Pastoralists are members of the human race who occupy extremely disadvantaged regions of the world. The environmental conditions in these regions make this group of people very harsh and cruel. They practice weird cultural practices which derail the efforts of the government towards attainment of universal primary education. This paper examines how the social cultural practices of this group of people influence the implementation of Free Primary Education in West Pokot County, Kenya. The findings are a result of a study which adopted a descriptive research design and was based on the Action Reaction Theory. Data was collected by use of questionnaires from 300 pupils randomly selected from primary schools in the entire West Pokot County. 50 parents, 50 head teachers and 1 Director of Education were purposively selected to participate in the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in data analysis. Findings highlighted in this paper will help in formulating policies which are suited for pastoralists to widen and broaden their quest for education.

This is a preliminary descriptive study of college students’ attitude toward natural health remedies where the researcher uses captive audience survey to collect data from undergraduate and graduate students attending private and public colleges and universities in the United States. Five factors are especially important in describing college students’ attitude toward natural health remedies: Economics (costs of healthcare), Knowledge (familiarity and understanding of health and healthcare), Relational or Relationship (influence of family, friends or significant others on healthcare choices), Beliefs (perceptions regarding health and healthcare), and Security (concerns about safety regarding healthcare practices and methods) - “EKRBS”. Quality and Satisfaction (Q-S) were also found to be important factors when it comes to attitude toward healthcare and natural health remedies. Overall, Knowledge (familiarity and understanding of health and healthcare) is the most important factor affecting college students’ attitude toward natural health remedies, followed by Economics (costs of healthcare). All these factors are revealed to have varying impact on students’ attitude toward natural health remedies

The complex relationship between pastoral communities and their socioeconomic background casts more doubts as to how the local people are involved in policy process of improving access to Primary Schooling, Mugwe, 2006. The study reiterates the usefulness of case studies for educational research given its variety and complexity in making formative evaluation and in educational policy making. This is in agreement with Cletus, B [34] which emphasizes the critical role of evidence- based policy and practice. Investigation was carried out to examine implications of Free Primary Education (FPE) on access to schooling. The study adopted ethnographic research design that utilized purposive sampling technique and saturation procedure to select a total of 170 respondents that included head teachers, teachers, parents, school dropouts, educational managers, community leaders, and Non-Governmental Organizations drawn from Turkana South sub-county. Purposive sampling was used to select individuals, groups and organizations that would provide insight into the study. Data was collected using focus group interviews, structured and unstructured interviews, observation, and document analysis. Subsequently, data was collected by use of questionnaire that was sent to head-teachers and education officials and was used only to validate the qualitative data. The collected data was coded, analyzed, described and summarized. The statistical package for social scientists (SPSS) 12.0 for Windows was used to analyze coded information for the purposes of checking for internal consistency, creation of composite scores, and correlation. The study identified various implications of FPE on Primary Schooling for pastoralists as the following: increased enrolment; shortage of teachers; high transition rate; poor handling of children with special needs; increased dropout rate and lack of funds for school feeding program. The findings also concluded that if the roles of various stakeholders were properly articulated, it would improve access to Primary Schooling among pastoralist communities.

Pakistan joined the War on Terror (WOT) shortly after the 9/11 incident and helped United States in eliminating extremists and terrorists networks in Afghanistan. Resultantly, Pakistan is facing horrible security issues inside its territory. This paper analysis the various reasons behind loopholes in the security issues of Pakistan and why the incidents of terrorism have increased over the years

Nigerian economy is a multi-sector economy with agricultural and manufacturing sectors as the prime sectors. This study focused on the effect of commercial bank credits on the output of agricultural and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria. It spanned for the period of 31years (1986-2016) and made use of secondary data extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria Statistical (CBN) Bulletin for various years. The study adopted ex-post facto research design and employed the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bound test and Ordinary least squares multiple regression analysis considering necessary diagnostic tests such as unit root test, test of normality, heteroskedasticity test, and cointegration test. The findings revealed that commercial bank credits have significant positive effect on the productivity of agricultural and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria. The implication of the findings is that more credits to agriculture and manufacturing sectors in Nigeria will increase output in the respective sectors. Hence, the researcher recommended among others more lending to agricultural and manufacturing sectors so as to boost productivity of these sectors.

