Cancer is still one of the top causes of deaths in the world, taking almost 10 million human lives in 2020. While great strides are being made in the management of this disease, traditional tumour treatments still grapple with immense systemic toxicity, drug resistance, and the failure of drugs to precisely target complex tumour environments. Nanotechnology may overcome these issues, and a nanostructure robot for targeting drug delivery nanobots is increasingly considered one of the groundbreaking approaches in oncology. The present review covers the development, mechanisms, and applications of nanobots in cancer therapy, focusing on their potential to improve treatment efficacy with reduced adverse effects. Smart, stimuli-responsive nanobots can release their content based on tumour-specific factors like pH or temperature, enhancing therapy precision. Applications range from immunotherapy and gene therapy to overcoming obstacles in the form of the blood-brain barrier, demonstrating the versatility of nanobots in the treatment of aggressive cancers. More recently, AI and organ-on-a-chip models are combined to further perfect the design of nanobots and forecast the results of therapeutics, moving toward personalized treatments of cancer. Challenges are yet incomplete: biocompatibility, immunogenicity, and scalability remain relevant, besides regulatory and ethical concerns. Overcoming such limitations requires both interdisciplinary collaboration and technical development. The present review underlines the transformative potential of nanobots in the field of drug targeting and cancer therapy, a position whereby nanobots are a cornerstone of next-generation precision medicine. Nanobots overcome current limitations, hence promising safer, more effective, and personalized solutions for cancer treatment.

Patient safety has become a central concern in healthcare systems worldwide due to its direct impact on healthcare quality, patient outcomes, and overall public health. It encompasses not only the delivery of clinical care but also the creation of a patient safety culture within healthcare organizations. Patient safety culture refers to the collective attitudes, behaviors, reporting, auditing, values, and beliefs that influence safety-related practices in healthcare institutions [1]. A strong safety culture is crucial because it shapes how healthcare professionals approach safety, address potential hazards, and collaborate in preventing errors. This literature review explores recent developments in the implementation of patient safety culture within the healthcare system in Saudi, highlighting successful strategies, challenges encountered, and gaps in existing research.

Objectives: To investigate the existing literature on the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) of anesthetic agents in obese children. Methods: A total of 419 pertinent publications were found after a comprehensive search across four databases. 26 full-text publications were examined after duplicates were eliminated using Rayyan QCRI and relevance was checked; five studies finally satisfied the requirements for inclusion. Results: We included five studies with a total of 10,570 children and less than half of them 4741 (44.8%) were females. Research on the PK of propofol in obese adolescents identified total body weight (TBW) as a key determinant of drug clearance, emphasizing the limitations of relying solely on clinical factors for dosing. Additionally, a study on fentanyl highlighted the importance of TBW for loading doses and LBW/ lean body weight (LBW) for maintenance dosing, while cautioning against the heightened susceptibility of severely obese patients to fentanyl's respiratory side effects, necessitating careful PD considerations. Conclusion: Anesthesia management in obese children requires addressing unique physiological and pharmacological challenges. This review emphasizes the importance of TBW in dosing strategies and the integration of LBW and IBW for maintenance regimens to minimize risks. While offering valuable insights, further research is needed to validate these findings and establish standardized protocols, ultimately enhancing safety and efficacy in anesthetic care for obese pediatric patients.

Introduction: Determining whether an ovarian tumor is benign or malignant before surgery can change the treatment plan and aid in early identification. Transvaginal ultrasonography, in particular, is a useful technique for ovarian tumor detection. Early diagnosis is crucial since the majority of ovarian cancers are epithelial ovarian cancers (EOC), which grow quickly. Treatment can be more successful if a gynecologic oncologist is consulted right away to diagnose the type of tumor. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 patients presenting with adnexal masses at the Saudi Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Khartoum, Sudan, from January to May 2025. Transvaginal and abdominal ultrasonography were utilized to evaluate adnexal lesions. Data on patient demographics, symptoms, and medical history were analyzed to assess correlations with ultrasound findings and final diagnoses. Results: The study found that the most affected age group by ovarian tumors was those in 26-40 years, which constituted 42% and 41-55 years represented 28.25%. Approximately 43.3% of patients were asymptomatic, more than half were symptomatic, with pain being the most prevalent symptom. Ultrasonography classified 68.8% of masses as benign and 22% as malignant. Significant associations were found between ultrasound features, such as irregular contour, ascites, papillary projections, and vascularity, and the presence of malignancy. Older age and a history of breast cancer were also significantly associated with malignant lesions. Statistical analyses demonstrated that specific ultrasonographic features effectively predict ovarian malignancy. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is an efficient and dependable method for identifying, assessing, and categorizing ovarian cancers. Combining the patient's age, medical history, and ultrasound characteristics improves diagnostic precision, enables prompt and effective treatment, and lowers the risk of surgery.

