They include Cell surface antigens; Cytoplasmic proteins, Enzymes, Hormones and most of them are proteins. They can be products of cancer cells themselves or of the body in response to cancer or other conditions. A marker represents a qualitative or quantitative alteration or deviation from normal of a molecule, substance, or process that can be detected by some type of assay. An elevated level of a tumor marker can indicate cancer; however there can also be other causes of the elevation. Thus, Tumour markers cannot be construed as primary modalities for the diagnosis of cancer. These tumor markers help in screening, diagnosing the diseased condition, staging of the disease, guiding and monitoring the treatment, to determine the prognosis and to prevent recurrence.

This study empirically examines the impact of economic growth and access to safe drinking water on life expectancy in Nigeria using Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model as tool of analysis for the period 1980 - 2014. The result of this study indicates that economic growth and access to safe drinking water exert positive and statistically significant impact on life expectancy at birth. Consequently, upon the findings of this study, a number of recommendations are given which include: the need for the governments to intensify its existing policies in order to maintain inclusive economic growth that would increase employment generation and reduce poverty for better life expectancy. Moreover, there is also need for governments, Nongovernmental organizations, international development partners and philanthropists to intervene in improving access to safe and portable drinking water in both rural and urban areas through construction of boreholes, pipe water, public taps or standpipes, tube wells, protected dug wells, protected springs, and rainwater collection reservoirs.

An overview about the situation of electronic government in Libya is presented in this paper. In addition, to provide number of studies that related to the electronic government adoption in both developed and developing countries. The findings indicted that the adoption of electronic government in developing countries especially still in the first stage and the governments should be pay attention towards the adoption of electronic government services.

Chronic renal failure is increasingly health problem all around the world with a high burden of mortality and cardio vascular morbidity rate. The study is mainly directed to establish lipid profile in chronic renal failure by ascertaining the levels of serum cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol and triglycerides. In view of this extensive work has been done in the field and incessant efforts are being made to widen the horizon of lipid in chronic renal failure. The present study was aimed to find lipid abnormalities in chronic renal failure. There is significant rise in Triglycerides, VLDL, LDL in chronic renal failure. There is decrease in HDL concentration in chronic renal failure as compared to control. Increased concentration of Triglycerides and VLDL are the main causes for increased incidence of cardiovascular abnormalities in chronic renal failure.

Using descriptive research design, this study aimed to evaluate the experiences of Vocational Technological Education (VTE) teachers regarding the adequacy of the tools and equipment they are utilizing in their respective institutions in the areas of Information and Communications Technology (with specialization in computer hardware servicing and technical drafting), Home Economics (with specialization in cookery and dressmaking) and Industrial Arts (with specialization in electrical installation and maintenance and consumer electronics servicing). It also investigated the areas of concern that teachers have encountered as VTE teachers and their proposed measures to meet them. The study found out that adequacy of tools and equipment in teaching VTE in the Department of Education was observed in computer hardware servicing and cookery while inadequacy of materials in technical drafting, dressmaking, electrical installation and maintenance and consumer electronics was noticed. Challenges encountered by VTE teachers on facing the restructured curriculum deals on lack of project materials and completion requirements for students and insufficiency of reading materials and substandard laboratory shop facilities. The recommendations offered by the respondents to meet the challenges include: resourcefulness and creativeness on the part of the teachers in devising instructional materials and textbooks; updating of equipment and tools and strict monitoring and maintaining of facilities to be done by school officials; and additional hands-on training and relevant assessments for teachers and students spearheaded by the supervisor of VTE

Traditional plant treatment for diabetes has produced a rising interest now a day. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the hypoglycemic effect and hypolipidemic properties of the methanolic extract of Hoya parasitica Variegata (Apocynaceae) and ethanolic extract of Crotalaria pallida Aiton (Fabaceae) in alloxan induced diabetic rats. In this study diabetes was induced in rats by intraperitoneal administration of 100 mg/kg of alloxan. Animals were only treated for one week with both the plant extracts at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg. Metformin (100 mg/kg) was used as standard for comparison. The antidiabetic effect was examined by measuring blood glucose (BG) level at 0, 3, 5 and 7 days after alloxan treatment. Blood samples were collected after 8 days treatment and analyzed for triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at sacrifice. Both the plants H. parasitica and C. pallida at 300 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg showed significant (p<0.05) hypoglycemic effect compared to control and untreated diabetic control rats. Alloxan induced diabetic rats showed moderate to significant increases in the levels of BG, TG, TC, LDL-C while body weight, HDL-C and relative weights of liver and pancreas were decreased to controls (non diabetic rats). Administration of both the plant extracts to alloxan induced diabetic rats resulted in significant decrease in BG, TG, TC and LDL-C and the dose 600 mg/kg of both plant extracts were the most effective. HDL-C levels for both plants were markedly increased after treatment compare to untreated diabetic rats. Results of the treatment study showed that both H. parasitica and C. pallida extracts causes antidiabetogenic properties and beneficial effects on diabetic hyperlipidemia.

