Enteric fevers are a common occurrence in pediatric patients especially in rural and tribal areas where the conditions of sanitation are generally poor. The common causative organisms are gram-negative bacteria Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A. There is a limited data regarding the burden of the disease in Tribal Adilabad region. With this background, we in the present study tried to evaluate the prevalence of enteric fever in pediatric patients with RIMS Adilabad. Method: The data were collected from the Department of Pediatrics, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences [RIMS], Adilabad from August-October 2017. All the febrile patients attending the pediatric OPD, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Media [RIMS] presenting with clinical signs and symptoms of typhoid fever and the fever were lasting for more than 3 days. They were not on antibiotic therapy. A total of [n=66] 34 male and 32 female patients aged 0-14 years were found to have positive cultures for S.typhi. Patients were treated with ceftriaxone IV dosage based on the 100 mg/kg IV 24h for 10-14 days Results: the Most important symptom of typhoid is fever which was seen in all the 66 (100%) of cases involved in the study. The next common symptom was headache in 37 (56.06%) of cases followed by hypotension 22 (33.33%), diarrhea 21(31.81%), Abdominal pain 19 (28.79%), constipation 18 (27.27%), vomiting 14 (21.21 %) and only 7 (10.60%) and 6 (9.0 %) presented with cough and bradycardia. Maximum 45.45% patients get rid of typhoid fever after one week of medication. 22.73% of patients get rid of typhoid fever in two weeks of medication. 9.0% were cleared of infection after 3 weeks of medication. Conclusion: Typhoid fever is common in this group of the population especially in children. Fever, diarrhea and abdominal pain were the major clinical symptoms. No multi-drug resistant S.typhi was found in this population. Increase awareness regarding hygiene maintenance, sanitation and vaccinations in the population is required to reduce the burden of the disease in this area

Xanthogranulomatous inflammation is an unusual destructive chronic inflammatory process that involves various organs & tissues particularly gallbladder (xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis) & kidney (xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis). Xanthogranulomatous appendicitis (XA) is a rare form of appendiceal inflammation that has been regarded as an unusual healing pattern of appendicitis associated with delayed or interval appendectomy. It poses a significant diagnostic challenge because it can mimic clinically, radiologically, & even pathologically malignant tumors as well as other inflammatory processes of appendix. Little information has been written in the literature regarding this entity. In this review article, data have been collected from all the previously reported cases in the literature including my observation in a XA case I have diagnosed.

There are 10 (ten) intervention villages studied, there are 4 villages located in Muaro Jambi regency such as Rondang Village, Londrang, Rukan and Desa Manis Mato. While 6 (six) villages studied and located in Tanjung Jabung Timur Regency include: Parit Culum Village, Koto Kandis Dendang, Rahayu Catur, Jati Mulyo, Rawa Sari and Dawam Bay Village. The aim of study is to determine the condition of rural land around Londrang peatland, the socioeconomic condition of local villagers, the value income of the villagers associated with the Food and Non Food Poverty Line, and the value of the Community Contingent on the basis of willingness to pay/WTP and willingness to accept/WTA.The data of research were obtained from secondary data collection, followed by primary data collection, visiting villagers to conduct interviews packaged in group discussion activities and direct observation of the socioeconomic phenomena of the villagers.Based on the results of research, it is found that generally have the same livelihood from the agricultural sector. They are still in the primary sector and have not moved in the secondary stage in the form of agricultural processing activities. The economic condition of the villagers in the villages of Tanjung Jabung Regency Timur is relatively better than the economic condition of the villagers in Muaro Jambi Regency. The villagers researched and located in Tanjung Timur Regency are generally transmigration residents, at the same time villagers residing in Muaro Jambi District are local indigenous people with the condition of natural carrying capacity or land between 2 (two) areas in regency also different physical condition. Almost all of the studied villages above the poverty line according to BPS criteria, except for 1 village that is Manis Mato village in Muaro Jambi Regency is still below the poverty line. On average, all villagers still want the value of environmental sustainability, if measured is still from the high value of willingness to accept/WTA compared to willingness to pay/WTP.