Student enrolment, financial challenges, technology integration, and curriculum diversification have increasingly competition among higher education institutions. The ideal future workforce must possess not only technical expertise but also strong skills in complex problem solving, critical thinking, creativity, human resource management, and teamwork. In addition to analytical and leadership capabilities, these competencies are essential for thriving in a rapidly evolving digital economy. However, limited study has been conducted to assess Indonesia's readiness to engage with this digital transformation. The aim of this study to examine the correlation of 4.0 educational adaptation and school management on student performance in higher education in Borobudur University. This study uses applied research with a cross-sectional design to examine the impact of technological infrastructure and faculty management on student’s performance. The population consists of employee at Borobudur University with a sample 40 respondents including leaders, lecturer and education staff. The result found that, the bivariate analysis of technological infrastructure, strategic planning and policy making, operational management, student assessment have significant relationship with performance. p value 0.000. The final model the variable technological structure significant correlation and operational management as confounding factor of student assessment R 0.603, RR 0,364 (36.4%) VIF 2.955.; Strategic planning and policy making was significant with Student performance and technological infrastructure as confounding factor with student performance R 00,609, R2 0,371 (37.1%), VIF 2,277. Student performance, student assessment significant correlation with Student Performance R 0,460, R2 0211 (21,1%), p 0.003, VIF 1.000. Conclusion technological infrastructure and operational management correlation with student assessment; strategic planning and policy and technological infrastructure correlation with student performance; student performance significant correlation with student performance.

All of forms life needs water to survive. Therefore provision of clean water for consumers either for drinking or for irrigation purpose is necessary. But nowadays the quality of water is deteriorating day by day due to exposure of several contaminants like domestic and industrial solid waste and effluents, different microbial pathogens and toxic chemicals which frequently cause waterborne pathogenesis and diseases in Pakistan. In current study, the water samples from tehsils of district Kasur were collected which is considered as an industrial hub and center of agriculture and much populated too. That is why; different physiochemical and microbial parameters of water samples of tap, filter plants, tube well and canals of Kasur region were examined. In these parameters the pH, turbidity, hardness, acidity of water, alkalinity of water, total dissolved solids, microbial contamination, level of bioaccumulation and many other factors were observed. A hospital based survey was also performed to gather information about the waterborne diseases. The obtained results showed that the values of some parameters were within permissible limit whereas some of them were not according to the WHO standard. It was concluded that the water of district Kasur is not good for drinking and irrigation purposes. In this regard a proper guideline should be provided to the general public by government and private sector concerned departments to improve public health of selected region.

Background: With the increasing global movement of labor migrants, the risk of cross-border transmission of infectious diseases remains a public health concern. Pre-departure medical screening plays a vital role in identifying asymptomatic carriers and preventing disease spread. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of key infectious markers among pre-departure migrant workers and highlight implications for public health screening policies. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, Muscat Medical Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from January to December 2024. A total of 450 migrant workers undergoing routine pre-employment medical screening were enrolled. Blood samples were analyzed for HIV I/II, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), Hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis (VDRL and TPHA). Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: Among the 450 participants, the majority were male (92%) and aged between 20–39 years (82%). Most had completed at least primary (30%) or secondary education (42%). Regarding medical fitness, 93.8% were declared fit, 5.1% held up and 1.1% unfit. Only HBsAg showed seropositivity: 5 individuals (1.1%) tested positive, of whom 2 were unfit and 3 held up for confirmation. All participants tested negative for HIV, HCV, TPHA and VDRL. A detailed review showed 442 (98.2%) were HBsAg negative, 2 (0.4%) positive and 6 (1.3%) required retesting. Conclusion: The overall seroprevalence of infectious markers was low, with Hepatitis B being the only positive finding. These results support the importance of maintaining comprehensive pre-departure infectious disease screening to ensure public health safety and early intervention.

