India has a strong judicial framework to safeguard people‟s rights, however it is still has a lot of problems of infringement and enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). IPR exists in every innovation, but if it gets infringed, can result into infinite business loss for the original creator considering the loss of revenue and human intellect. Hence, it is important for businesses to know and understand the value of IPR, manage them appropriately, protect them adequately to safeguard their investments and efforts and reap the deserved benefits for their own work. Though concern has always been expressed about losses and unfair practices, the recent years have witnessed the lax in protection of IPR. It is advised that by adopting right policies and strategies, IPR can be effectively protected with the help of law enforcement. Be it an individual organization, an industry or even as a nation, IPR as a strategic marketing tool has the potential to create the future where brand, technology, service, people everything can together and become a force for development and market leadership. The scope of IPR is expanding very fast and attempts are being made by original creators to seek protection for their intellectual work. It is also important to understand the enforcement measures available for protecting one‟s business or individual creations. This paper discusses the mode of acquisition, nature of rights, commercial exploitation, enforcement of those rights and protection available against infringement of IPR in India with relevant suggestions for organizations to implement and practice.

In the current scenario herbal medicines became the main system for the treatment of many diseases. Because of the advancement in science and technology a huge number of plants were discovered having therapeutic capabilities to treat many deadly diseases and have gain importance and acceptance within the medical community. Among various diseases urolithiasis has been a common problem from various centuries. For the treatment of urolithiasis many synthetic drugs are available in the market but because of their side effects herbal remedies are widely accepted. Our present study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential to treat urolithiasis (kidney stones) where cystone was used as a standard drug. The present study revealed that the leaves of Ricinus communis possess mild antiurolithiatic activity which might be due to the presence of various phytochemical constituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenes etc.

Advertising in social networks not only involves the user, but also makes it part in planned advertising, .i.e. divided user becomes the most effective advertising tool. Social networking provides the user with a unique opportunity to instantly find the company's site and learn more about its services. If the customer wants to contact you, he needs to write a personal message, Vol. y.? For example, the buyer does not need to search your contact page and call the administration - of the proposed goods, since he may show his interest directly, leave your? social network account. Social networks - networks, where at one time can be achieved by far the highest number of consumers and the advertising or information can be provided highly targeted. This advertising will significantly increase your potential customers at minimal cost. Social Network - an interactive website, which brings together a common interest of its members with the group, and with a specific content and virtually interact with each other by using automated site-specific measures. The article analyzes the advertising in social networks, the article measurable advertising on Facebook, and Google+ opportunities.

Sustained release formulations are becoming more popular now days for the delivery of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) because of their ability to maintain therapeutic effective drug concentration for prolonged duration with low dosing frequency and side effects associated with NSAIDs. The present study was attempted to develop Sustained release tablets of a model NSAID drug, Etodolac. Etodolac Sustained release tablets were prepared by Gellan Gum (A, mg), Sodium CMC (B, mg), Xyloglucan (C, ml), Xanthan Gum (D, ml), MCC (E, ml), Talc (F, rpm), Orange flavour (G, rpm), Aspartame (H, rpm), Magnesium stearate (I, rpm). The granules were evaluated for flow properties by evaluating bulk density, tapped density, Carr’s index, Hausner’s ratio and angle of repose. The tablets were evaluated for drug polymer compatibility study by FTIR, diameter, weight variation test, hardness, friability, disintegration test, SEM, Swelling Index, In vitro drug release, release kinetics, stability studies and Plackett-Burman Experimental Design was also applied to find the optimized formulation. The FTIR study revealed that no such interactions being taking place in between drug and polymers. The flow property of granules of all tablet batches was found to be good. All the tablet formulations had good tablet physiochemical properties. The swelling of the tablets was also found optimum. From the results of in-vitro study, it was concluded that Etodolac Sustained release tablet provided most sustained release of Etodolac over extended period of time with aid of greater stability.

