The objective of the study was to evaluate the aphrodisiac property of the aqueous extract of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer rhizomes (Zngiberaceae) in albino and normal male rats of the Wistar strain. Colorimetric and precipitation methods were used to highlight secondary metabolites of the plant. The acute toxicity test was conducted according to OCDE guideline 423. Four lots of 6 animals were used to evaluate the aphrodisiac property of P. africana. The positive control received sildenafil citrate (5 mg/Kg) and the negative control, distilled water. The test lots received the extract at 500 and 2000 mg/Kg for 8 days. The copulatory parameters were observed on days 1, 4 and 8. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of ginsenosids, alkaloids, tannins, saponosides and tri terpenes in the extract. No changes in the general appearance of the rats and no mortality were recorded during the toxicity test, highlighting that P. africana is non-toxic. The extract significantly increased the sex parameters of the tested rats. This aphrodisiac effect of P. africana attributed to identify secondary metabolites justifies its use in traditional medicine as a sexual stimulant.

This theoretical paper uses document analysis to probe South Sudan‟s new National Curriculum Framework (2014) as an official text and its implications as a change agenda with a view to arriving at a perspective about the task of the school in the world‟s newest country. The study notes that the country‟s curriculum change policy seeks to enact a curriculum model that provides both equality and quality with a pedagogic philosophy that is humanistic in essence, transformative in outlook and historical in perspective. The new model shifts from subject-specific to generic curriculum that offers more student choice, relies on environment and accentuates social and life skills in a broader milieu of competencies. The new arrivals on the subject scene are information & communication technology, vocational education & enterprise, and values education in the form of environmental sustainability, life skills and peace studies to consolidate civics and cement the country‟s diverse society. However, the facility of the Framework to promote inclusive education is constrained by its design possibilities and the practical realities of school education in South Sudan as its official launch date of 2019 approaches. The scope for broader learner experience beyond conventionality will remain largely rhetorical or even inimical in as far as the resources for emancipatory practices are held back by the dual force of curriculum novelty and state priority. The prospect of wide gaps between planned, delivered and experienced curriculum is, therefore, real and vexed. It remains to be seen if the Ministry has a strategy at all to deal with any eventual knock-on effect. The fact remains, too, that the Framework is heavily prescriptive in nature and as such could potentially prove counter-productive to teacher agency with drastic consequences for local teacher appraisal practices. Thus, implementing a new curriculum short of resources and through the political doldrums of shifting timelines is principally an unmitigated disaster. It could lead to a tacit rejection of curriculum change, more out of repulsion than upon reflection. The fortunes of South Sudan‟s National Curriculum Framework (2014) are thus defined; and the broader discourse of reform duly confined.

Abstract: As professional’s teachers in the field of education, at least, they have the duties of teaching, mentors, class administrators, curriculum developers, professional developers, and community relations builders. Competence in the educational perspective is a necessity, because a professional job, in this case, the teacher, have to be based on the field of the knowledge. The purpose of this study was to describe teachers’ social competency in improving students’ extracurricular skills that extra-curricular activities can influence development in academics, social skills, and school completion. This study was literature research that discusses the social competence of the teacher in applying at school for improving students’ extracurricular skills surrounding Batam area. Over half of a student's time is spent being involved in some sort of structured activity. It is important for teachers, counselors, and parents to know the overall impact of participating and being involved in out-of school activities. Social competence of teachers as part of the community to communicate and socialize effectively with learners, fellow educators, education personnel, parents of learners, and the surrounding community. The school educates students to be smart and they must have a teacher who is competent in the field. If the teacher already has the competence then the student relationship with the teacher goes well, the achievement will also be good. The teachers need social competence because they share their knowledge to the students. Therefore the only teacher should learn a lot from communicating to be clear and cautious.

This paper addresses the inconsistencies that exist between the stated objectives of the National Policy on Education and the delivery of the content of the national curriculum in the educational system of Nigeria. This stems from the fact that what is intended in the curriculum is different from what is perceived by learners. This concept which has been identified as the hidden curriculum is what this paper strives to relate as the root cause of some unhealthy relationships in the society. It reveals ultimately the reason why education in Nigeria has not been able to provide the needed thrust visa-a-vis the three key values necessary for national development. In view of this exposition, recommendations are made towards a redirection of focus on the educational delivery to strike a balance between what the curriculum intends and the final outcome on the learners.

Abstract: The weight of youth unemployment is felt globally with over 70 million youths being unemployed across the globe causing a decline in youth participation in the labour force. Kenya with the largest economy in East Africa has the highest unemployment rate in the region with 39% of the active population unemployed. The various initiatives by the government to alleviate youth unemployment has achieved much and the rate of youth unemployment is high in Nairobi City County due to migration to the city in search for employment, with Clay City Ward being the highest hit. A descriptive survey design was adopted on a target population of 400 unemployed youths in Clay City Ward aged between 21-25 years. A sample size of 30% of the target population which is 120 respondents was obtained through simple random sampling and a questionnaire administered. Key informant interview was also carried out with five youth leaders. Lack of proper technical and vocational training, capital, experience and dependency on parents and relatives was a major cause of youth unemployment. This has led to low living standards, low self-esteems, moral decay and some youths opting not to marry due to unstable income to support themselves and family. However some youths have taken the initiative to exploit their soft talents to earn a living. Despite the government investment in youth’s initiatives not much has been achieved due to poor governance and lack of accountability. The ministry of devolution and planning should devolve the youth’s funds and make it more accessible with adequate training for sustainable job creation.

