Background: Renal transplantation is the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), offering improved survival and quality of life compared to dialysis. However, in Bangladesh, the prevalence of renal transplant recipients remains relatively low due to medical, economic, and infrastructural challenges. Understanding the demographic and clinical characteristics of transplant recipients is crucial for improving transplant outcomes and healthcare planning. Objective: This study aims to assess the prevalence, demographic distribution, primary disease causes, and co-morbid conditions among renal transplant recipients in Bangladesh. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted in the Department of Nephrology at Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, Dhaka, as well as at CKD and Urology Hospital and the Kidney Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Bangladesh. A total of 105 renal transplant recipients were selected using a purposive sampling method. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, medical records, and laboratory investigations. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, with results presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) for quantitative data and frequency (%) for categorical data. Results: The majority of renal transplant recipients were aged ≤40 years (72.4%), with a mean age of 34.7 ± 8.9 years. Males predominated, with a male-to-female ratio of 7.75:1. Most patients had a normal BMI (74.3%), with a mean BMI of 21.8 ± 3.1 kg/m². The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures were 124 ± 9 mmHg and 80 ± 6 mmHg, respectively. The primary disease leading to transplantation was undetermined in 83.8% of cases, followed by glomerulonephritis (6.7%), hypertension (3.8%), and diabetes mellitus (1.9%). Hypertension (94.3%) was the most common co-morbidity, followed by proteinuria (13.3%) and retinopathy (12.4%). Conclusion: Renal transplantation in Bangladesh is more common among younger males, with hypertension and glomerulonephritis being major contributors to ESRD. The high percentage of cases with undetermined primary disease highlights diagnostic limitations. Additionally, post-transplant hypertension remains a major challenge, necessitating lifelong monitoring and management. Addressing these epidemiological trends through improved diagnostic capabilities, awareness programs, and healthcare policies can enhance transplant outcomes and accessibility in Bangladesh.

Vocational education plays a vital role in equipping young people with the skills and knowledge necessary for success in the workforce, making it an essential aspect of human development. This study aimed to investigate how instructors' competence, qualifications, and experience influence the quality of vocational training and skills acquisition in vocational training centers within Tana River County. A descriptive research methodology was adopted, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study focused on nine vocational training institutions in Tana River County, involving 322 participants: 250 trainees, 54 trainers, 9 principals, and 9 deputy principals. Trainees and trainers were selected using random sampling, while principals were chosen through purposive sampling. Data collection involved the use of questionnaires for trainees and trainers and interviews for principals. Reliability was ensured through a pilot study and the test-retest method. Findings indicated a significant shortage of qualified trainers, as reported by 74.9% of trainees, which negatively impacted the quality of training. The study recommended that the County Government of Tana River implement in-service training programs for trainers and prioritize the recruitment and retention of highly qualified instructors. Additionally, further research was suggested to explore community perceptions of vocational education for youth.

The purpose of this study is to improve general endurance of students, by selecting and implementing appropriate exercises. All participants were the freshman majoring in physical education in Vinh University, Vietnam. Participants were randomly assigned to either a experiment group (MG) or a Control Group (CG). Fifty students were randomly assigned to an experimental (n=25) or control group (n=25) for a sixteen-week study. Both groups had regular physical education twice weekly. The experimental group received extra athletic training twice weekly, while the control group followed the standard curriculum. Physical fitness tests, including 5-minute running, 800m running, and 1-minute rope jumping, were used as outcome measures. After sixteen weeks, the experimental group showed significantly improved performance in all tests (p < 0.05) compared to the control group, demonstrating the effectiveness of the exercise program in enhancing student endurance.