A comparison of Automated and manual methods to determine the hemoglobin concentration and Hematocrit was done using a specified sample size of randomly selected patients. All the samples were subjected to Hb and Hematocrit estimation by using both manual and Automated methods. A significant difference between manual and automated Hct mehods was found. There was a good correlation between Cyanmeth-Hb and Automated method. The Cyanmeth-Hb is a gold standard for Hb estimation and also carries a biotoxic hazard. However, there was a statistically significant difference between Sahli’s and cyanmeth- Hb method, but there was a good correlation. The Hct estimation by manual and automated methods showed an excellent relationship and no significant difference was noted between two methods and that can be used interchangeably.

The research investigates ways to improve farming incomes within sustainable development in agriculture, moving from a focus on production to a focus on income when thinking about agricultural policy. The way in which farm income is treated in the study is as one combined measurement, including returns from crops, livestock, allied activities, and non-cash components (e.g. family labour and self-consumed). The study used descriptive and analytical methods with secondary data from government reports, international organisations, and academic literature to assess the components of farm income, measuring methods, cost structures, and indicators. The study identified an array of significant constraints to farm income including the rising costs of production; inefficient markets; lack of access to credit; climate risk; and inadequately measured farm income. The results of the study demonstrated that enhancing farm income requires a multi-faceted approach that includes: diversification; cost savings; value adding; improved marketing systems; irrigation development; adoption of technology; crop insurance; financial inclusion; and extension services. The study also illustrates the importance of accurate measurement of farm incomes and the strategic enhancement of farm incomes through integrated policy interventions and institutional support as critical to creating profitable, resilient, and sustainable agricultural production and for achieving inclusive rural development and sustainable agriculture over the long-term.

Background: Accurate and early detection of postoperative complications after elective liver resection (LR) remains a challenge. A reliable predictor is essential for guiding therapy and improving outcomes. This study aimed to evaluate the role of serum procalcitonin (PCT) in predicting postoperative complications after LR. Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at BSMMU, Dhaka, from July 2021 to June 2024. A total of 84 patients undergoing elective LR were included. Informed consent was obtained before surgery. Serum PCT levels were measured on postoperative days (POD) 1, 3, and 7 using the Siemens Atellica IM BRAHMS PCT analyzer. Other markers, including WBC count, CRP, and liver and renal function tests, were also recorded. Patients were categorized into two groups: those without complications (group 1, n=20) and those with complications (group 2, n=22). Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 25.0, with a significance level of P<0.05. Results: Postoperative complications occurred in 52.4% of patients. Mean serum PCT levels were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 on POD 1 (0.898 ± 0.787 vs. 2.508 ± 2.587 µg/L, P=0.011), POD 3 (0.314 ± 0.249 vs. 0.890 ± 0.735 µg/L, P=0.002), and POD 7 (0.181 ± 0.217 vs. 0.611 ± 0.610 µg/L, P=0.005). WBC count and CRP levels did not show statistical significance. ROC analysis identified a PCT cutoff of 1.100 µg/L on POD 1, with sensitivity 86.4%, specificity 70.0%, PPV 74.2%, and NPV 83.7%. Conclusion: Serum PCT on POD 1 is a strong early predictor of complications after elective LR. A cutoff value of 1.100 µg/L accurately predicts morbidities, regardless of the type of disease or surgical procedure.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections affecting individuals worldwide, often leading to significant morbidity if untreated. Accurate bacteriological profiling of urinary isolates is crucial for appropriate diagnosis and effective antimicrobial therapy, especially in the face of rising antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to identify the aerobic bacterial pathogens isolated from urine samples and to determine their antibiotic susceptibility patterns in a tertiary care hospital setting. A cross-sectional study was conducted over a period of one year (January 2024 to December 2024), where urine samples from suspected UTI patients were cultured and bacterial isolates were identified using standard microbiological techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed following Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI -2024) guidelines using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. The results revealed Escherichia coli as the predominant pathogen, followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Nitrofurantoin and amikacin showed the highest susceptibility rates, whereas a notable resistance to Fluoroquinolones was observed. These findings underscore the importance of continuous surveillance of urinary pathogens and their resistance profiles to guide empirical treatment and combat the spread of multidrug-resistant organisms in hospital settings. Implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs is imperative to optimize antibiotic use and improve patient outcomes.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the antiplasmodial activity of the aqueous fraction of the methanolic extract of Senna siamea at various dosage concentrations in vivo in experimental mice infected with chloroquine sensitive Plasmodium berghei NK65 strain. Groups A, B and C mice were infected and treated with 100, 200, and 300 mg extract/kg body weight of mouse respectively while group D was infected and treated with 200 mg chloroquine /kg body weight, group E was infected but not treated and group F was uninfected and untreated. The phytochemical constituents of the plant extract were evaluated giving 4 phytochemicals namely flavonoids and alkaloids, carbohydrates and saponins. In addition, the extract indicated a dose dependent decrease in the level of parasitaemia. The analysis showed that the extract has a decreasing effect on the Packed Cell Volume of the experimental mice. Also, some of the groups lived 10 days beyond the experimental period. Furthermore, the groups treated with 300 mg/kg extract, 200 m g/kg chloroquine and uninfected untreated increased in body weight compared to the negative control (infected untreated). Therefore, the aqueous fraction of the Methanol crude extract of Senna siamea leaves could serve as a possible source of antimalarial compounds.