The rupture of the calcaneal tendon is a frequent lesion requiring surgical management. For chronic disruption in particular, restorative surgery is desirable and several methods have been described. We report a retrospective study of eight cases of chronic rupture of the calcaneal tendon treated surgically by myotendinousplasty in V-Y according to Abraham, collected in the Traumatology and Orthopedics II department of the Mohammed V Military Teaching Hospital in Rabat Morocco between 2010 and 2015. The majority of patients were male. The cause of chronic rupture of the calcaneal tendon was a diagnostic error in 25% of the cases, a lack of knowledge of the pathology in 62.5% of the cases and negligence in 12.5% of the cases. The results were evaluated according to the Kitaoka score after an average follow-up of three years. They were very satisfied with a score of 89%. The aim of this study is to highlight the difficulty of making the diagnosis in certain circumstances, which is the cause of chronic rupture and to underline the interest of the surgical treatment, by the myotendinousplasty "V-Y" in this case

This is a retrospective study over a period of 5 years, from January 2011 to December 2015, which concerns 21 cases of laryngeal cancers that have undergone total laryngectomy. The average age of our patients was 60 years old, chronic smoking is incriminated in 71% of cases with an average consumption of 40 packs / year. Ethylism was found in 23% of cases. The time between onset of clinical signs and first consultation was on average 10 months. Dysphonia was the revealing sign in 76% of patients, most often associated with dyspnea. Panendoscopy with biopsy was systematically done to all of our patients, confirming the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (100%), also paraclinical imaging revealed the extension of the tumor. Stage 3 TNM were most often found at the time of the diagnosis. In our studies, all of our 21 patients underwent total laryngectomy supplemented with radiotherapy for the sterilization of the tumor bed and ganglionic areas, except one patient who presented a permeation nodule. Postoperative course was grossly simple. No recurrences were noted. The deaths of two patients were deplored

Atorvastatin is lipid lowering drug use in different cases to prevent complications of hyperlipidemia by lowering lipid mainly affect cholesterol, but it also affect in concentration of other serum parameters such as uric acid and creatinine. Case-control study was conducted during the period between Marchs to May 2017, included 100 participants 60% cases and 40% control with age between (20-70) years. Case group included 62% female and 38% male, used different doses (10, 20 and 40 mg/day) and different durations using for variable conditions such as (DM, HTN or protection for risk of CVD). Control group was matched for cases group but not used any lipid lowering drugs. The result of this study showed that significant association between atorvastatin uses and decrease in UA, Cr, T.Chl and LDL (P-value: 0.000, 0.020, 0.015 & 0.018 respectively). Decrease in all parameters by increase dose but not significant only significant with dose 40 mg/day (p-value: 0.037, 0.044, 0.044 & 0.005 respectively). Decrease in Cr, TCh and LDL by increasing the durational of atorvastatin intake and concentration (P= 0.042, 0.001 & 0.000 respectively). Significant relation was detected between combination DM & HTN and increase UA (4.55±0.87) & Cr (0.69±0.16) (P-value: 0.032 & 0.015 respectively) no significant relation with T.Chl and LDL (P-value: 0.636 & 0.594 respectively). Significant decrease in UA, Cr, T .Cho & LDL mean concentration found among atorvastatin user and the dose 40mg/day is highly significant effect. No correlation between durational of atorvastatin used and the parameter concentration. A more research should be done to detect specific correlation between atorvastatin and this parameters.

This study comparatively evaluated the in vitro antioxidant activity and the hepato-protective effect of extracts of two locally consumed fruits, Dacryodes edulis (African pear) and Tetracarpidium conophorum (African walnut) in sodium arsenate exposed rats. Antioxidant activity was determined by spectrophotometric methods using 2, 2-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Total phenol, flavonoids and anthocyanins content of extracts were also determined. Results from the study indicated that DPPH and H2O2 scavenging capacity as well as percentage inhibition of MDA were significantly higher (P˂0.05) in extract of T. conophorum (48.34%, 46.9% and 53.5%, respectively) when compared with D. edulis extract (45.47%, 18.1% and 45.3%, respectively). The anthocyanins content was significantly higher (P˂0.05) in D. edulis extract than in T. conophorum. Whereas, T. conophorum extract recorded higher phenol content (52.3GAE/100g) compared with D. edulis extract (22.5GEA/100g). The flavonoids content of T. conophorum extract was comparable to that of D. edulis. The hepato-protective effects of the extracts were examined in vivo in male Wister rats challenged with sodium arsenate. Results showed that the rats fed with the two extracts had significant reduction (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation, increase in SOD and catalase activities relative to control values. These results suggest that rat fed with Dacryodes edulis and Tetracarpidium conophorum extracts possess varied degree of potent antioxidant activity and may serve as important sources of antioxidants in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical properties of Cajanus cajan cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire. Some anti-nutritional factors (trypsin activity) and α-amylase of Bacillus subtillus digestibility were evaluated for the seeds flours. The proximate composition revealed that pigeon pea had highest moisture (12.40 %), dry matter (87.60 %), ash (4.50 %), crude starch (39%), crude cellulous (11.9%) and crude protein (25.60%) respectively. While, carbohydrate and fat contents was found in values of 56.10 ± 0,1% and 1.8 ± 0.1 %, respectively. Cajanus cajan seed also contains several minerals. The appreciable value of potassium was 1.8mg/kg, while the levels of phosphor and sodium in the legumes seeds tested were found to be 0. 6± 0. 0 and 0.03±0,02 mg/kg respectively with a total energy value average 2818 ± 3 kcal per 100 g of flour. Anti-nutritional factor such as trypsin activity was found to decrease significantly in the whole seed at 55%. A significant improvement was observed in vitro digestibility of starch provide from whole seeds. Digestibility with alpha amylase represents 82% for whole flour and 88 % for flour made with seeds without film. Thus, the study indicated that pigeon pea flours would have great potential in various food applications. Therefore, the judicious use of seeds could be a source of additional nutrients in the diet of vulnerable population.

