Supervisory practice has evolved since its origins in colonial times, and its effectiveness as a means of improving instruction depends on the ability of educational leaders to remain responsive to the needs of teachers and students. An educational leader’s resolve to remain adaptable also depends on an appreciation of the changing and evolving nature of supervision, especially in the new millennium. An educational leader who understands the history of supervision and how current demands are influenced by that history will be better able to confront the technological, social, political, and moral issues of the day. Educational leaders also will have to develop the requisite knowledge, skills, and dispositions that are the foundation for effective supervisory practice. This chapter explicates how supervision has evolved to its current state, how you might respond to ever-increasing supervisory needs and demands, and how your beliefs and attitudes affect how you react to daily challenges.

Atherosclerosis is one of the major causes of increased morbidity and mortality associated with coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular accidents, and peripheral vascular diseases. Dyslipidemia is one of the important causes that result in atherosclerosis. The incidence of atherosclerosis has been on the rising recently. Therefore prevention of dyslipidemia can decrease the development of atherosclerosis. Aims: The study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of atorvastatin alone and its combination with omega-3 fatty acids in the management of hyperlipidemia in patients attending a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional prospective study conducted in the Department of Pharmacology and General Medicine, Kakatiya Medical College and Hospital, Warangal. The patients were selected from those visiting General Medicine OPD and diagnosed with hyperlipidemia. Sixty patients in the age group of 20 – 70 yrs, were recruited based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups. The Group I included the patients receiving Tab. Atorvastatin 10mg/day and Group II Atorvastatin 10mg/day plus Cap Omega-3 fatty acids 600mg/day for the duration of six months and follow up were done every month. Efficacy of treatment was assessed by the changes in laboratory parameters of Total cholesterol, Triglycerides, HDL-C, LDL-C, and VLDL-C. Results: The efficacy of combination therapy i.e., Atorvastatin plus Omega-3 fatty acids showed a statistically significant rise in HDL cholesterol with the mean percentage difference of 4.24% when compared to monotherapy with Atorvastatin. The efficacy of other parameters like total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol, VLDL cholesterol, and triglycerides (TG'S) levels with the low dose of omega-3 fatty acids in combination therapy was not statistically significant and produced nearly identical alterations in serum lipoprotein levels when compared to monotherapy. Conclusion: Although statins are being used as first-line therapy for hyperlipidemia and in patients with elevated triglycerides. For patients with elevated LDL-C and low HDL-C combination therapy appears to be a better option. Thus omega-3 fatty acids may be a potential supplement for combination therapy apart from niacin and fibrates.

Middle level managers play a very vital role in employee talent development in institutions of higher learning since they man a large population of employees at this level. Talent development seems to be the key theme driving the educational institutions. The study sought to investigate the influence of leadership styles of middle level managers on employee talent development at Rongo University. Descriptive research design was used for the study because it allowed for the statistical analysis of data to describe the trends about responses to questions and to test research questions. The study targeted 10 senior management level staff, 8 Deans, 30 middle level managers of departments and sections, 80 middle level employees, 100 low level management employees. Simple random sampling was used on middle and low level employees from different sections and departments.10 senior management level staff, 8 Deans, 30 middle level managers of departments was sampled using purposive sampling method. Reliability was ensured through test-retest which yielded 0.78 Cronbach‟s alpha. To ensure content validity, the questionnaire is to be given to the experts and researchers of Rongo University who examined the items critically and pass on their comments to the researcher. Statistical techniques of averages and percentages with the aid of Computer Statistical Software for Social Sciences to yield descriptive results. The findings revealed that 63% of the respondents observed that stakeholders were involved in talent development in Rongo University while 37 % indicated that stakeholders were not involved. The study concluded that leadership styles of middle level managers influence employee talent development in Rongo University since effective leadership style is seen as a potent source of management development and sustained competitive advantage. The study recommended that the middle level managers in Rongo University should be trained on talent management and leadership style to apply in management of employees talents. The study adhered to ethical considerations.

Indomethacin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which acts as an analgesic and antipyretic drug. This research work was aimed at demonstrating the effects of oral administration of indomethacin on some biochemical parameters in plasma of male wistar albino rats. Each of the 15 male wistar albino rats in experimental group one was given 2mg/kg of indomethacin capsule daily for two weeks while the other 15 male wistar albino rats in the experimental group two were given 2mg/kg each of indomethacin daily for four weeks. However, the 15 male wistar albino rats in the control group were not administered with indomethacin. Five ml blood specimen was collected from each of the groups into lithium heparinized anticoagulated bottles respectively. The specimen was spun and the plasma obtained was used for the quantitative measurement of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine. The results revealed significant elevations (P<0.05) in the mean values of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine in the male wistar albino rats administered orally with indomethacin for four weeks as compared to that of the control group. It was further revealed from the result that the mean values of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, urea and creatinine were not significantly elevated (P>0.05) in the rats administered with indomethacin for two weeks as compared to that of the control group. The elevated levels in the mean values of the rats orally administered with indomethacin for four weeks may suggest damage on their liver and kidney. It is therefore recommended that further histopathological examinations of these organs be carried out in order to ascertain the extent of damage.

