Kenyan SACCO segment makes up a considerable percentage of the country’s savings and this has spurred economy and social development. It has been established that internal environment has a great bearing on the performance of SACCOs. This study investigated the relationship between internal control systems and performance in SACCOs in Nyeri Central Sub-County and was guided Restitution and Internal Control Theory, Agency theory and Control theory. Internal controls were looked at from the perspective of Control Environment, control activities, Risk Assessment and Monitoring all focused on the performance which measured profitability and investment returns. The target population was 26 operating SACCOs in Nyeri Central Sub-County and the respondents was 78 employees working in this SACCOs who were categorized into the loan managers, internal auditors and financial analysts. The research was conducted using both quantitative and qualitative approaches; adopting cross-sectional survey research design. The relevant data was collected using questionnaires, out of 78 employees 68 responded representing 87.2% response rate. Collected data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) to generate descriptive statistics. Effects of internal controls on the financial performance of SACCOs in Nyeri central sub-county were measured using multiple regression analysis. The results indicated that internal control environment, risk assessment control and activity control had a positive and statistically significant effect on financial performance of SACCOs. Monitoring had a positive but statistically insignificant effect on financial performance of SACCOs. SACCOs should come up with policy that ensures regular and systematic review of the internal control systems and ensure that issues raised are addressed appropriately.

Tabernaemontana divaricata is commonly used for the treatment of various illnesses. In the present study crude flower extracts were made using four different solvents such as water, methanol, ethanol and chloroform and were subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis .Well diffusion method was used for screening of the antimicrobial activity against selected oral pathogens such as Streptococus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Results showed the presence various phytochemicals including alkaloids, tannins, reducing sugars, saponin, steroids and triterpenoids and proteins. Among these extracts, methanol extract showed significant antibacterial activity against most tested bacteria. The weakest activity was seen in the acetone extracts.

Anxiety is a neuropathlogical condition which disturbs the normal routine life and CNS function. Serotonin is well known neurotransmitter responsible for pathogenesis of neurological diseases such as epilepsy, migraine, multiple sclerosis and Parkinson's disease &neuropsychiatric diseases like depression, anxiety and stress. Malfunctioning of 5-HT receptor, 5-HT transporter and mutation in gene code for its synthesis may contribute to abnormal function of serotonin. Nigella sativa is most common herb use as medicinal plant .In present investigation aqueous extract of Nigella sativa given to rats exerts anxiolytic and hyperserotonergic effect by increasing serotonin level in rat brain. Significant anixolytic effects were observed in open filed box and elevated plus maze. All these findings proved that Nigella sativa can be beneficial to treat neurological behavior defect which is due to hypoactivity of serotonergic neuron in brain

Irrational use of Medicines is a global phenomenon. Various studies conducted in developed as well as in developing countries during past few years regarding the safe & effective use of drugs show that irrational drug use is a global phenomenon & only few prescriptions justify rational use of drugs. Rational use of medicines requires that "patients receive medications appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements, for an adequate period of time, and at the lowest cost to them and their community".

This paper will trace the history of copyrights from the beginning of awareness to the stage of modern law and economics movements. It gives comprehensive overview of the fundamentals of copyrights as an important form of intellectual property. It explains the basic history of copyright from the printing press to the photocopying machine. It also examines the Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (Trips) era in the context of the technological advances. The Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) is considered to be one of the most important agreements in the intellectual property protection regime. A product of the Uruguay Round that established the World Trade Organization (WTO), the TRIPS agreement helped to develop the intellectual property from the national level to the international level, and from its purely conventional intellectual property (IP) perspective that was enacted in the two previous conventions of Paris and Berne to the world trade domain. It therefor laid down the minimum standard of protection that should be maintained by the countries adhering to the agreement Here we are faced with the question core point of this paper: Is future of copyrights law will be as the context as the past? is Trips era is better than the past? Is the Trips agreements is the final improvement to intellectual property rights? How can the states parties deal with the provisions of the TRIPS? Do they adopt or adapt these provisions to their national laws? How can they strike a balance between the national interests and the international obligations dictated by the Marrakesh agreement? Here I explain relation between the national legislation and the norms of globalization triggered by the Marrakesh Agreement of 1994 which concluded the Uruguay Round

Freshwater Molluscan distribution and diversity status of Parola region, district Jalgaon, were studied during June 2015 to May 2016. The samples were collected at every month from three sites. Total 14 species were recorded throughout the year, out of which 11 species were Gastropods and 3 species were Pelecypods; which belongs to 5 orders, 9 families and 11 genera. The average numbers of animals were indicated per season: i.e. monsoon, winter and summer. Maximum species were recorded in winter season at all these three sites. Molluscan diversity were calculated by the various diversity indices such as Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H), Simpson’s Dominance index (D), Simpson’s index of diversity (I-D), Simpson’s Evenness(E) and Pielou’s Evenness index (J).