This study to determine the effect of career path and organizational culture on employee performance. The object of this research is employees of PT.Tri Daya Selaras This research was conducted on 58 respondents by using descriptive approach quantitative. Therefore, the data analysis used is the analysis in the form of multiple linear regression tests. The results of this study indicate that partially and simultaneously, career path variables and organizational culture affect the performance of employees of PT Tri Daya Selaras. This is evidenced from the results of partial test (t test) and the accuracy of the model also shows the significant value of two independent variables that support the hypothesis.

A survey of herbaceous fodder plants along the national highway from Parwanoo to Kaurik was carried out. Mostly along the national highway rural areas were situated and they used local flora for their cattle or livestock. Some of the herbaceous plant species used as fodder among the communities of these areas. In Present paper, 53 species belonging to 17 families and 44 genera were recorded and identified. The families with higher number of species were Poaceae with 29 species, Leguminosae with 5 species, Brassicaceae and Cyperaceae with 2 species, Acanthaceae, Begoniaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Commelinaceae, Compositae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Datiscaceae, Oxalidaceae, Pedaliaceae, Polygonaceae, Solanaceae, Urticaceae with 1 species each. The genera represented by the higher number of species Setaria (3 species), Chrysopogon, Cyperus, Oplismenus, Paspalum, Saccharum, Trifolium (2 species) and rest of the genera comprising only one species.

FUO is an important medical problem worldwide, especially in the undeveloped countries like India. To have a structured, sensible and effective approach the clinician must have an understanding of the spectrum of disease and test characteristics of various diagnostic modalities available in the evaluation of FUO. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical and etiological profile of patients having classic FUO. It was a cross sectional study for one year duration from 1st June 2013 to 31st May 2014 and was performed in the Department of Medicine in I.G.M.C. Shimla. All the admitted Patients above 18 year of age and who fulfilled the Durack and Street criteria of FUO were included in the study. After initial history taking and physical examination, the patients were subjected to routine, serological & radiographic investigations. Data was entered using microsoft excel software and analyzed with the help of epi info v7. A total of 45 patients who admitted with FUO were included Mean age of the patients was 33 years and majority of the patients were in young age group of 18-40 years (76%).There was male preponderance (69%) and most of the patients were from rural background (71%).The mean duration of fever 46.6 days and mean duration of hospitalization was 14.4 days. Infections were responsible for 80% cases of FUO. These infections included tuberculosis (29%), enteric fever (17.5%), intra-abdominal abscesses (8.8%), chloroquine responsive fever (4.4%), brucellosis (7%), lieshmaniasis (4.4%), and UTI (2.2%). Non Infectious Inflammatory Disease (NIID) and neoplasms were were responsible for only 4.4% and 2.2% of cases, while 13.2% of the cases remained undiagnosed. Infections are the most important cause of fever of unknown origin in the developing countries like India and tuberculosis is the leading cause. Thus the initial investigations should always include tests for ruling out or confirming diagnosis of infectious disease.

Bio-slurry has potential value as good quality organic fertilizer and an agent of soil carbon sequestration through build up of soil organic matter level. Cowdung and poultry manure had the higher organic carbon content as well as higher nutrient concentration compared to Cow-dung and poultry bio-slurry. Nutrient concentration particularly N, P and S in CD and CB was found lower than the PM and PB. The highest carbon mineralization in Balina soil was found in poultry manure amended soil followed by cow dung, poultry bio-slurry and the lowest in cow dung bio-slurry. Carbon mineralization of manures in Noadda soil also followed the similar trend like Balina soil. However, Carbon mineralization of poultry manure and poultry bio-slurry was lower and cow dung and cow dung bio-slurry was higher in Noadda compared to Balina soil. Thus, decomposition of manure does not depend only on the quality of soil rather both the quality of manure and soil. Decomposition of manure was found slightly higher (around 5%) in Balina soil compared to Noadda soil when averaged over four manures. Among the manure, around three to four times less amount of CO2 was evolved during the decomposition of cow-dung and poultry bio-slurry as compared to cow-dung and poultry manure. Thus, this study indicate that soil application of bio-slurry had high potential in the mitigation of the greenhouse effect as well as short-term benefits in terms of improving soil organic matter stock, as compared to manure.

