The paper investigates the impact of the contribution of road infrastructure expenditure on economic growth of Benin Republic using Jarque-Berra, White test, Breusch-Godfrey, Cusum and Cusum of squares techniques for the period (1985-2015). Overall the results reveal that gross domestic product, gross capital formation, labor productivity and road infrastructure expenditure play an important role in economic growth in the Benin Republic. More importantly, the study finds that road infrastructure expenditure in the Benin Republic has a significant positive contribution to economic growth in the long run than the short run. It is the same result with the gross capital formation. The labor production has a significant positive contribution to economic growth in long run. On the basis of these results analysis, it is strongly suggested to formulate certain recommendations in the field of economic policy that improves the road infrastructure expenditure as well as gross capital formation for sustainable economic growth in the Benin Republic. A new model has been proposed to the General Directorate of Public Works in effectively monitoring the level of road infrastructure expenditure in terms of growth and poverty reduction objectives

Jean Rhys‟s best-known postcolonial novel Wide Sargasso Sea has always been regarded as a prequel to Charlotte Bronte‟s Jane Eyre by shifting the focus from Jane to “the mad woman in the attic.” It is a novel filled with tragedy and it inquires into the production of knowledge about racial identity tragedy, especially the white Creole women‟s identity tragedy. The paper attempts to provide a comprehensive view of the “mad woman” Antoinette, who was caught between the control of English imperialist and racial class tension in Wide Sargasso Sea and try to prove that Antoinette‟s identity tragedy is the result of “being voiceless.”

Household air pollution (HAP) arising from use of high polluting cooking fuel use remains a global health threat .This study sought to determine the major type of household cooking fuel used by workers ,their level of knowledge of the health effects of use of various categories of house hold cooking fuel, the association between level of knowledge and category of cooking fuel used and the determinants of category of cooking fuel used by respondents A questionnaire based descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 352 staff of the University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Nigeria selected by multi-stage sampling technique between July and October,2017. Data was analyzed with STATA version 10. The major cooking fuel used was liquefied petroleum gas, LPG 221(62.8%). A good proportion 222 (63.1%) also used an alternative cooking fuel with kerosene 88 (37.8%) being the commonest. Main reason for choice of major cooking fuel was convenience 100 (28.4%). Most respondents had good knowledge (70.5%) of the effects of cooking fuel on health. Few knew that cooking fuel is associated with low birth weight 98 (27.8%) and cancer of the lungs174 (49.4%). Categories of staff and level of education were significantly associated with level of knowledge of effect of cooking fuel on health (P<0.001 and P=0.01 respectively) .Determinants of category of cooking fuel used by respondents were level of knowledge (P=0.004), education (P= 0.00), category of staff (P=0.002), place of residence (P=0.008), type of house (P=0.000) and main cooking site (P=0.000).LPG was the major cooking fuel used .Level of knowledge of the health effects of cooking fuel was good though areas of knowledge gap existed .Intensive public enlightenment programs is needed to sustain the awareness and address the knowledge gaps. Government policy of abolishing gas flaring will improve access to clean household cooking fuels and enhance its use.

The proliferation of small arms and light weapons is and has remained one of the major security challenges Nigeria, Africa and the World at large is currently facing. The thrust of this paper is on the impact of uncontrolled proliferation, stockpiling, trafficking, availability and usage of these arms on Nigeria‟s national security as it is believed to fuel alarming levels of armed crime, communal conflict, political instability, social unrest as well as making all the geo-political zones of the country to be flooded with small arms. The paper further argues that the inability of the Nigerian government and its law enforcement agencies to check the menace has led to a major challenge of security, as it was revealed that previous and current efforts at tackling the issue has not yielded much efforts as only a few number of seizures of illegal arms has been made hence the proliferation continues to sustain and exacerbates armed conflicts within the country. The study is anchored on the realist and failed state theories using secondary data, literature evidence, descriptive and historical methodology. Findings reveal that the impact of small arms and light weapons on the society is too grave and devastating to be treated with kid‟s glove as it leads to massive loss of lives and properties, erodes social capital, facilitate corruption and climate of impunity. The paper recommends that the government must rise up to the challenges of tackling the menace with all seriousness and commitment.