Osteosarcoma (OS), the most common primary malignant bone tumor in both children and adults, is characterized by the development of bone or osteoid substance by the tumor cells [1]. Despite of Surgical treatments and combinational chemotherapy, long term survival remains unsatisfactory because of delay in diagnosis, distant metastasis and chemoresistence. Thus, in recent years, it has become one of the most promising fields to investigate molecular mechanisms contributing to osteosarcoma carcinogenesis and progression. Several biomarkers have been proposed to predict the evolution of osteosarcoma including survivin, ErbB2, Ki67 antigen, alpha V integrins, Tumor Endothelial Marker (TEM7), IGF1, Leptin, micro RNA. Recent advances in expression biology have shifted in identifying and developing specific and sensitive biomarkers such as micro RNAs. Circulating micro RNA is emerging as promising noninvasive biomarkers for human cancers. In this review,we provide a perspective on emerging concepts and potential usefulness of microRNA as diagnostic, prognostic markers in OS and involvement of specific microRNA in OS metastasis. We tried to discuss the genetic mechanisms and molecular pathways involved by aberrant microRNA in OS. MiRNA-directed gene regulation will pave the way for improving traditional gene therapy approaches in many cancers. Moreover, since therapeutic targeting of miRNAs promises to improve the clinical management of patients with OS.

Aim of this study is to evaluate the relation between emotional intelligence and attitudes and behaviours of nurses who work in a mental health hospital in regard to mental illnesses and patients. This is a descriptive study. Participants are all nurses who work in Dr. Ekrem Tok Mental Health Hospital in Adana. The study sample consisted of 93 nurses who agreed and had criteria to participate in this study. Data were collected by using socio-demographic questionnaire, Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale and Opinions about Mental Illness Scale. Data were analysed using SPSS package programme, Pearson corelation test and t-test. The avarage age of individuals participating in the study is 39,44±7,73. Avarage working period of participated nurses in this hospital is 8,43±6,56. The mean score of Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale is 128,05±11,60. Findings indicate a positive correlation between emotional intelligence and B factor of Opinions about Mental Illness scale. According to the findings; the nurses with high level of emotional intelligence score had higher scores for protective and humane approach. Thus, the development of positive attitudes towards people with mental illnesses can be achieved based on this finding. Therefore, we can recommend training program in order to increase emotional intelligence for nurses.

Malaria is one of the important diseases affecting several areas in India especially in the tribal and interior forest regions causing great morbidity and mortality. The National Vector-Borne Disease Control Program [NVBDCP] was launched in 2003-04 to control all vector-borne diseases, however seasonal and local outbreaks, especially in tribal areas, are common. This study was done to determine the prevalence of malaria during Aug-Nov 2015 season outbreak of malaria in tribal regions of Adilabad district of Telangana State. The objective of the study was to understand the type of malaria in the pediatric patients and the treatment is done and the outcomes. Methods: The study was done in Department of RIMS Adilabad during the seasonal outbreak of malaria from August to November 2015 and all the patients detected with malaria, its treatment and complications were recorded and analyzed. Results: a total of 3361 patients have admitted in the pediatric wards for various illnesses out of which 201 patients had malaria. The prevalence of malaria in the pediatric ward patients was 6.25%. The most commonly affected age group was 5 to 10 years recording highest number (n= 73) 36.32% of the total number of cases recorded. In male out of 113 cases, 38 cases (33.63%) belonged to 5 -10 years of age group. In females, 35 out of total 88 cases (39.77%) were in 5 -10 years of age group. out of 201 patients 164 patients (81.59%) had developed P. falciparum malaria indicating this is the predominant form of malaria present in this group of the population. Similarly, P. vivax was recorded in 19 (9.45% of the patients) and 18 (8.96%) had both the type of parasites in the peripheral smears. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that the prevalence of P. facliparum malaria is very common in tribal Adilabad district. There is a higher prevalence of malaria-related complications in pediatric patients. There is an urgent need to educate the people and create awareness among the tribal people regarding the growth and spread of malaria. This will reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality due to malaria in this region.

Microalgae represent the main source of biomass production in an aquatic ecosystem which also possess system for generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Marine water receives increased number of anthropogenic chemicals from point and non-point sources. ROS concentration is dynamic in nature, that enhanced by the chemical sources in the marine environment and later it induces the oxidative stress in the marine organisms such as microalgae. In order to understand ROS changes with respect to seasonal fluctuation of marine pollutants and their impact on microalgal communities, two regions of Southeast coast of India were selected i.e., Tuticorin – a pollution impact site and Rameshwaram – the reference site. In this study microalgae distribution during three seasons i.e., summer, monsoon and winter were analysed. Quantification of physiochemical and heavy metal ions were analysed. ROS such as superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals were measured using Electron Spin Resonance. Species richness, dominance and cell density of microalgae were calculated. All season data analysis showed significant reduction of species distribution and diversity in both sites. The species richness i.e Shannon- wiener diversity was high in the reference site, where as the dominance simpson diversity was high in impact size showed that the pollutants decreased the richness increase the dominance of some microalgal species. Correlation between the chemical parameter and microalgal distribution showed that the physiochemical parameters like Alkalinity, Phosphorus, Nitrogen compounds, BOD, DO were determined the microalgal density, species richness and dominance in both sites. Dynamic changes of heavy metals ions such as Hg, Cd, Cr, Fe, Zn and Al with the other marine in an chemicals impact site during different season’s sites enhance the ROS production. It was found that the micro algal communities were highly affected by chemicals in polluted marine water and that could enhance the oxidative stress.