Abstract: All over the world particularly in the developing nations including Nigeria more than half of the population are suffering from a situation in which one problem causes another, this problems include ignorance, poverty, malnutrition, disease and early death. Approximately, one third of a life is spent as a result of a struggle for food. A conservative estimate places the daily toll from kwashiorkor at 10,000. A figure indicates that between 800 million and one billion persons suffer from some degree of Protein-Energy Malnutrition (PEM) alone. The resultant effect of protein deficiency kwashiorkor which leads illness, stunted growth, among others. Kwashiorkor and its effect could be mitigated in West African and Nigeria through insect’s consumption. Insects are the most successful, biologically, of all the groups of arthropods, and they abound in great numbers in Nigeria because of the large forest and grass land areas, fresh water and wide coastal regions which supports the existence of insects. Insects supply high quality protein which are requiring in children nutrition and they are abundant, cheap, easy to harvest, and are available throughout the year. Therefore, this paper, after reviewing the availability and the nutritional values inherent in insects, recommend that insects be produced and consumed to ameliorate the deleterious consequences of kwashiorkor in Nigeria, and indeed in the developing nations.

The main objective of the work was to evaluate the acute and subacute toxicities of the combinated of aqueous extracts of the bark trunk of Musanga cecropioides and the fruit of Combretum micranthum. The respective extraction yields of 12% and 3.6% were obtained for Combretum micranthum and Musanga cecropioides. Tests of alkaloids, sterols, terpenes, phenols, flavonoids, saponins, coumarins, reducing sugars, tannins were positive with at least one solvent while those of anthraquinones and anthocyanins were negative, with all solvents whatever the species considered. At the end of the fourteen days of study of the acute toxicity, no abnormality of the studied parameters was observed, except for the aggressiveness of the rats, during the first five days. Most parameters varied in different groups during the subacute toxicity study. The values of blood biochemical and hematological parameters of the rats fluctuated sometimes. The study pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo would allow the development of medicinal products based on these medicinal plants.

If societies are indeed different, it is not unreasonable to reaffirm the argument advanced in that theories and principles of instructional supervision are not necessarily universal. In consequence, there is need to construct instructional supervisory strategies and educational goals that are appropriate to the nature and operation of educational organisations in developing countries. Supervision of instruction in developing countries exists in different contexts from developed countries. It is therefore incumbent to understand the various contexts that instructional supervisors carry out their tasks. This paper looks at some of the contextual realities of instructional supervision in prismatic societies.

We present the lower eyelid reconstruction using prelaminated nasolabial skin flap in a 28- year old albino, who presented with medial third lower eyelid lesion with a histopathologically proven basosquamous carcinoma. When dealing with skin cancers of the eyelid, it could involve partial and full thickness excision. The excised tissues should be replaced. The eyelid ulcer was excised, with histogically free margin of 3mm but the medial canthus was spared. There was no injury to the nasolacrimal duct. The excised defect measured 28mm by 19mm of the medial lower eyelid. In the first stage of the reconstruction, a turn over proximally based nasolabial flap was raised and stitched to the excised margin of the lower eyelid. The flap was prelaminated with skin graft taken from the upper medial aspect of the thigh which was hairless. The graft had 100% take and after two weeks, the nasolabial flap was divided and inset. There was satisfactory graft and flap survival. About 8 weeks after the second staged surgery , the nasolabial flap was defatted and a functionally as well as aesthetically acceptable eyelid to the patient was achieved .The use of prelaminated nasolabial flap is a good option in the lower medial third eyelid reconstruction .

The study objective was to establish financial challenges of nongovernmental organisations’ in promotion of quality education in Musoma District, Tanzania. Despite the efforts put by non-governmental organizations in promoting quality education in the country, there are several challenges that are encountered by NGOs which hinder their support in promoting quality education. The study adopted a descriptive survey design. The target population was 19 NGO Leaders, 111 Head Teachers, the DEO, 111VEOs and DCSQAO, totalling to 243. The NGO officials, DEOs, DCSQAs, and were purposively selected because they were few. A 30 percent simple random sample was used to get33 Head Teachers and 33 VEOs .Data was collected through questionnaires and interview schedules.To ensure face and content validity of the research instruments, 2 experts in the department of Educational Administration Planning and Economics of Kisii University were requested to scrutinize the research instruments so as to validate them. Reliability of the instruments was addressed through piloting in 5 schools and reliability coefficients were obtained by subjecting the instruments to a Split-half Technique and Spearman ―Brown Prophesy formula‖. The co-efficient of reliability obtained was 0.721 which indicated that the instruments were reliable.Data was analysed qualitatively and SPSS programme was used. The findings of the study reveal that the majority (87) 88.6 percent of all respondents said that training on financial matters in the schools was done quarterly. It was recommended that the government to work closely with NGOs to provide quality education. Informed consent of the respondents were ensured and confidentiality adhered to.