Teachers play an important role in the implementation of secondary school curriculum. However, implementation of secondary school curriculum has not been effective. The study was guided by the persistent burnout theory. The study adopted mixed methods approach and used the concurrent triangulation research design. The target population for this study was 806 respondents from which a sample of 243 was selected using the Central Limit Theorem. Questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data from secondary school teachers whereas interview guides were used to collect qualitative data from school heads and education officers. Validity was established through expert judgment whereas reliability was determined using test retest technique and reliability was obtained using Cronbach Alpha Method. Credibility of qualitative data was ascertained by involving multiple analysts, whereas dependability was established through detailed reporting of the research process. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically along the research questions and presented in narrative forms whereas quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferentially using ANOVA and presented in tables and charts. The study established that teachers‟ emotional exhaustion influence implementation of secondary school curriculum. Thus, the study recommends that school management and Ministry of Education need to devise ways of motivating teachers by providing incentives, instructional resources and physical facilities. Teachers need to develop positive selfesteem, attitude and positive perception towards oneself.

Complications involving the lungs as a sequela of a systemic disease process are not uncommon, and in fact, pulmonary involvement could be the first or even the only manifestation of systemic disease in a handful of clinical cases. Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by mucosal inflammation involving the GI tract that can follow a relapsing-remitting course. Respiratory tract diseases in the setting of IBD can be quite variable and warrants clinical recognition and proper treatment as it could have a significant impact on the patients' health. Here I summarize the potential pathological involvements of the respiratory system in the cohort of IBD patients and summarize the clinical assessment steps necessary to achieve the proper diagnosis.

This study sought to investigate the students‟ perceived social factors that contribute to examination malpractices in Eldoret West Campus of Moi University, Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. The objectives of the study were; to analyze strategies to curb examination malpractices in public universities. Descriptive research design was used. Simple random, stratified and purposive sampling techniques were used in choosing the sample size. The target population for the study was the student counselors, Dean School of education, Chief Examination officer and third year students from the school of Education. The sample size for the study was third year education students. The research instruments used to collect data were questionnaires, interview schedules and document analysis. The analysis of data was done using both qualitative and quantitative. It was found out that lack of accommodation facilities, limited provision of guidance and counseling services, poor orientation into the university system and work study programmes contribute to examination malpractices while limited provision of catering services and allowing students to operate business in the university premises do not contribute to examination malpractices in the institution. It was therefore recommended that there is need for the institution to put in place active student counseling services to deter students from engaging themselves in examination malpractices since most students believed that there is lack of guidance and counseling in the institution. The findings are expected to benefit in formulating university examination policy. Similarly, there is need for ISO standards to be adhered to during lecture hours and examination hours to curb examination malpractices in the institution

The Aim of this study was to compare the clinical efficacy and safety of non-fixed combination (NFC) of dorzolamide (2.0%)/timolol maleate (0.5%) versus NFC of latanoprost (0.005%)/timolol maleate (0.5%) regarding reduction of intra ocular pressure in patients with primary open angle glaucoma. This was a 12-week, randomized, open label, parallel group study with primary open angle glaucoma (IOP range: 24 – 36 mmhg), which included 40 subjects in dorzolamide/timolol group [dorzolamide (2.0%) instilled twice daily and timolol maleate (0.5%) twice daily] and 40 subjects in latanoprost/timolol group [latanoprost (0.005%) instilled once daily, timolol maleate (0.5%) twice daily]. IOP was measured at baseline, 4 and 12 weeks at 10 am. Adverse events were recorded at each visit. The difference in reduction of IOP in two treatment groups from baseline to 12 weeks was the main outcome measure. Mean IOP was similar at baseline for both groups. Absolute reduction in IOP from baseline to 12 weeks was 9.6 mmhg in dorzolamide/timolol group (P <0.001) and 9.7 mmhg in latanoprost/timolol group (P <0.001). No significant difference was found regarding reduction of IOP between the groups (P < 0.85). Both treatments were well tolerated. NFC of dorzolamide/timolol and latanoprost/timolol showed comparable efficacy in reducing IOP. They were also comparable regarding safety profile.