Objective: To find out the association between atherogenic index and thyroid status in hypothyroid patients. Method: This case control study was conducted in the Biochemistry Department of National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology during the period of 2018 and 2019. 100 subjects aged between 20-50 were selected by purposive sampling from the patients and attendants attending to the outpatient department of NIKDU. Among them 55 subjects were diagnosed case of hypothyroidism with TSH >4ng/dl and FT4<0.9 ng/dl and 45 subjects were age and gender matched healthy euthyroid controls. Here student unpaired t-test, Chi-square test and Pearson’s correlation test were used to determine the association of atherogenic index and hypothyroidism. SPSS version 23 was used for the level of significance and p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Result: A total 100 subjects were included in the study without subjects with hypertension, diabetes mellitus and renal failure. All the variables were compared between the two groups. Out of 55 cases, 20 were males and 35 were females. Out of 45 control subjects, 12 were males and 35 were females. There was no statistically significant difference in case and control group in term of gender and Chi-square test was done to measure the level of significance. Among case and control, highest percentage were in the range of 20-30 years with 43.6% and 55.5% respectively. The mean age of case group was higher than the control group, but the difference was not statistically significant (p<0.05). Mean AIP level was 0.75±0.27 in case group and 0.35±0.20 in control group and was statistically significance difference (<0.05) between the two groups. Conclusions: From this study, it may be concluded that high atherogenic index is associated with Hypothyroidism. Hypothyroid patient with increased AIP is prone to develop cardiovascular diseases. So, to decrease the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in hypothyroid individuals, regular monitoring of serum lipid profile should be done by clinician.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard treatment for gallbladder diseases, traditionally performed under general anesthesia (GA). However, spinal-epidural anesthesia (SEA) has emerged as a potential alternative due to its advantages in postoperative recovery, reduced nausea, and improved pain control. Despite these benefits, the choice between SEA and GA remains debated in clinical practice. Objective: This study aims to compare the perioperative and postoperative outcomes of LC performed under SEA versus GA, focusing on pain management, complications, and recovery parameters. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from September 2023. A total of 97 patients were randomly allocated to undergo LC under SEA [n=48]or GA[ n=49]. Inclusion criteria included ASA I-II status, age 18-65 years, and BMI ≤30 kg/m². Perioperative parameters, postoperative pain (Visual Analog Scale), complications, and hospital stay duration were assessed. Statistical significance was determined using appropriate tests, with an interim analysis performed after the first 100 patients. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Median operative time was 45 minutes for SEA and 47 minutes for GA. SEA patients experienced significantly lower postoperative pain scores at all time points (p < .001). The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was slightly higher in the GA group (16.7%) than in the SEA group (14.3%). Urinary retention was observed only in the SEA group (6.1%), while dizziness and sinus tachycardia were exclusive to GA (2.1% each). The median hospital stay was one day for both groups. Conclusion: SEA provides superior postoperative pain control compared to GA while maintaining comparable operative and anesthesia durations. Although SEA was associated with urinary retention, GA had a higher incidence of nausea, dizziness, and tachycardia. These findings support SEA as a viable alternative to GA in LC, particularly for patients prioritizing pain reduction and enhanced recovery.

Introduction: The aim of this study was to identify the factors arising from (i) personal perception of the vaccine or (ii) the mother's social environment and entourage that are associated with vaccination dropout in children aged 12 to 23 months. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from 25 October 2022 to 18 February 2023 among mothers of 336 children aged 12 to 23 months in Kisangani. A pre-tested and administered questionnaire was used to collect data based on three-stage cluster sampling. Analyses were performed on STATA 13 using stepwise logistic regression with a threshold of 0.05. Results : After adjustment by multivariate logistic regression, the following factors were significantly associated with discontinuation of BCG vaccination in children aged 12 to 23 months: mother's religion (ORa=2.1 [95% CI : 1.1 - 4.4]), ignorance of vaccination schedule (ORa= 3 [95% CI :1.4 - 6.7]), not being informed by vaccinators to allay fears (ORa= 2.5 [95% CI :1.2 - 5.4]) and refusal to vaccinate one's child if the incidence of the disease decreases (ORa= 2.9 [95% CI :1.3 - 6.5]). Conclusion: In Kisangani, mothers' access to information and knowledge about routine vaccination were limited, with low BCG vaccination coverage. There is a need to increase awareness among mothers and carers in order to improve their knowledge of routine immunisation.