Introduction: In gynecology and ultrasonography, adnexal masses are a major health concern. Ultrasonography and International Ovarian Tumor Analysis (IOTA) criteria are crucial for diagnosing and identifying malignant grades, and an accurate distinction by non-invasive techniques is necessary for proper care. Methods: From January to May 2025, 400 patients who presented with adnexal masses at the Saudi Hospital for Obstetrics and Gynecology in Khartoum, Sudan, participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study. Adnexal lesions were assessed using transvaginal and abdominal ultrasonography, with the IOTA Simple Rules (SR) employed for classification. To evaluate associations with ultrasound results and final diagnoses, information on patient demographics, age, symptoms, and medical history was examined. Result: The age categories of 26–40 and 41–55 were the most impacted. The majority of patients experienced symptoms, with pain accounting for about 43.3% of cases. According to the IOTA SR criteria, ultrasonography identified 22% of masses as malignant and 68.8% as benign. Ultrasound characteristics, such as uneven shape, ascites, papillary projections, and vascularity, were found to be significantly associated with malignancy. Malignant lesions were also significantly associated with older age and a history of breast cancer. According to statistical analyses, ovarian cancer can be accurately predicted by certain ultrasonographic features using IOTA Simple Rules. In conclusion, ultrasonography is a reliable and efficient method for assessing and categorizing adnexal masses when used following IOTA guidelines. Combining the patient's age, medical history, and ultrasound characteristics improves diagnostic precision, enables prompt and effective treatment, and lowers the risk of surgery.

Pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma (PMEC) is an extremely rare salivary gland-type tumor that arises from submucosal bronchial glands and accounts for less than 1% of lung tumors. Here we describe a very unusual case of high-grade PMEC in a 17-year-old male, in whom low-grade tumors are more common. The clinical course was characterized by extensive mediastinal involvement, ipsilateral hilar lymph node metastasis with extranodal extension, and bronchial margins involved with disease. PET-CT and FNAC was done as part of the diagnostic process followed by chemotherapy, surgical debulking, and left pneumonectomy. Pathology confirmed high-grade tumor with multiple adverse prognostic features. This case demonstrates how difficult it is to diagnose PMEC in adolescents and that even if diagnosed early, high-grade PMEC can have aggressive biological behavior requiring tailored management approaches involving multidisciplinary teams.

Menopause occurs at a mean age of 51 years, with 95% of women transitioning between ages 45 and 55. Declining ovarian estrogen production leads to low serum estradiol and vasomotor symptoms in most women, while approximately half develop genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) characterized by vaginal dryness and dyspareunia [1]. Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) employs unopposed estrogen for women post-hysterectomy and combined estrogen-progestin therapy for those with an intact uterus to prevent endometrial hyperplasia [2]. This article integrates the latest evidence on indications, formulations, dosing, and safety considerations for systemic and local MHT.