Leprosy is a skin disease affecting also the nerves was caused by Mycobacterium leprae. Multidrug therapy (MDT) cures the infection, but immunological reactions may occur and neuropathy may lead to disability and deformity. The current study aimed to understand the immune status of the patient before and after treatment by correlating histological subtype and peripheral blood lymphocyte count. Total number of 35 cases was studied. Blood samples were taken from the patients and complete blood picture was done before instituting the MDT including TLC and DLC. After 6 months of treatment, patients were followed up with complete blood picture. In lepromatous leprosy group (BL+LL) total mean WBC count was increased with 11,414 (range 7,000- 22,600 mm3) above the range of normal limits before treatment. It was in the mean normal range after treatment with 8514 (range 5,900- 11,000mm3). Lymphocyte count has increased after treatment. After the treatment, there is considerable increase in lymphocyte count. It was in the range of 34% to 42% with a mean value of 38.1%.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common neuro developmental disorder in children. Most common comorbidity is Disruptive behaviour disorder. Family and social environmental factors are not considered as having etiological role but may exacerbate pre-existing symptoms and genetic or neurological vulnerability. These children are particularly challenging and require intensive intervention to prevent greater morbidity and impairment. This study aims to see whether family adversity is related to ADHD with Conduct disorder. This case –control, cross sectional study was done in a child Guidance clinic of Psychiatry department of R.G Kar Medical College, Kolkata. Children diagnosed as ADHD with co morbid DBD fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected as cases (N=32). Control population was collected from schools of both rural and urban areas who did not have any psychiatric disorder (N =62). The consenting parents of the cases and control were interviewed with a standardized questionnaire named Family Environmental scale (F.E.S). Significant differences were found in all variables. The control group family has shown more cohesion, more acceptance and caring, more expressiveness, more independence, more family organisation and control, enjoyed more active recreational orientation but less family conflict. The cases, ADHD with co morbid ODD or CD have shown high family conflict.

Surgical resection of gall bladder is a common surgery and the most common indication for it, is inflammation. Incidental diagnosis of malignancy in such specimens changes the entire perspective of future management for the patient as gall bladder carcinoma is a malignancy with poor prognosis and high fatality. The aim of the study is to study the clinicopathological to study the clinic pathological correlation of the cholecystectomy specimens received in our pathology laboratory. This was a retrospective study over a period of 2 years from June 2015 to May 2017. The case reports were reviewed and data collected. The age and sex incidence, the presenting complaint with duration, the investigations done, the clinical diagnosis and histological diagnosis were analysed. A total of 200 cases of gall bladder were received in the lab during the study period. About 65% were women and the age group commonly involved was 40 to 60yrs. The most common presenting symptom was right upper quadrant pain. The clinical diagnosis correlated with the histopathological diagnosis in 99% of patients while it was different in two cases (1%). Both the cases were adenocarcinoma of gall bladder diagnosed incidentally during histopathological examination. Though the two patients had had CT done preoperatively, gall bladder malignancy was diagnosed histopathologically only. This stresses the importance of meticulous examination of gall bladder specimens and the importance of examining the surgically resected margins of the gall bladders.

Fasting during the month of Ramadan is one of the five pillars of Islam. During this month, adult Muslims are obligated to refrain from eating and drinking from dawn to dusk. Some of our CKF patients fast the whole month against medical advice, for many raisons (religious or social customs). The aim of our study is to evaluate the impact of fasting on the renal function in this population. We conducted retrospective study of 47 patients (16 females, mean age 61.9 years; 15-85 years) with a eGFR less than 90 ml/min/1.73m2, most had a eGFR less than 60 ml/min/1.73m2. For patients with chronic kidney disease, the existing data in the literature are scarce and give inconclusive results. Patients should be monitored closely by their physicians while fasting. If a sign or symptom of acute tubular necrosis occurred, the fasting should be discontinued

In the work, modeling of the forming process for aluminum detail was carried out. As a detail, "Pen" is chosen for which the material AK6M2 is determined, taking into account its physico-chemical properties. In the beginning, a 3D detail model is constructed, using the SolidWorks program. Then in the program Nova Flow, entire process of filling the mold in real time, rate of filling the mold cavity with metal, hardening time of the casting was determined. The temperature change dynamics of the casting after filling the mold is investigated. Possible nodes are susceptible to formation of shrinkage shells.

Phytomedicines are becoming more popular in the world for their ability to cure diseases with less toxicity and better therapeutic efficacy. Herbal medicines may also have disadvantages of poor bioavailability, toxicity, stability issues and patient compliance. In order to minimize these problems various drug delivery systems such as liposomes, phytosomes, niosomes, ethosomes and trasferosomes etc are being developed for phytomedicines. Novel drug delivery systems can improve bioavailability of drug that refers to the existence of drugs in the body part where they are actually needed. Ethosomes are noninvasive flexible vesicular carriers that enable the drugs to permeate through the deeper layers of skin and systemic circulation. They are mainly composed of phospholipids, high concentration of ethanol and water. As ethanol is known for its disturbance of skin lipid bilayer arrangement; therefore, inclusion of ethanol into a vesicular membrane provides the ability of vesicle to permeate through the stratum corneum. The high flexibility of ethosomal carrier from the added ethanol allows the elastic carrier to squeeze through the skin pores. Herbal ethosomal formulation has been effectively used to enhance bioavailability of many herbs including Glycyrrhiza glabra, Sophora alopercuroides, Cannabis sativa, Sesbania grandiflora and Podophyllum hexandrum

Medicinal plants are used for their beneficial properties to the health of animals. Recently, it has been found that the use of medicinal plants eliminates industrial pollutants. The objective of our work is to determine and evaluate the effect of two medicinal plants (Thymus algeriensis and Artemisia campestris) on oxidative stress parameters in sheep. The results obtained in liver cells show that medicinal plants have produced a globally antioxidant preventive effect, this is revealed by the significant decrease in the GSH level (199.976±1.913), and the enzymatic activity of CAT (0.699±0.02). In addition, an increase in the enzymatic activities of GST (0.435±0.017), GPx (1.881±0.040) and MDA (29.009±0.086) was observed. These results clearly show an antioxidant effect of medicinal plants on the organism of sheep.

