyzed by the two methods. The samples were grown under anaerobic conditions during culture and the determination of the microbial species was based on biochemical tests. DNA was extracted and analyzed for PCR using species-specific primer. The association of microbiological findings with clinical features was investigated. Enterococcus faecalis was isolated from 46.5% of the selected teeth. Culture and PCR detected the test species in 25% and 67.5% of the samples. PCR was significantly more effective than culture in detecting this bacterial species. E.faecalis was clearly proven as the causative factor of apical periodontitis. Therefore, combining molecular and culture technique is probably the best approach available to provide comprehensive and a panoptic information about the microflora associated with endodontic infections.

This paper deals with a comparative study of remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights in Malaysia and India. The provision of remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights plays an important role in preserving and defending the fundamental rights in the Constitution. Hence, the said provision is better catered for under the Constitution than under an ordinary legislation to ensure strength in upholding fundamental rights. In Malaysia, the provision of remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights provided under an ordinary legislation. Conversely, Indian Constitution has provided such remedies under Article 32 and 226. The Indian Courts have given a wide construction to Article 32 and 226 of which the provisions give powers to the Supreme Court as well as High Courts to issue any order, including any order in the nature of the common law prerogative writs, for the purpose of enforcement of fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution. In addition, the Indian High Court has jurisdiction to issue writs not only for the purpose of enforcing fundamental rights, but also to enforce any legal rights because of the words „for any other purposes‟ in Article 226. On this paper the writer makes a comparative study on the remedies for enforcement of fundamental rights between Malaysia and India to find out more information regarding the position of the law given in both the countries. At the end of the paper, the writer will make recommendations for the purpose of improving the law concerns.

The presence of new media also influence and change the concept of journalism so that it brings forth the backpack journalist. This study aims to find out the construction of social reality conducted by the backpack journalist on the struggle of The Samin in maintaining the local wisdom of their ancestral heritage in the video "Samin v.s Semen 2015" in social media YouTube. Construction of local wisdom referred to in this study is the process of social dialectics experienced by The Samin on the process of externalization, objectivation, and internalization in maintaining the noble values that they believe. The paradigm of this research is interpretive paradigm using Roland Barthes semiotic analysis method. This study analyzed verbal and visual signs in the video that lasted 39 minutes and 25 seconds and divided into several scenes, such as the scene of Community of Samin, the arrival of artist Melanie Subandono and cement factory in Tuban. The results showed that in the process of externalization, people of Samin are those who adapt to the environment but still uphold their ancestral teachings. They see that the relationship with others and nature as a form of their relationship with the Creator, so they try not to conflict with the local people. Meanwhile, in the process of objectivation, they seek to interact or adapt to their socio-cultural world. This is what makes the Samin cannot refuse when required to have the Identity Card. While in the process of internalization, people of Samin associate with local people where they are in a similar environment. The Samin have identified themselves with the social institutions or social organizations to which they belong. In this internalization process, the Samin took a role in rejecting the construction of cement plants with other citizens as an effort to maintain their ancestral heritage.

This paper examines the immigration discourse in contemporary Russian internet media. This study aims at illuminating how contemporary Russian internet immigration discourse conceptualises immigrants, using different semiotic modes (not only texts but also visuals). In order to achieve the main goal, textual and visual materials published in the Russian internet media are analysed. The methodology used to conduct research was based on critical discourse analysis, multimodal discourse analysis and cognitive linguistics. The image of immigrants in the analysed material consists of five facets: biological, national, legal, economic and martial ones. In the biological aspect, immigrants are portrayed as people who look different to the indigenous population, have a different skin colour, Asian facial features. The national facet stresses the difference in nationality, even otherness, of immigrants. The legal facet emphasizes immigrants‟ involvement in murders, rapes and robberies. As for the economic facet, immigrants are portrayed as a threat to the country‟s economic development. In the martial aspect, migrants are depicted as occupants and invaders. Authors of the analysed texts use visual discrimination strategies: representation of immigrants as agents of negatively valued actions, discriminatory stereotyping, collectivisation, and aggregation. The analysed Russian internet mass media paints a negative picture of immigrants, especially those from Central Asia and the Caucasus.

This study is set on the premise that Nigeria‟s hegemonic influence in the ECOWAS spills over creating stronger socioeconomic ties with neighbouring Cameroon than there is integration between the latter and other CEMAC member countries. The much talked of regional integration among CEMAC member countries has not been matched with concrete adequate steps towards establishing a strong regional bloc to address common political, security, economic and environmental stakes within the Central African sub-region. This paper seeks to assess the reasons and challenges for the weak regional integration amongst CEMAC member countries, how to surmount the challenges and build efficient integration. In the same vein, it probes into the reasons for stronger socioeconomic ties between Cameroon and Nigeria (non-member bloc countries) in order to evaluate the basis for this potency and draw lessons for efficacious integration within the CEMAC. To achieve this, the paper uses mainly secondary sources and interviews with key resource persons. The study posits that the absence of a regional hegemon (core state) within the CEMAC region impedes initiatives towards effective integration while fostering ties between Cameroon and Nigeria; thus the emergence of a regional hegemon with strong political will and economic base will propel the CEMAC integration.

This investigation was carried out to study the effect ferritic-martensitic constituent on mechanical property and corrosion behaviour of medium carbon DP steel. Several stages of heat treatment were applied on the as-received medium carbon steel which composed of lamellarizing, quenching and tempering process. Asreceived medium carbon steel was assigned as a reference sample for comparison analysis. Mechanical property was evaluated using Vickers hardness to examine the effect of changing the ferritic-martensitic constituent of the medium carbon steel. Besides, the effect of this constituent on the corrosive behaviour of the medium carbon DP steel was investigated using 1 M hydrochloric acid solution.