The structures supporting the tricuspid valve leaflets are called chordae tendinae. They are collagenous. They are also known as tendinous cords. The tricuspid valve cusps are attached into the atria, during ventricular contraction, by the chordae. Tension in the chordae tendinae is regulated by specialized muscles called papillary muscles which contract along with the ventricular muscle. The chordae tendinae are attached to the papillary muscles. The chordae tendinae have been found to be involved in causing valve dysfunction and have shown variations in their number and attachment causing tricuspid valve dysfunction. Hence, the study was undertaken to describe their morphology and report any variations. 96 hearts were studied, which were collected from cadavers allotted to undergraduate students for dissection, over a period of time. Hearts were removed by dissection method. Window dissection of the anterior ventricular wall and the posterior right ventricular wall exposes both the papillary muscles & the chordae tendinae. The following types of Chordae tendinae were observed. They were 5 in number and were as follows: Basal chordae, Fan shaped chordae, free edge chordae, rough zone chordae and Deep chordae. No abnormal deviations were observed.

A very simple, accurate, precise, robust, rugged and stability indicating method with gradient elution was developed for simultaneous estimation of Linagliptin and Empagliflozin in tablets. The developed method was rapid with a run time of 25 minutes eluting the peaks at 5.388 min (Linagliptin) and 8.390 min (Empagliflozin) and economic. The Chromatographic separation was achieved gradiently on a Hypersil ODS 3V, 250 x 4.6 mm.5.0µ. Column by using Potassium di-hydrogen phosphate (adjusted to pH 2.20 with ortho phosphoric acid) as mobile phase –A. Water: Acetonitrile (5:95) is used as mobile phase-B.. Flow rate of 1mL/min with UV detection at 225nm was used. The retention times of Linagliptin & Empagliflozin are 5.388 min and 8.390 min respectively. The developed method was specific and well separated from the impurities of both Linagliptin & Empagliflozin. The method is linear in a range of 40% to 160 % against the standard concentration for both Linagliptin & Empagliflozin. The correlation coefficient was found to be R2= 0.995 & 0.996 for Linagliptin & Empagliflozin respectively. Both standard and test solutions proved to be stable for up to 48 Hrs. Forced degradation study showed that the method is stability indicating. The developed method can be used for routine analysis of Linagliptin & Empagliflozin fixed dose combination.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology can be used in blood bank for managing blood donation process, for storing and identifying blood bag after donation and also for distributing blood product to the patients. Standard 13.56 MHz RFID tag has been accepted by International Society for Blood Transfusion (ISBT) for using in Blood Bank.13.56 MHz RFID tag can carry ISBT 128 data structure. Different types of RFID tag can be used in Blood bank for blood donation process. This research article presents the way for using RFID technology to make easier the blood donation process, blood bag storing process and also blood distribution process. RFID wristband tag can be used to recognize the blood donor properly and RFID passive label is useful for identifying, storing and issuing the blood bag for transfusion. Use of RFID technology in blood bank will reduce many issues and make easier the process of blood donation. This research will also demonstrate the benefits of using RFID tag instead of Barcode Labels on the Blood Bag. This research was done for presenting the efficient way of using RFID technology in Blood banks in Saudi Arabia.

The aqueous and chloroform extracts of Acacia nilotica linn belonging to the family Fabaceae were evaluated for anthelmintic activity. The dried powder of Acacia nilotica bark was extracted and the activity was studied. Both aqueous and chloroform extract collected were tested for anthelmintic activity against Indian adult earthworm Pheretima posthuma (Annelida) and recorded the time taken for induction of paralysis and death. Two concentrations (25 mg/ml and 50 mg/ml) of aqueous and chloroform were evaluated in the bioassay involving determination of time of paralysis (P) and time of death (D) of the worms. Piperazine citrate (10 mg/ml) was used as reference standard and normal saline solution as a control. Comparative results of present study indicated that the aqueous and chloroform extracts of leaves of Acacia nilotica, linn shows significantly dose depending pharmacological activity on the earthworms.