Patients with multiple myeloma may present a variety of renal manifestations as a result of damage from circulating light chain immunoglobulin components. The renal alterations can interest any of the renal compartments, and in certain cases more than one compartment can be affected. The resulting high serum concentrations of these proteins often lead to tubular interstitial injuries as endocytic receptors in the proximal tubules are overwhelmed. A 46-year-old white man with a history of left hip pain was diagnosed as multiple myeloma. Imaging including MRI and PET scan showed a left pelvic heterogenous mass causing bone destruction and compressing the adjacent organs. He was referred to the nephrology department due to the onset of acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis. A kidney biopsy was performed and showed patterns of acute interstitial nephritis and focal linear staining for kappa light chains along tubular basement membranes on immunofluorescence. After glucocorticoids for acute interstitial nephritis and chemotherapy (Bortezomib -Cyclophosphamide - Dexamethasone) directed against the clone, the renal function partially improved and the patient got off hemodialysis support. Conclusion: Acute kidney injury may be the first clinical presentation in patients with multiple myeloma. Could interstitial nephritis be the only manifestation of MM without myeloma cast nephropathy and whether it was glucocorticoid or chemotherapy directed against the clone that has resulted in a significant improvement in renal function.

Bacopa monnieri or Brahmi(family- Scrophulariaceae) used in indigenous medicine as nerve tonic and cardio tonic possess diuretic, adaptogenic, antioxidant, antidepressant, antibacterial properties, enhances cognition profoundly flourishes in the marshy regions. Preliminary phytochemical tests carried out using aqueous, ethanol and methanol extracts revealed the presence of phytochemicals like amino acids, alkaloids, carbohydrates, glycosides, flavonoids, phenol, saponins and tannin accounted for its medicinal aspects in organic solvents.

SMEs are recognized as a most effective mechanism to push economic and social development. Their role becomes more important in Saudi economy which is in the diversification stage in an attempt to reduce KSA dependence on oil and to realize the Vision 2030. The government has established various institutions and working along with private sector to offer SMEs financial, technical and training support aimed at development of entrepreneurship. In this paper an attempt has been made to examine the status of SMEs and to identify & study the activities of the institutions extending financial and non-financial support to SMEs. The researcher has examined thirteen main institutions which are playing an important role in providing support in the areas of technology, marketing, financing, training, incubators, consultancy and policy & incentives. Finally suggestions have been extended for further improvement in order to capitalize the opportunities resulting in development and growth of entrepreneurship.

Ipomoea sepiaria Roxb., also known as Purple heart glory is a slender vine belonging to family Convolvulaceae. In Sanskrit it is known as lakshmana, in hindi as Bankalmi and in Malayalam as Tirutali. It is one among the ten sacred plants known collectively as “Dasapushpam” in Kerala. These plants are used for rejuvenating the body in the form of „karkidakakanji‟ in the monsoon season in Kerala which is also prescribed in text books of ayurveda. Juice of the plant is used as deobstruent, diuretic, hypotensive, uterine tonic and antidote to arsenic poisoning. The present study aims at the preliminary phytochemical screening of the successive solvent extracts of Ipomoea sepiaria Roxb. and identification of compounds in the Hexane extract by Gas Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry technique. The preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence flavanoids, tannins, flavanoids, terpenoids, steroids, sterols, cardiac glycosides and carbohydrates. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of the compounds Caryophyllene, α –Curcumene, β – Cadinene, ϒ –Elemene, Caryophyllene oxide, Asarone, Germacrone, Methyl isopimarate, Abietic acid, Lupeol, β –Amyrin and α –Amyrin which have not been so far reported in Ipomoea sepiaria. The higher percentages of compounds α- amyrin(33.341) β –Amyrin(16.28) which form the basic skeleton of triterpenoid saponins are promising.

Iron deficiency anemia is widely prevalent nutritional disorder worldwide, resulting in oxidative stress which in turn leads to cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes mellitus and ageing. Oxidative stress and iron levels were studied in 84 subjects, 36 of whom were anemic (Hb <11 gm/dl) and 48 healthy subjects who were taken as controls. In these subjects serum iron, Total Antioxidant Capacity, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde levels were estimated. In the present study it was found that anemic subjects had higher oxidative stress as compared to controls and female anemia subjects were more affected than males. Preventive action may help in reducing the morbidities caused by the oxidative stress