This research aimed to improve written expression (composition) skills of twelve grade students of the Al-Mazar secondary school by using the Tamer-Aien intervention model. The intervention model was designed by using metacognitive strategic concept, techniques, symbols and diagrams. This study was conducted at AlMazar secondary school in Jordan. A total sample of 22 students‟ from the same grade was chosen for the study. The baseline assessment was carried out to explore the preintervention writing skill score of the students prior to the intervention cycle one. Later, intervention and writing skill support strategies were carried out for twelve weeks. In the end, post-test was carried out to explore the differences occurred in the writing score of the students as a post-intervention effect. The findings obtained from the quantitative data showed the improvement in the written expression skills of the students. It was observed that through taking the above-mentioned measures, the teachers can help students improve their writing skills. Data were analyzed using the independent Mann-Whitney U test followed by Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. The results showed that there was a positive effect on the students writing performance from the pretest at the beginning of intervention program up to the posttest at the end of the intervention program. The findings have implications for pedagogy as well as for research.

Electrolyte abnormalities are common cause of morbidity and mortality in ICU patients. Quick and accurate results are required for immediate treatment. Conventionally these are measured in serum by electrolyte analyser but now point of care analysers are available to determine them in arterial blood by ABG. To measure electrolyte levels in venous and arterial samples and to evaluate the difference in them. The study was conducted in the department of biochemistry, GGS Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot. It was conducted on the total of 115 patients of either sex admitted in the intensive care unit (ICU). Arterial blood sample was collected for ABG and venous blood was processed in the electrolyte analyser. Results show that there is quite a difference between the mean values of these parameters in venous and arterial blood, with sodium having mean of 124.22 ± 9.18 in arterial blood and that of 137.09 ± 8.71 in venous blood. The mean value for potassium is 3.49 ± 1.28 in arterial blood and 4.21 ± 1.08 in venous blood. For chloride it is 108.54±9.9 in arterial blood and 101.77±7.2 in venous blood. The p values for all the parameters was <0.001. As we observed significant difference between electrolyte levels of venous blood done on electrolyte analyser and that of arterial blood done on ABG analyser so these cannot be used for in exchange for each other and so physicians should be cautious while reporting the results.

The purpose of the study was to establish the relationship between students’ perception and performance .The theories that guided the study were theory of leaning and Constructivism theory. In this study the design used was correlation survey design. The target population that involved in this study is 16 public schools in Moshi municipality. Samplings used in this study were stratified and simple randomly sampling. The instruments that used to obtain the data in this study were questionnaire for students and interview schedule for teachers. The main findings were Perceptions of students towards science subjects in Moshi municipality Relationship between student’s perception and academic performance towards science subjects in Moshi municipality, Improvement perceptions of students towards science subjects and challenges facing students’ performance on science subjects in Moshi municipality. The study concluded that there is strong relationship between students’ perceptions and performance towards science subjects. The researcher made recommends that the ministry of education and vocational training must establish union among students who studying science subjects and prepare gifts and incentives for all students who performing better in science subjects, this situation will increase interest of students to study science.

The objective of this study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Arthrospira platensis var. Lake Chad, also call spirulina. A phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract was done for the characterization of the secondary metabolites. The microbiological quality was estimated and essays of acute toxicity were made. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by the method of the oedema led by carrageenan; total phenols were determined and the antioxidizing activity was estimated by the method of trapping of the radicals free of the DPPH. The phytochemical test showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, sterols, saponosides and alkaloids. Subsequently, during the microbiological quality control, no presence of total coliforms, fecal coliforms, molds and salmonella was observed.

Allgrove syndrome which is known as the triple A syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disease. It has an estimated prevalence of 1 per 1,000,000 individuals. The triple A stands for the three most prominent features of the syndrome, alacrimia, achalasia and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-resistant adrenal insufficiency. It may be associated with autonomic, central and peripheral nervous system abnormalities then the name 4 A syndrome has been introduced. In this paper, we report the case of a 14-year-old girl with the 4 A syndrome who was referred to the Oral Medicine Department of hospital La Rabta (Tunisia). She suffered from many oral manifestations of Allgrove's syndrome as well as general abnormalities. Through this observation, we will show that the Knowledge of the oral manifestations is important and it leads the dentist to the right prevention and management of bucco dental complications of these patients.

A growing body of research supports the significance of physician-nurse collaboration for the delivery of a quality patient care and positive outcomes. This study was undertaken to assess the attitudes toward collaboration between practicing physicians and nurses in three tertiary government hospitals in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). A quantitative descriptive study was used to compare the difference in attitudes toward Physician-nurse collaboration between physicians and nurses. Attitudes toward collaboration as influenced by their age, gender, nationality, and number of years in practice was also explored. Data were obtained through distribution of survey questionnaire which is an adaptation of the Jefferson Scale of Attitudes Toward Physician-Nurse Collaboration (JSATPNC). Results showed a total mean scores on attitudes toward collaboration for physicians (n = 201) was 50.68 ± 8.31 and 53.59 ± 8.20 for nurses group (n=307). Mean scores were consistently higher in the 4 JSATPNC subscales of attitudes for nurses (p=0.007). Further analysis demonstrated that male physicians have statistically higher score than female physicians (p=0.043). Nurses who have more than 10 years hospital practice have higher score compared to those with 10 years and less of practice (p=0.048). Considering that physician-nurse collaboration is important in the promotion of a quality patient care and outcomes, healthcare institutions in KSA should give more focus on improving physician-nurse collaborative relationships.