The appearance of cracks in structures is a very important issue, moreover, it is a complex problem on the numerical level. These cracks should never be taken lightly. They can be the sign of serious disorders especially if they are structural cracks. The objective of this article is to study the effect of the crack existence in civil engineering structures: concrete and metallic structure in terms of frequencies and eigenmodes using the extended finite element method X-FEM and to compare the results obtained with the classical finite element method (Structure without crack).

This study examined stress and stress management amongst undergraduates of Nnamdi Azikiwe University (Unizik), Awka, Nigeria. The person – environment fit theory was adopted as the theoretical framework. Cluster and simple sampling techniques were used for this research work, while the sample size used was 200. Data was collected via questionnaire and in-depth interview. Questionnaire data from the field was analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). The study revealed that there is no relationship between sex of a student and their awareness and knowledge of stress management techniques. Also there was no relationship between the academic level of students and their acceptance that stress influences academic performance in various ways. The researcher recommended that the school management should add stress management skills as part of the school curriculum, inform students in advance of the difficulties they might face and encourage them to develop their own strategies to achieve personal goals during the orientation week for new students. It was also recommended that close lecturer - student relationships be cultivated so that students can approach lecturers on personal issues to improve their academic performance. The paper concluded that when students are exposed to knowledge and skills relevant to stress management, they will effectively cope with school related stress, graduate with good grades and in turn, be in a position to contribute positively to national growth.

An experiment was conducted at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Jamalpur, Bangladesh which geographic coordinates located between 24034ʹ and 25026ʹ north latitude and between 89040ʹ and 90012ʹ east longitude during the period from November, 2015 to March, 2016 to observe the growth and yield performances of the rapeseed-mustard varieties under field condition grown from the seeds of different stages of siliquae maturity of the previous year experiment. Four rapeseed-mustard varieties viz. BARI Sarisha-11 (V1), BARI Sarisha-14 (V2), BARI Sarisha-6 (V3) and Tori-7 (V4) and seeds of those varieties harvested at four stages of siliquae maturity viz. H1 = Green stage of siliquae, H2 = Pale yellow stage of siliquae, H3 = Golden yellow stage of siliquae and H4 = Full maturity stage of siliquae were included as the treatments in the experiment. Harvested seeds of the previous year were stored in air tight polythene under freezing condition till set up the experiment. Results revealed that four rapeseed-mustard varieties varied significantly for most of the parameters studied. Variety V1 produced significantly the highest seed yield (1.99 t ha-1) while the lowest (1.04 t ha-1) was recorded from V4. Seeds of H2, H3 and H4 stages produced statistically similar and significantly higher seed yield ranges from 1.57-1.65 t ha-1 (H4>H3>H2)) than that of H1 stage which produced the lowest (1.34 t ha-1) mainly due to the poor stand establishment. Interaction effects of varieties and seeds harvested at different stages of siliquae maturity did not show significant variation in expressions of seed yield and yield contributing parameters.

The Qur‟an contains the Divine revelations of Allah (The exalted) to mankind. It is the message from Allah to man and therefore of utmost importance to us. Therefore, some special knowledge of the circumstances that surround the Glorious Qur‟an is also necessary for fuller understanding of its meaning and implications. This paper, therefore, studies one of the important science of the Qur‟an (that is Miraculousness of the Qur‟an) comparatively from the views of two prominent Islamic scholars, such as; Shaykh „Abd Allah bn Foduye who was born in the year 1179A.H/1766-7.C.E and (d. 1829 C.E), and Bediuzzaman Sa‟id Nursi who was born in 1877 C.E in the small village of Nurs in the province of Bitlis in eastern Anatolia of the old Ottoman Empire (modern day Turkey) and (d. 1960 C.E), who had a good numerous of things in common and differ with Shaykh Abd Allah in some explanations especially in „Ijaz al-Qur‟an (Miraculousness of the Qur‟an).This paper attempts to discuss definition of the „Ijaz al-Qur‟an, the views of Bediuzzaman Said Nursi and Shaykh Abd Allah bn Foduye on „Ijaz al-Qur‟an. The paper also explains where these two prominent Islamic sages are compatible and incompatible concerning their thoughts on the Miraculousness of the Qur‟an. This paper also explicit the two great scholars have expresses this aspect of „Ijaz alQur‟an (Miraculousness of the Qur‟an) in details. The whole idea of selecting these renowned scholars, despite the difference in the time of their existence and place of activities, is for a number of reasons. Firstly, to show the efforts of the two scholars in reviving the religion of Islam in their respective domains and times and vindicating its truth despite the challenges they encountered from those who were against the teachings of Islam. Secondly, is to show the people of these two continents that there are great scholars who worked vigorously about Qur‟an and to benefit from their knowledge and good character. Looking at the nature and scope of this research, analytical method was employed by studying and analyzing the works of the two scholars.