Costello Syndrome (CS) is a rare congenital disease characterized by a wide range of cardiac, musculoskeletal, dermatological, developmental and dental abnormalities. Intraoral, enamel defects, delayed eruption and malocclusion, are the most common findings. We report the case of a three-year-old girl who was referred to the pediatric dentistry department of hospital la Rabta (Tunisia). It exhibited many of the dental manifestations of CS as well as general abnormalities. In our early treatment approach, the anterior teeth which presented enamel defect were restored with composite resin to adjust the incisor shape and improve esthetics and chewing function.

The purpose of this study was study was to examine teachers’ attitude towards open performance appraisal on pupils’ academic achievement. A quantitative and qualitative research survey design was adopted. The target population involved all primary school teachers, school quality assurers’, Human Resource Officer and District Education Officer, totaling to 1213. Random sampling technique was used to obtain 328 teachers and 33 head teachers, that is, 30% of the population, while the District Education Officer and Human Resource Officer and School Quality Assurance officers were purposively selected because they are few and the only existing ones. This study used semi structured interviews, questionnaires and documentary analysis for data collection. Qualitative data obtained was analyzed descriptively while SPSS software version 23 was used to analyze quantitative data. To ensure face and content validity of research instruments, two experts in the department of Education Administration Planning and Economics of Kisii University scrutinized the research instruments and validated them. A pilot study was conducted for reliability reasons. Anonymity, confidentiality, privacy and informed consent of the respondents were ensured. Findings of this study revealed that 65.52% of head teachers believed that teacher attitudes influences pupils’ academic success while 34.48% disagreed. It was concluded that positive attitude was key to pupils’ success. The study recommended that teachers and head teachers should be involved in setting goals and objectives of the performance appraisal process, The study adhered to the ethical consideration accordingly.

In recent times, there is an explosion of cosmetic procedures in the world. Nigerians have been going out of the country for these procedures. No study has been done to find out the likelihood of Nigerians to accept these developing procedures. The study is aimed at evaluating the factors that influence the acceptance of cosmetic procedures in South-South, Nigeria. A simple random sampling of 280 undergraduate students of the University of Calabar using questionnaires to evaluate the factors that influence the acceptance of cosmetic surgery in the region. The correspondents demographic data, the socio-cultural factors, economic status, personal self- rating of physical attractiveness, self esteem, personal experience with somebody who had undergone cosmetic surgery, cost and the willingness to undergo cosmetic surgery in the future were all assessed. A descriptive statistical analysis of data was used to evaluate the study. The respondents reported greater dissatisfaction with their body image, the influence of media, socio-cultural influence on physical appearance as the leading factors that influence the non clinical client population to undergo cosmetic procedures. Women reported greater likelihood of undergoing cosmetic surgery. Cost and religion did not have significant influence. The factors that influence the acceptance of cosmetic procedures among our people are multi-factorial. However, the dissatisfaction of the body image, socio-cultural factors, media and their personal experiences with people who had undergone cosmetic surgery was the motivating factors for the acceptance of cosmetic surgeries in the sub-region .It therefore, becomes necessary for the cosmetic surgeons in Nigeria to put in place suitable institutions to perform and improve on this practice.

Being an embodiment of education philosophy and campus culture, university mottoes show the education objectives and school-running philosophy through their refined words and well-structured sentences. Present researches on E-C translation of mottoes help domestic university to go global. However, most of them are done from the perspective of linguistics, which, to some extent, weakens the importance of the functions of university mottoes. To view the translation of university mottoes from a different way and tackle problems that occur in the translation, this thesis, under the guidance of Skopos theory, makes an analysis on the features of Chinese university mottoes and overseas university mottoes and looks into translation techniques.

The deleterious association of non-bone consolidation and septic complication is a therapeutic challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Tibial fractures are a source of high rates of nonunion and septic and cutaneous complications. Here we present the case of a 56-year-old patient with a history of vascular, cardiac and obstructive post-smoking bronchopneumopathy who presented septic pseudarthrosis of the left tibial pilon with cutaneous complications and whose treatment consisted of , initially in an induced membrane technique, associated with a cutaneous cover by a lateral fasciocutaneous flap of the thigh and an osteosynthesis by a Hexapodal external fixator type True Lock. During the second stage, the bone graft was removed by endomedullary boring of the contralateral femur using the device named Reamer-Irrigator-Aspirator, and the stems of the external fixator were replaced by other rods allowing adjustment multiplicane and thus a gradual three-dimensional reduction as the consolidation progresses.

This thesis deals with the merge operation in the four types of languages in the world, namely internal merge of displaced wh-words or wh-phrases in Single Filled Spec Languages, Multiply Filled Spec Languages, and Non-multiply Filled Spec Languages, and external merge of in situ wh-words and wh-phrases in Null Spec Languages. The universality of merge in the wh-questions proves that merge is a biologically based operation.