To evaluate clinical performance of three different resin composites (microfilled, nanohybrid, nanofilled) polished with one-step polishing system in cervical restorations after 24 month. Thirty adult patients were selected from outpatient clinics with a total of 90 restorations (30 of each type of dental composite resin). All of the restorations were finished using fine grit finishing diamond under water-cooling to remove gross excess and polished with one-step polishing system. All restorations showed only minor changes and no differences were detected between their performance at any time period. Nanofill and nanohybrid composite resin showed a satisfactory clinical performance after 24 month as microfill composite resin.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune, systemic disease, characterized by polyarthritis, erosive synovitis and sometimes shows multi system involvement. Oxidative damage induced by reactive species has been related to the pathophysiology of RA. The inflammation in the joints leads to joint damage and thus influences the quality of life in these patients. This work was undertaken to determine oxidative stress markers in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and to observe its correlation with inflammatory markers. Malondialdehyde (MAD) and Nitric oxide (NO) are estimated as the markers of oxidative stress and High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) is measured as a marker of inflammation. A cross-sectional study in rheumatoid arthritis patients and healthy controls was done. We included 40 rheumatoid arthritis patients and 40 healthy controls. MDA, NO and hsCRP are measured in all the subjects. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS statistical software version 17.0. MDA, NO and hsCRP levels were increased in RA patients when compared to controls (p<0.001) and a positive correlation between the inflammatory marker and oxidative stress markers was also observed in these patients. The value of R is 0.7277 for MDA and hsCRP where as R value is 0.6153 for NO and hsCRP. The findings of present study support the concept of oxidative stress leading to tissue damage and inflammation. The positive correlation between inflammation and oxidative stress in these patients indicate the importance of correction of oxidative stress along with inflammation, further large and well controlled studies are needed to establish the role of anti oxidants in treatment protocols of RA patients.

Mandible is one of the strongest bones of the facial skeleton; still it is it has structures like condyles which are prone to fracture due to its anatomy and distribution of heavy masticatory and other functional load. Mandibular condyle fracture accounts for 25-35% of the mandibular fractures. A prospective demographic study was done at Bapuji Dental College & Hospital, Davangere, to determine condylar fractures occurring in north Karnataka region. A total of 16 condylar fractures were assessed in a period 2015- 2017.

Mentorship programs have been established in pharmacy education, both on the undergraduate and graduate levels. These programs are anticipated to improve the learning experience of mentees. The aim of this review was to assess the role and outcome of mentoring on pharmacy education. A systematic search of PubMed/Medline electronic database was conducted from 2000–2017, with relevant keywords (mentor OR mentorship) AND (pharmacy education OR pharmacy practice OR pharmacy training). Studies were screened by two independent reviewers for eligibility and data were extracted. This systematic review focused on the outcomes associated with application of mentorship programs in different educational settings. Our search retrieved 180 unique citations. Eight cross-sectional studies with a total of 662 pharmacy graduates were included. From included participants, there were 36 (5.4%) Masters, 58 (8.75%) pharmacy doctorates, 22 (3.3%) Baccalaureates, 60 (10%) assistant professors, and 20 (3%) PhD. All included studies reported that mentoring programs were successful, effective; and improved research skills, team working; and supported students' confidence. This study demonstrated that mentoring programs are effective, promising, and can be used as an adjunct to enhance student confidence, scientific, and professional efficiency. Outcomes of mentorship can be on organizational level, on mentees’ level, and on mentors' level. Thus, applying mentorship in pharmacy educational programs is expected to have significant results. We recommend further follow-up and research for the effectiveness of mentoring programs in all medical fields.

The main objective of this study was to identify causes and perceived effects of rainfall variability on access to water in Baringo County. The study used a descriptive survey design. Purposeful sampling and stratified proportionate random sampling procedures were used to obtain the sample. A total of 376 households were selected for the study. Questionnaire, key informant interview schedule and observations were the main instruments of data collection. Analysis of data was done using the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS). Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the effects and causes of climate change in Baringo County. Rainfall variability affected access to water in Baringo County. More frequent and severe droughts were perceived to be responsible for the reduced water level in Lake Baringo and intermittency of most rivers that were previously permanent. Deforestation is the main cause of rainfall variability in Baringo County hence there is need to increase awareness on climate variability and change and encourage people to use alternative sources of energy and plant trees.

Abstract: Education as a means of achieving economic development has become a respectable and challenging subject for scholarly research and analysis. Most studies indicate that many children are growing up without proper guidance from their parents. The parents/ guardians are largely absent and housemaids, the media and peers have become the main socialization agents of most children today. This study established the part guardians and parents play in addressing students’ discipline problems in public day secondary schools in Nakuru sub County, Nakuru County, Kenya. Nakuru East sub-County has 31 public day secondary schools, 18,600 students, 31 principals, and 806 teachers. Sixteen schools were randomly selected for the study. Data was collected from 80 parents, 50 students, and 24 teachers who were selected randomly from the 16 schools using questionnaires. Eight principals were also interviewed. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics while qualitative data was analyzed using the thematic technique. Result found that stealing/ theft, skiving or truancy, and distraction in class were the most common forms of indiscipline in the schools. It was also found that there is little involvement of parent in addressing disciplinary issues. The study did arrive at a concrete verdict regarding the parenting styles of most parents/ guardians because different stakeholders have varying views. However, all stakeholders agreed that parenting style influences students’ discipline to a great extent. The study recommends that stakeholder particular teachers educate parents regarding parenting styles and their impact on student’s behavior. The study also recommends strengthening cooperation between teachers, students, principals, and parents so as to enhance discipline within the schools.