This study aimed to determine the quality of Lebanese olive oil by analyzing their chemical composition and their physicochemical characteristics. Olive oil samples were first collected from three different Lebanese areas. Physico-chemical investigation (acidity, peroxide index, specific extinction, total polyphenol content as well as chlorophyll and carotenoid contents) of the samples associated with fatty acid analysis by GC-MS technique and NMR characterization demonstrate the compatibility of samples with the standards of International Olive Oil Council (IOC) norms. However, obtained results showed that olive oil samples exhibited a high oxidation status, revealing the necessity of improving oil extraction procedures as well as its storage conditions. Our results confirmed further that olive crushing; harvesting as well as maturity stages have a great impact on the overall quality of obtained oil.

Poverty is a very complex problem, which is not only limited to economic issues but also related to issues in other fields. State policy (government) is needed in helping solve the problem related to poverty especially in the field of law that is by providing legal protection through the provision of legal aid to the citizens. It is an attempt to fulfill and at the same time be the implementation of a legal state that recognizes and protects and guarantees citizens' human rights on the need for access to justice and equality before the law and fair trial. Islamic values not only regulate the things that are private but also public policies and also constitutional so that the jurists make Islamic law as one of the primary references in establishing positive law in realizing the certainty of law and justice one of them through the fulfillment of the right to legal aid that is part of the legal system of the Pancasila Legal State. Judging from the perspective of dignified justice, the provision of legal aid to the underprivileged is one manifestation of humanizing humanity, that is the manifestation of respect for one's dignity and dignity. The policy of legal aid should be oriented to the legal philosophy of human beings. That is, the law, including the arrangement of legal aid for justice seekers who can not afford, must serve human beings.

Awareness of poor visual acuity that can be treated easily and effectively in the student groups can add positively for their quality of life and quality of their study. A descriptive cross-sectional study done among students aged 14–19 years in secondary schools in Sulaimani city from six secondary schools both male and female are enrolled. To determine the prevalence and pattern of refractive errors in this students group and determine the prevalence of different types of refractive errors which include (Myopia, Hypermetropia & Astigmatism). The total of 848 students aged 14–19 years, were examined. Examination included visual acuity testing by E chart, and refraction was done for those having visual acuity less than 6/6. The refractive errors of the students' eyes were measured using streak self -luminous Retinoscopy and non-Cycloplegic auto-refraction. Out of 848 students, 737 (86.9%) were emmetropic (normal visual acuity) and 111 (13.1%) were ametropic. Of those 111 students, Myopia with myopic astigmatism was the commonest types: 41(36.9%), and 52(46.8%) students respectively. Hypermetropia found in 14(12.6%) students. Anisometropia was found in seven (6.3%) students, represents (0.8%) of the sample. Amblyopia was found in 11(10%) students, of overall sample (1.3%) had Amblyopia. Only one had bilateral Amblyopia. Bilateral vision correction to 6/6 was found in 81(73%) students, (9.6%) of the study sample, Six (5.4%) students (0.7%) had unilateral correction to 6/6, Nine (8.1%) students (1.1%) had bilateral correction to 6/9, and 15(13.50%) students, overall represents (1.8%) of them, their vision was correctable to less than 6/12. Those having glasses earlier were 35(31.50%) students represent (4.1%) of the sample while 76(68.50%) student need glasses. Prevalence of refractive errors was 13.1% of the sample. Simple myopia was the most prevalent refractive errors that corrected to 6/6, While. Amblyopia was more common in hypermetropic. Anisometropia was the least common of the sample.