This topic is about “Lhashukgen,” who is also known as “sku rten pa”, basically a native Oracle of Monpa community of Arunachal Pradesh. It explores the whole concept of a local Oracle in Monpa Community, his works, his nature, his importance in monpa community etc. This topic also attempts to understand the genealogy and origin of institution of sku ten pa. It also explores the full process and step through which one becomes an Oracle being chosen by the deity and how it becomes hereditary in nature. It also tells that why being chosen by deity one cannot refuse to become an Oracle. Given the limited availability of written records, my research on this topic was largely based on oral sources and accounts. Although there are some books available on Oracle, they are primarily based on the Oracle of either Tibet or of other areas.

This study was designed to evaluate the bioequivalence of Losartan Potassium Tablets USP 100 mg, developed by Caplin Point Laboratories Ltd., India, compared with COZAAR® (Losartan Potassium Tablets USP 100 mg) manufactured by Merck Sharp & Dohme LLC, Chile. Conducted under fasting conditions, this open-label, randomized, two-treatment, three-sequence, three-period, single-dose, crossover, semi-replicate study aimed to assess pharmacokinetic parameters and the safety profile of both formulations in healthy adult human subjects. A total of 39 participants were enrolled, with 30 completing all study phases. Blood samples were collected at 28 predefined time points in each study period and analyzed for plasma concentrations of Losartan and its active metabolite, carboxylic acid, using a validated bioanalytical method. Key pharmacokinetic metrics such as Cmax, AUC0-t, and AUC0-∞ were determined, and the log-transformed data were subjected to statistical analysis. Results demonstrated that the 90% confidence intervals of the test/reference ratio for Cmax (82.57%–117.03%), AUC0-t (98.11%–107.46%), and AUC0-∞ (98.09%–107.37%) were all within the predefined bioequivalence acceptance range of 80.00%–125.00%. These findings established bioequivalence between the test and reference formulations. Safety evaluations revealed five adverse events among four subjects, all of which were mild to moderate and resolved completely without sequelae. In conclusion, the study confirms that Losartan Potassium Tablets USP 100 mg by Caplin Point Laboratories Ltd. is bioequivalent to COZAAR® and is well-tolerated under fasting conditions. These results support the potential for the test product to serve as a cost-effective and accessible therapeutic alternative for managing hypertension.

This work consists of contributing to the study of the phytodiversity of trees in the monodominant forest of YASIKIA, 31 km OPALA road RD Congo, specifically we wanted to know the richness of trees in this forest, analyze its floristic composition and structure by studying the specific abundances of trees structuring this forest. We proceeded to set up a 5 km or 5000 m transect in a North-South direction of the forest where emerging woody plants are well represented, crossing all topographic levels. 20 square plots of 50 mx 50 m were delimited on either side along the transect. We measured and identified all trees with DBH ≥ 10 cm at a height of 1.30 m from the ground, above the buttresses of the stilt roots. We calculated the diversity indices: Simpson, Shannon-weaver and Fisher alpha. After our field investigations, we inventoried 1573 tree individuals divided into 99 species, 88 genera and 30 families. The most abundant species overall are: Gilbertiodendron dewevrei with 303 plants, Scorodophloeus zenkeri with 153 plants, Cola griseiflora with 86 plants, Pancovia hamsiana with 80 plants, Polyathia suaveolens with 57 plants, Julbernadia sereti with 56 feet, Staudtia kamerunensis and Strombosia pustulata each with 55 feet, Cynometra sessiliflora with 45 feet, Guarea cedrata with 31 feet, Cleistanthus mildbraedi, Diospyros bipendensis and Diospyros crassiflora each with 30 feet.

There is an increase in trend of terminating unwanted pregnancy among young female to gain weight, to look beautiful and sexy and to attracts their male counterpart without taking cognizance of the aftermath effects. Young female will just in pregnancy and later abort it to gain body maintenance. Pregnancy was supposed to be planned and desirable but recently, pregnancies are planned but not desirable because of the special interest attached to it by celebrities’ ladies who want to captures the attention of some men. The aim of this study is evaluating the Rising Trend of Weight Gain Following Planned Abortion among Female in Tertiary Institutions in South-South Nigeria. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 250 females. A well-structured questionnaire was administered to participants. The study lasted for a period of 2 months. Exclusion criteria were those females that do not get pregnancy. Inclusion criteria were those females that carried out termination of unwanted pregnancy and those who want to gain weight. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 25.0. The results shows that majority of the participants were between 28-32 years of age, 60.00% had tertiary level of education, 80.00% were singles, 80.00% were involved in post-abortion weight gain, 80.00% had unprotected sex, 80.00%, frequently had pregnancy and abort it to gain weight and 76.00% derived joy from post abortion weight gain. The results shows that the participants gave several reasons for having post-abortion weight gain which include: 60.00% said to attract men, 12.00%, to be beautiful and 28.00%, to have sexy structure.