The common notion among people is that psychoactive drugs like alcohol increases sexual activity, various studies over the years have shown some relationship between the alcohol use pattern and sexual dysfunction in males. The effect can either be because of depressant effects of alcohol itself or can due to the probable changes it brings about in the normal neurotransmitter levels and hormones associated with sexual functioning. Among the male sexual dysfunctions prevalence of premature ejaculation and erectile dysfunction has been studied most extensively. We set to look at perceptions of sexual dysfunction among male in- patients with alcohol dependence. 30 male in patients with alcohol dependence diagnosed according to International Classification of Diseases- 10 (ICD-10) without any other psychiatric co-morbidity were compared with 30 male in-patients admitted in medical ward. The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI PLUS), Severity of Alcohol Dependence Questionnaire (SADQ), and Brief Sexual Functioning Inventory (BSFI) scales were used in the study. The study revealed that patients with alcohol dependence had perceived poor sexual functioning under the domains of sexual drive, erection and ejaculation. It was also found that sexual functioning worsened with increased duration of alcohol usage.

Myristica fragrans seed (Nutmeg) famed as the prominent fatty seed of medicinal and therapeutic quality came from the Spice island of Indonesia. It is endowed with phytochemicals, minerals and vitamins impart medicinal values. In captive conditions the ornamental fishes with deprived nutritional feed subjected to diseases and faded colour produces economic loss in their trade operations can be tackled by effective administration of plant products. In this perspective, a comparative study made in Poecilia latipinna (yellow molly)by providing (commercial feed) CF and TD1 (Myristica fragrans) for a duration of 60 days. The in vivo antibacterial efficacy of feed in tissues(gut & gill) of the specimen along with water samples from aquaria revealed positive result for TD1.The colour enhancing ability in yellow molly yielded best result higher for TD1 considered to CF. The total bacterial load in the water, gut as well as the gill of CF fed group was 75x104 CFU/ml, 45x104 CFU/ml& 23x104 CFU/ml while for TD1 it was 14x104 CFU/ml, 9x104 CFU/ml, 7x104CFU/ml. The quantitative estimation of carotenoids estimated was 6.32µµg/g wet weight in control and 12.12µg/g wet weight for TD1.From the present investigation arrived at the conclusion that TD1 provided better anti-bacterial activity than CF (commercial feed) not only prevent disease outbreak but also produce vibrant skin colour.

The aim of this study was to formulate a novel non-effervescent gastro-floating drug delivery system of metronidazole using non-effervescent (sublimation and sintering) technique. Granules were prepared by wet granulation technique using varying concentration of Grewia mollis gum; 2,4,6,8% w/w admixed with 1%w/w acrylate methacrylate copolymer (Eudragit® RL100) and extra 2%w/w batch without the addition of Eudragit® RL100. Ammonium bicarbonate (30%w/w) was used as the sublimating agent. The granules were characterized for micromeritic properties. Thereafter, the granules were compressed at 30 units on the arbitrary scale load of a single punch tableting machine and the physicotechnical properties were determined. The metronidazole tablet was then sintered at 70oC for 12 h. Drug-excipient compatibility study was done using Fourier Transform Infra-red Spectroscopy (FTIR). All granules were free flowing and compressible. The metronidazole tablets had no floating lag time showing that tablets floated instantaneously. The in vitro buoyancy test of metronidazole tablet formulated using varying concentrations of Grewia mollis gum and Eudragit® RL100 was > 12 hr. The % maximum release (m∞) and time to achieve it i.e. (t∞) for metronidazole tablets were ≥88% and≥10 h respectively. FTIR studies showed that the excipients and the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) i.e. metronidazole were compatible. Grewia mollis gum has been investigated in the formulation of gastroretentive floating matrix tablet of metronidazole using sublimation and sintering technique (Non-effervescent method) which may find useful application in sustained release drug delivery particularly for drugs with short biological half-life that require frequent administration.