The aim of the study was to establish the attitude of students to learning Biology, to examine the academic performance of students in Biology and to compare the attitude of male and female students towards class size. This study investigated the attitude of students to class size and learning Biology. It established the effect of class size on students’ academic performance in Biology in Senior Secondary Schools in Gombi Educational Zone, Adamawa State. The study adopted survey design Three research questions and three hypotheses were postulated. The target population for the study comprised 17, 523 senior public secondary school students in Gombi Educational Zone, Adamawa State, and a sample size of 400 was selected by stratified sampling technique. The research instrument titled “Attitude of Students’ to Class Size and Learning of Biology Questionnaire (ASCSLBQ)” was adapted from Omwirhiren & Faith, 2016. The instrument comprised of 46 items divided into 3 sections. The face and content validity of the instrument was established by two experts in Counselling Psychology and Test and Measurement in the Department of Science Education, Adamawa State University, Mubi. Test-retest method was used to carry out the reliability test and the reliability coefficient was 0.82. The data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics which included percentages, mean, Standard Deviation, and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The findings revealed that classes are very rowdy because students are too many, making students not hearing the teacher well during lessons, students love Biology as a subject, because they feel at ease in Biology class, feels good when they solve Biology questions, and are willing to spend more time reading Biology books. There is no significant difference between male and female students attitude towards class size. There is significant difference between the male and female students’ attitude towards the learning of Biology; and there is significant difference between male and female students’ academic performance. Biology is a general subject offered by all senior secondary school students, but the classes allocated to them are too small, as a result the classes are overcrowded. Even though the students have keen interest in Biology, they cannot perform practical very well because the teachers cannot give individual attention to the large numbers of students, others cannot even hear him well during lessons because there are no public address systems. This factor could adversely affect students’ academic performance in Biology. Based on this finding it was recommended that number of students in a class should be streamlined to at most 40 students. In addition, government should provide materials for teaching and learning Biology.

Purpose of the study. To study the relationship between the clinical course, hemodynamic parameters and the functional state of the kidneys in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Patients with CHF with progression of the disease have worsened kidney function, clinical course of the disease, accompanied by a decrease in exercise tolerance for SMWT and deterioration in the quality of life, which was most pronounced in patients with renal dysfunction.

The main purpose of this study was, to assess the knowledge of nurses regarding pain management at Jinnah Hospital Lahore. A cross sectional descriptive survey was performed to assess the knowledge of pain management among nurses. A convenient sample of n=170 was used to collect the information. The main instrument for Information was a structured questionnaire. A structured questionnaire with demographic variables and causes variables was applied. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. The results showed that there is positive response of the respondent mean that nurses know about pain management. The result shows that if there is enough knowledge of the nurses about pain management they will increase patient comfort ability and decrease stress which is due to pain. And suggest that nurses administration must be develop the different strategies to create good strategies to enhance nurses‟ knowledge about pain management.

This complete-enumeration, before-and-after type of study (without controls), was conducted in April 2018 on 53 First-year MBBS students (24 females: 45.28% and 29 males: 54.72%) at a medical college in Kalwa, Thane, Maharashtra, India. After explaining the purpose of the study to the prospective participants, written informed consent was obtained. Those who did not give written informed consent or those who were absent during either pre- or post-test were excluded. The pre-test, conducted after traditional didactic lectures on respiratory system, comprised 15 questions (2 marks each; total 30 marks). The post-test was conducted after case-based learning, using a questionnaire that was identical to that of the pre-test. The outcome studied was the difference in cognitive domain scores after attending traditional didactic lectures (by a pre-test) and after case-based learning (by a post-test). The difference between the mean pre-test score (14.11 +/- 5.12; 95% CI: 7.13 - 15.49) and post-test score (25.92 +/- 4.63; 95% CI: 24.68 - 27.17) was highly significant (Z=12.455; p<0.0001). In the pre-test, the first quartile score of female students was on par with the third quartile score of their male counterparts while the third quartile score of female students was on par with the maximum score obtained by males. The pre-test result also exhibited higher variability in scores obtained by male students. In the post-test, the overall scores of male students improved and the maximum score and third quartile were identical for students of both genders. In the pre-test, the gender differences in mean scores were statistically significant for 5 out of 15 questions, while the mean scores in the post-test did not exhibit significant gender differences. Extension of this study to other topics in the First-year MBBS course may enable formulation of suitable teaching-learning techniques.