As one of Chinese four great classic novels, A Dream of Red Mansions, which is considered as the encyclopedia of feudal society, is of great value to be studied. Up to now, most researches mainly focus on the translation, cultural and pragmatic fields. When it comes to the investigation on the dialogue in this works, most researches just center on the leading roles in the novel. Whereas, attention paid to the subordinate figures such as Granny Liu. Taking Granny Liu’s typical dialogues extracted from the English version of A Dream of Red Mansions translated by famous translator Yang Hsien-yi as corpus, this thesis launched an exploration on how the subordinate figures Granny Liu carried out communication in the three aspects of RT respectively including the ostensive-reference process, context and cognitive environments, and the optimal relevance. Surely, this analysis can exert favorable influence on readers to evaluate Granny Liu more comprehensively and objectively, and also nudges readers to appreciate the exquisite and superb artistic charm of this novel and digest the writer’s creation intension. Meanwhile, this analysis is of substantial benefit to expand the research objective and field about Relevance Theory.

Abstract: The pricing role of idiosyncratic risk has remained debatable to date, In this paper, we applied an innovative method of dual-predictor regression models to test for the predictive power of idiosyncratic risk in major African stock markets, we find that even though the conventional measure of aggregate idiosyncratic risk exhibits some predictive power for future stock returns, the dual-predictor method, which is developed to reduce the noise effect and is subsequently applied to the US stock market in Ruan, Sun, and Xu (2016), can substantially improve the predictive power of idiosyncratic risk in all of the five major African stock markets, consistent with the effect of the dual-predictor on noise reduction. We conclude that innovative approaches help to improve the predictive power of idiosyncratic risk and just as is the case in the US markets, the same argument of noise reduction through innovation also holds in major African stock markets.

This study aimed at determining the effect of media on formation the marketing literacy and also determining such marketing literacy on consumer protection in Saudi Arabia. The study also aimed at determining the statistical differences in marketing literacy and consumer protection according to Demographical factors. The Study population consisted of all Saudi and non-Saudi consumers in Riyadh city, whom reached to 5.8 Million in the year 2016. 386 people were selected, and simple random sample was used. The study concluded that there is no statistical impact of media on marketing literacy but there is a statistical impact of marketing literacy on the consumer protection in Saudi Arabia. The study found that there are statistical differences in marketing literacy and consumer protection according to education level and such differences tend to the master holders. Finally, the study suggested some recommendations and marketing implications that enhance marketing literacy and consumer protection among consumers in Saudi Arabia.

Abstract: This paper is related to study the potential of orange peel on the removal of copper ions from simulated wastewater using different design parameters by adsorption technique. The operating parameters studied to adsorb copper ions using orange peel as an adsorbent material were initial concentration of copper, absorbance material packing height which was orange peel, pH of copper feed inlet solution, and treatment time, these parameters were varied from (1-100) mg/l, (10-50) cm, (1-8), and (1-60) min respectively. All experiments were carried out at constant feed flow rate (1 l/min) and constant temperature 25°C. Results show that the higher removal efficiency was 89.25 % for copper from aquatic solution and this efficiency was decreased with increasing of initial concentration and pH while the removal efficiency increased with increasing adsorbent material bed height and contact time. The residues of orange peels that loaded with copper ions were prepared to use it as a rodenticide by applying it on the laboratory rats and calculate the half lethal dose (LD50). The residues show a good ability to use it as a rodenticide and the LD50 calculated was in the same range mentioned in the literature. By this way, it can possess different benefits in the same time, which are remove the toxic copper ions from contaminated the water by highly efficiency, get rid of agricultural waste orange peel and finally prepare an active, cheap and simple rodenticide. So, it can discard more toxic waste in a coast and eco-friendly method accessing to Zero Residue Level (ZRL) concept.

Pigmented lesions of the oral cavity are an heterogeneous group with several etiophatogenesis and they can have melanocytic or non-melanocytic origin . Solitary pigmented melanocytic lesions of the oral cavity are rare. Oral nevus is a benign proliferations of cells of melanocytic origin and they are rare, for this reason, the literature is poor. Diagnosis of pigmented lesions of the oral cavity and perioral tissues is difficult, therefore is essential the histopathological examination to make a correct diagnosis . The objective of this article is to present a rare case report of oral nevus in the palate. A 63 years old female patient reported a small black spot not bulging and asymptomatic. This lesion has been surgically removed and analyzed. The histological examination of the sample has confirmed the diagnosis and after a week the palate was completely healed.