Lassa fever is a disease of public health importance with high mortality and morbidity especially among rural dwellers.This study was done to determine the knowledge of transmission, risk factors, prevention, symptoms and the preventive practices against Lassa fever among adults in Ukpom, a rural community in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A community based descriptive cross-sectional study was done among 228 adults selected by multi-stage sampling in 2016 using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire and analysed with SPSS.Ninety point eight percent (90.8%) claimed to have heard of Lassa fever mainly through radio and TV (64.9%). The majority knew that consuming food contaminated with rat feces and urine (88.6%) including eating poorly cooked rats (82.5%) transmits Lassa fever. Most knew that a clean environment (95.2%), proper covering of food (93.4%), no holes in homes (93.4%) and not eating rats (89.5%) prevents Lassa fever .The top 2 risk factors for Lassa fever known were non- covering of food (91.7%) and poor refuse disposal (89.9%). Common symptoms known were headache (69.3%), fever unresponsive to antibiotics (68.4%) and vomiting (66.2%). Major practices to prevent it were covering of food (98.2%), not eating rats (97.4%) and keeping a clean environment (95.6%). Only 15.8% stopped burning bushes, 32.9% stopped drinking garri and 17.5% fumigated their houses as practices to prevent Lassa fever. Age was significantly associated with level of knowledge. (p=0.000). Good level of knowledge of Lassa fever was found among community members though some misconceptions still existed. Intensified health education is recommended.

Protein-Energy Malnutrition has been identified as a major public health and nutritional problem in India. It not only leads to childhood morbidity and mortality but also leads to impairment of physical and possibly of mental growth of those who survive. Protein-Energy Malnutritionis a most lethal form of malnutrition; children are its most visible victims of malnutrition. "The silent emergency is an accomplice in at least half of the 10.9 million deaths is there in each year. Protein-Energy Malnutrition is a global problem. Nearly 150 million children under 5 years in the world and 70 - 80 million in India suffer from protein-energy malnutrition, nearly 20 million in the world and 4 million suffer from severe forms of Protein-Energy Malnutrition like Kwashiorkor and Marasmus, Khokar. A et al., [5]. The study was based on Rosenstock’s and Becker’s health behaviour model. The data was collected by descriptive method, 150 mothers were selected from the urban slum area by simple random sampling technique. Data was collected by using structured interview schedule for a period of 4 weeks. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. The study findings revealed that the majority of mothers were illiterates. Hence there is a need to educate the mothers regarding correct feeding practices and that helps in. After the detailed analysis of this study shows that Nurses can adopt the health education module to educate the mothers about ProteinEnergy Malnutrition. They can impart the knowledge to the care givers regarding do's and don'ts of feeding practices which leads to the occurrence of Protein-Energy Malnutrition and can educate the mothers regarding prevention and control of Protein-Energy Malnutrition.

Abstract: The Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the second largest Arab country, with a population estimated at 32.9 million, growing at 2%, in 2015.The maternal mortality in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been substantially reduced within a reasonably short period. The maternal mortality rate in the year 1990 was 40 per 100,000 live births but it was drastically reduced to 12 in the year 2015. This is an example to many countries with unacceptably high maternal deaths. Poor antenatal care, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and obstetric haemorrhage are the leading causes of maternal deaths. In KSA, rapidly changing attitude of women towards childbirth is occurring through progressively increasing female education and community health programmes in the region. Further reduction of maternal mortality rates in the community is envisaged through greater patient acceptance of medical advice, family spacing and proficient obstetric services. The quantitative and qualitative development of health services has led to improvement of maternal healthcare indicators. The MMR in Saudi Arabia will very soon match the developed countries with advanced health facilities. This article reveals the improvements in general improvement in socio-economic condition, increase in the female literacy rate, shifting from home delivery to hospital delivery, skilled care during pregnancy, labour and puerperium and contraceptive practice and reduction in fertility rate are the key factors contributed in improving the maternal health care in Saudi Arabia.

From the above medical crises it is strictly order to for the first fifteen minutes of the blood transfusion the nurse should stay with the patient to closely monitored c for any signs of adverse effects (Allan & and Bates 2004). The main purpose of the study is to assess the practices of blood transfusion among clinical nurses at a public tertiary care hospital Lahore. In this study across sectional descriptive design was used. The study was conducted at Mayo hospital at all the critical and other inpatients areas. A questionnaire adapted from thesis of Ebenezer tetteh (2015) “Knowledge and practice of blood transfusion among nurses in Ghana: experiences from the cape coast teaching hospital, this questionnaire was used to collect data from the respondent. Questionnaire consists of 2 parts first focusing on demo-graphic data of participant and second is lekert scale questionnaire which is based on practice data. Analysis of variables was done on SPSS 21. The overall practice results shown in the above table and graph reveals that there were no participants in the poor practice category. 63.56% of the participants had moderate practices having score of practice between 45 and 80 on a maximum score of 108. 36.44% of the study participants had good practices and scored above 80 score on a maximum of 108 practice total score. Majority of the participants was having moderate practices of Blood transfusion but there were no as such poor practices.