The antioxidant properties of oil and fruit extracts of Dacryodes edulis (African pear) from four weeks after anthesis (WAA) to fruit maturation were assessed in this study. The oils from the fruits were extracted with chloroformmethanol 1:2 (v/v) using standard procedures. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the oil extracts was determined by spectrophotometric methods using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Results from the study indicated that DPPH and H2O2 scavenging capacity as well as percentage inhibition of MDA were significantly (P˂0.05) higher in oil at 20 WAA (45.47%, 45.1%, 18.3%), but with significant (P˂0.05) lesser percentage of inhibition at 4-12 WAA. The hepatoprotective effects of the extracts were examined in vivo in male wistar rats challenged with sodium arsenate. Results showed that the rats fed with the oil WAA had significant reduction (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation, increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities especially relative to control values. African walnut extracts treated rats also showed similar decrease in serum AST (70.3±2.54U/L), ALT (63.7±2.34U/L±), ALP (59.3±0.60U/L) and GGT (230.8±1.12U/L) levels at 20 WAA when compared to 4 WAA extracts treated rats, AST (105.2±1.38U/L), ALT (73.0±1.12U/L), ALP (72.0±2.26U/L) and GGT (299.7±1.88U/L). The results suggest that the various fruit extracts possess varied degrees of potent antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo and may serve as important sources of antioxidants in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Anthocyanins content and antioxidant were determined in the three main pigments toward ripening in Dacryodes edulis (African pear) fruit peels. The pigments were extracted with acidified (0.5% HCl) methanol and the extracts were hydrolysed and the applied on 3mm thin-layer chromatograms. The chromatograms were developed subsequently in one direction, using n-Butanol: Acetic acid: Water (BAW) (4:1:5 v/v). The anthocyanidin present in the three pigments, pelargonidin-3- glycoside, was identified according to their Rf values, UV-vis spectrum and reaction with NaOH. The results revealed that the concentration of anthocyanidin in the pink (premature, week4-12) stage was 0.20 mg/g, white (maturing fruit, week 14-16) stage 0.32mg/g and blue-black (matured fruit, week 18-20) stage 0.56mg/g, this results correspond to the capacity of the anthocyanidin to inhibits lipidperoxidation (TBAR) with 76.9% (pink stage), 81.2% (white stage) and 90.0% (blue-black stage). The result demonstrated a positive relationship between Anthocyanins (flavonoids) and antioxidant activity. Hence, Dacryodes edulis is better consumed when fully matured.

Slums are available in the port area of Chittagong city. The general health conditions of the slum dwellers are very poor. This study was conducted to explore the possible association of different disorders of post area people with their life style and socio-demographic status. A survey based prospective observational study was performed at Chittagong from July 2017 to January 2018. A total of 200 (125 from port area and 75 from city area) were identified as a quite effective sample for this study. A self-administered questionnaire was delivered to the participants. Majority of the respondents were married male in this study. Illiterate, ill-educated and day laborer people were available in port area when compared with city area. 35.2% people’s monthly income was below Tk. 10000 with poor household condition in port area. Most of the people were drinker (51%) and smoker (71%) in port area when compared to the city area. The values were 21% and 48% accordingly in city area. Various types of sound and sleep related problems are more common in port area people. Different physical disorders like fever, stroke, diarrhea and chest pain were more frequent in the port area when contrast to the city area. Moreover, mental problems such as depression, frustration, restlessness, stress and over pressure are also more common in port area than city area. Poverty, illiteracy and low socio-economic status is associated with many adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Evidence-based planning, decision-making and practice can help improve the health status and quality of life of people.

Employee performance is one of the most important variables for organizational survive and thrive. Majority of previous studies investigated the employee performance in business organization. However, few have investigated it in universities. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework of performance of academic staff. A literature review was conducted as well as a preliminary interview with the some academic staff. Building on the literature, this study proposed that transformational leadership and its dimension (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation) as well as the organizational commitment and its dimension (affective commitment, continuous commitment, and normative commitment) have positive effects on the performance of academic staff. The study proposes also a mediating role of organizational commitment between transformational leadership and performance of academic staff. The conceptual framework was discussed and direction for future work was highlighted.