Contamination of groundwater is one of the major environmental issues faced at present due to indiscriminate disposal of sewage, industrial, and chemical waste without proper treatment. This contamination may affect physical, chemical, and biological variables of groundwater. Hence, the aim was to assess the physicochemical and biological properties of groundwater in an urban setting of Belagavi. A total of 30 water samples were collected from open wells in different places by purposive sampling technique. Physicochemical properties, including pH, total alkalinity, turbidity, total dissolved solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), total hardness, chloride ion, and carbon dioxide were assessed using standard methods. Microbiological analysis was done using standard microbroth dilution technique. The obtained values were compared with standard values set by the World Health Organization (WHO) standards and the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for drinking water. Physicochemical properties of the study samples: pH, TDS, total alkalinity, chloride content, turbidity, and calcium and magnesium hardness were within the standard limits set by WHO and BIS; while, EC and bicarbonate hardness were not within the permissible limits. Microbial analysis showed the presence of Escherichia coli in 29 samples and the most probable number (MPN) of the samples was > 180 cfu/100 mL. Although most of the physicochemical properties of the groundwater were within the WHO and BIS standards, the microbiological analysis-MPN assay showed the presence of bacterial contaminants in most of the groundwater samples. Even though groundwater from most of the wells studied were contaminated, they can be revived as good sources of water provided the water is processed before consumption.

The whole plant of Catharanthus pusillus of family Apocynaceae was subjected to isolation and identification of chemical constituents. The extract was purified and isolated by column chromatography and thin layer chromatography (TLC). The isolated compound was then subjected to UV spectrum, FTIR for identification of functional groups and 1HNMR and 13C-NMR for identification of protons and carbon atoms. ESI-MS was done to identify the molecular weight of the isolated compound. From the interpretation of the spectral data, the isolated compound was found to be 3-β acetyl oleanolic acid.

Sudanese values of HbA1c was found to be 3.8% ± 1.17 in males and 3.4% ± 1.17 in females and the diagnostic level of HbA1c was 6.5% according to WHO. The objective of this study was to measure the level of HbA1c in newly diagnosed diabetic Sudanese patients and to compare the results with the normal Sudanese values. This was a hospital based cross sectional pilot study conducted during 2017 in Omdurman teaching hospital, Khartoum state on Sudanese patients attending emergency department with age above 18 years and newly diagnosed with diabetes mellitus. Twenty patients were assessed by questionnaires covering age, family history of DM, physical activity and diet. The BMI was calculated from the weight and height and the blood pressure was measured and 5 ml of venous blood was taken to measure a test of HbA1cusing Nycocard© machine after overnight fasting. The mean of HbA1c in newly discovered males was 11.88%±0.43and in females was 13.26%±0.66%.Female gander was found to be positive relationship to HbA1C but statistically not significant with a p value (0.086). HbA1c level in newly diagnosed diabetic Sudanese patients was found to be very high compared to the normal Sudanese values of HbA1c (3.8% ± 1.17 in males and 3.4% ± 1.17 in females) and to the diagnostic value of HbAIc (6.5%) which might indicate that DM diagnosis was late.

In aquatic ecosystems, metal concentrations are monitored by measuring the levels in fish, water and sediments. Contribution of heavy metals in the water bodies include industrial effluents, fossil fuels burning, agricultural runoffs, geological weathering domestic waste and human and animal excretions. Water, sediment and fish samples from the river were used to assess the levels of heavy metals concentration in the river. The objective of this study was to measure the concentration of levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in samples of water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River. Heavy metal concentration and selected physicochemical parameters (Electrical conductivity, Temperature, TDS and pH) of the water samples were determined. Levels of the heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mn and Ni) in water, fish (Oreochromis niloticus) and sediments from Afram River were determined using VARIAN AA 240FS-Atomic Absorption Spectrometer in an acetylene- air flame. In the fish (Oreochromis niloticus) samples, the highest concentrations of 50.46 mg/kg, 34.18 mg/kg, and 15.60 mg/kg were recorded for the metal Fe in the fish gills, bones and muscles respectively whereas the lowest concentration of < 0.08 mg/kg was recorded for the metal Cd in the gills, bones and muscle.

The widespread use of E-commerce in the world is a new revolution in international trade. But it is regarded as a double-edged sword for the international trade. Some figure that E-commerce has a positive impetus for the development of international trade. The rest holds the view that E-commerce has worsened the trade conditions, especially, in the developing countries, like the massive tax loss. However, there are a few empirical studies on the dynamic relationship between E-commerce and international trade in the developing countries. China as a biggest developing country in the world, therefore, this paper uses the datum from 2000 to 2016 to explore the dynamic relationship between E-commerce and international trade in China via the method of combining theoretical model and empirical analysis. Preforming an empirical analysis under vector error correction model, the empirical analysis results indicate that the long-run relationship between E-commerce and international trade exists in China. More specifically, E-commerce has a positive effect on international trade.