Amrutharistam is a vital Ayurvedic formulation used for all kind of fever and rheumatic fever, which is prepared by fermenting the decoction of Tinospora cordifolia containing berberine as one of the active ingredient. Preliminary analysis indicated the presence of berberine being the largest concentration. The HPLC carried out in Lichrospher 100, RP-8e (250*4.6*5) column, mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (70: 30). The determining wavelength was confirmed as 343nm. Five marketed formulations of Amrutharistam A-I, A-II, A-III, A-IV and A-V showed berberine concentration to be 9.63µg/ml, 10.10µg/ml, 10.20µg/ml, 9.64µg/ml and 10µg/ml respectively. The result showed the peak area response is linear within the concentration range of 10-50µg/ml with a correlation coefficient of 0.9998. Recovery studies 50%, 100% and 150% were conducted by standard addition method and found to be 99.804%. The developed and validated method can be effectively applied to the quantitative determination of berberine in Amrutharistam.

This study was designed to assess oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices among secondary schools students in Sana'a city, Yemen. A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted on (1000) of secondary school students, (500) male students and (500) female students with an age ranged from 16-19 years. A selfadministered structured questionnaire consisting of 24 questions on socio-demographic data, oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices was distributed and collected data was subjected to statistical analysis. The mean knowledge scores for the secondary school students was 72.27 with a statistically significant difference between males and females (P = 0.001). Nearly 75.5% of them reported that regular visits to the dentist are necessary. In contrast, nearly (60.3%) of them visited the dentist when they felt pain and toothache was the most leading reason provided for visiting the dentist (62.1%). Moreover, nearly 42.9% of them reported that fear of needles and drilling was the major reason for their fearing of visiting the dentist. The use of toothbrush and paste was the most oral hygiene method used (78.6%). About 44.6% of them brushed their teeth once per day and 36.8% of them spent one minute for brushing their teeth. Nearly 44.3% of them reported that the time of tooth brushing was before going to bed only. Finally, most of them (74.1%) reported that their parents advised them about the importance of oral hygiene without their watching and did not supervise them. It showed that the students had good oral health knowledge. However, their oral health knowledge, attitudes and practices were bitter in female students than male students.

The spatial patterns of urban land use at both the macro and the micro levels are a central issue in global change studies. The land use/land cover (LU/LC) changes are real important to have proper provision and use of natural resources and their management. Land is becoming a scarce resource due to immense agricultural and demographic pressure. Hence, information on land use /land cover and possibilities for their optimal function is essential for the selection, preparation and implementation of land use schemes meet the increasing needs for basic human needs and welfare It was done by using the data SOI Toposheets, Landsat TM, (1991), Landsat ETM+ (2001), LISS-III (2011) and LISS –IV (2016) and with the aid of using Remote Sensing and Geographical information Techniqnies. The supervised classification method is used to classify the land use and land cover of the study area. The major findings of change detection analysis revealed that the maximum change in the land use and land cover from 1981 to 2016 has been seen in the instance of the built-up area, which has varied from 2.89% to 40.36%. The major expansion of the built-up area is mainly along the highways and the outskirts.

Discoloration of orthodontic adhesive during the length of orthodontic treatment and after debonding of brackets poses a difficult aesthetic situation for the clinician and the patient. A detailed review of the causes of the discoloration from a clinical perspective is detailed in the article. Demineralization of enamel and penetration of resin tags, enamel cracks, surface defects are the main causes. The type of composite used, its constituents and the curing process also affects the speed and extend of the discoloration of the enamel. Steps the clinician can take reduce the amount of discoloration of enamel like use of a slow speed tungsten carbide burs are explained. Even though some discoloration of enamel is inevitable, steps can be taken to minimize the problem to a negligible proportion.

The aim of the study is to assess the mental health literacy among care providers working in beggar relief and rehabilitation center. The study setting is Bangalore beggar relief and rehabilitation center. Focused group discussion was conducted to identify mental health literacy. Two separate focused group discussion were conducted. One for nurses and one for warders. Eight nurses and eight warders working in the center were selected using purposive sampling technique. The method used to analyze the data is interview transcribing. The Reponses shows that nurses has some knowledge and warders had poor knowledge about causes, commonly seen mental illness, signs and symptoms, treatment, medications and side effects of mental illness. But intense training will help the nurses and warders to improve and affirm their knowledge. The focused group discussion concludes that the mental health literacy among nurses and warders need to be improved to better care the mentally ill inmates of beggar relief and rehabilitation center. The nurses had better knowledge compared to the warders.

Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye (1754-1817) was born and raised in Hausaland (presently Northern Nigeria) where the inhabitants lived in a darkness of ignorance about Islam. The aim of writing this paper is to analyse the struggle of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye in Hausaland when he wanted to reform people‟s attitude towards Islamic Faith. Firstly it starts by briefing the biography of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye, it also discusses the situation and activities of people in Gobir Kingdom before and after the reformation of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye. Then the paper underlines the approaches of Shaykh „Uthman bin Foduye in reforming the Faith and Social Vices among the people in Gobir Kingdom. The method used in this research is analytical method. The paper ends by conclusion and some recommendations which if well used Hausaland will be turn to a land of peace and prosperity.