The objective of the current study was to investigate changing profile of reproduction hormone (Progesterone and Estradiol) BCS and parity in relation to the resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum in cows of European origin under semiarid conditions of Algeria. To measure plasma progesterone (P4) and estradiol 17-β (E2), blood samples were collected from 21 Montbéliarde dairy cows at 30, 40 and 50 d postpartum (dPP) respectively. Body condition score (BCS) was taken before and after calving. Cows were grouped based on progesterone concentration (resumption of ovarian cyclicity, ≥1 ng/mL) at 30, 40, and 50 dPP into a non ovarian activity (NOA) group (n = 6) and ovarian activity (OA) group (n = 15). P4 concentration was higher in the OA group than in the NOA group and statistically differed at 50 dPP (p = 0.04). E2 was higher in the OA group than a NOA group at d 30 (p = 0, 01) and d 40 (p = 0, 03). Despite superiority of BCS peri and postpartum but no significant differences were detected between the two groups. There was no significant difference between parity and ovarian resumption groups. Two groups were formed based on differences in onset of postpartum resumption of ovarian activity. OA (n =15/21 or 71.42 %) showed first ovulation between 30 d and 50 d after parturition. NOA (n = 6/21 or 28.57 %) manifested a first ovulation > 50 d in milk.

Gastrointestinal system is predominantly supplied by the serotonin. Serotonin has both central & peripheral actions. The SSRls increases the release of serotonin in the synapse by inhibiting the transporter, which results in excessive nausea & vomiting initially. We carried out this study to determine the effects of SSRIs on intestinal motility. Power lab (USA) was used for recording the contractions of ileal smooth muscle of rabbit. The percent responses of serotonin, fluoxetine, paroxetine and citalopram were 100, 15.48, 7.45, and 6.75 percent correspondingly indicating that serotonin has a greater impact on intestinal motility as compared to SSRIs. Failure of SSRIs (fluoxetine, paroxetine and citalopram) to augment the serotonergic transmission in vitro causes a decline in its qualitative response. Fluoxetine causes the minimal effect on intestinal activity amongst its fellow drug & therefore can be prescribed safely in patients of depression with abnormal motility

Nagaon district of Assam is located in the flood plains of the river Brahmaputra. The physiographic features of Nagaon District makes it ideal home for the growth of different types of economic plants. But these plants are found to be decayed by the association of some macro fungi. Among these macro fungi, different Ganoderma species were found to be associated with the different timber yielding plants and palm species. Ganoderma with great diversity produce large fruitification of different size, shape and colour. During the investigation 7 seven Ganoderma species were collected from 10 different Revenue Circles of Nagaon district. This work revealed that there are great diversity of Ganoderma species in Nagaon district, Assam. Some Ganoderma species have medicinal properties.

The present paper described about the development and validation of three different simple, sensitive, rapid, accurate and economical UV Spectrophotometric methods. The developed methods were used for the quantitative estimation of famciclovir in bulk drug and its pharmaceutical dosage form. UV 1800 double beam UV Visible Spectrophotometer with a pair of 10mm path length matched quartz cells were used for the study. Method A (Borate buffer pH9), Method B (0.1N NaOH) Method C (Phosphate buffer pH4) and Method D (Phosphate buffer pH 7) were developed for estimation of famciclovir by zero-order and first-order derivative. Beer’s law is valid in the concentration range of 10-80 μg/mL and 10-90 μg/mL respectively and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.999. The percentage recoveries were found to be 98-102%. The relative standard deviation was found to be <2%. LOD&LOQ were estimated. The statistical analysis proves that the methods are reproducible and selective for the routine analysis of famciclovir in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form