Sclerocarya birrea tree (Marula), is known in Sudan as Homeid tree. The different parts of the tree find wide traditional and medicinal uses. This study was carried to evaluate the chemical composition of the fruit seeds and kernels oil from nutritional value sight of view. Fresh fruits were collected from Darfur and Kordofan States. The proximate constituents of seeds were determined. Kernels oil was extracted by Petroleum ether. The physicochemical properties of the oil were measured. Seed kernels content of some minerals was determined by AAS. The extracted oil was analyzed by GC-MS. The proximate seed constituents were ash (4.93%), moisture (5.74%), pH (6.36%), protein (44.17%), vitamin C (19.47mg/100g) and Fiber (5.32%). The AAS analysis showed high P (220.25mg/100g) and K (86.10mg/100g) in the kernels. The oil yield was (53.47%). The physicochemical properties were acid value (0.42mg KOH/g), Peroxide value (4.64meq/kg), Saponification value (199mg KOH/g), viscosity (62.1), refractive index (1.467), density (0.919g/cm3) and un-saponified matter (3.17%). The GC-MS characterization showed a presence of five constituents, Dominated by Oleic (65.97%), Palmitic (17.53%) and Stearic acid (12.84%).

This study investigates the economic contributions of Dalit entrepreneurship to the development of Rajasthan, aiming to challenge stereotypes surrounding Dalit capabilities and to highlight their role in job creation and economic sustainability. Utilising a descriptive research methodology, data was collected through surveys, interviews, and government statistics, focusing on 740 Dalit enterprises. By employing Solow’s Growth Model and regression analysis, the findings reveal that Dalit entrepreneurs contribute approximately 0.97% to the State’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), with an average annual contribution of ₹571,500 per entrepreneur. Despite significant challenges, including inadequate access to capital and infrastructure, the study emphasises that Dalit businesses play a crucial role in local economies by providing essential goods and services. This research underscores the importance of recognising Dalit entrepreneurship as a vehicle for social equity, economic resilience, and community upliftment. The originality of this study lies in its comprehensive analysis of Dalit entrepreneurship within the context of economic liberalisation, offering insights that can inform policy-making and support systems aimed at empowering marginalised communities.

This study evaluates the impact of physicochemical parameters on aquatic insect diversity of Fateh Sagar Lake by assessing water quality across five sampling sites. Physicochemical parameters such as temperature, pH, total hardness (TH), total dissolved solids (TDS), dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) were analyzed. The results indicated that while most physicochemical parameters remained within permissible BIS/ICMR standards, Site 5 exhibited signs of pollution with higher BOD and COD levels and lower DO. A total of 3668 aquatic insects from 65 species, categorized under 37 families and five orders, were recorded. The BMWP and ASPT indices were employed for biological assessment, revealing good water quality at Sites 1-3, moderate conditions at Site 4, and significant degradation at Site 5, where no aquatic insects were found. Statistical correlations highlighted the importance of DO in species composition and the influence of physicochemical factors on aquatic biodiversity. This study underscores the necessity of regular monitoring and conservation efforts to mitigate anthropogenic impacts on Fateh Sagar Lake.

Background: This study investigates hairline patterns among the Etche people in Rivers State, Nigeria, with a focus on the distribution and variation in hairline shapes, lengths, and widths. Materials and Methods: Using a descriptive research design, data were collected from 227 participants through anthropometric measurements using a digital vernier caliper and measuring tape, assessing patterns by gender, age, and marital status. Results and Discussion: The results revealed that the most common hairline type was straight-lined (34.4%), followed by bell-shaped (30.8%) and widow’s peak (30%). The least common hairline patterns were low and high hairlines, each observed in only 0.4% of participants. The average hairline length and width were 61.98 mm and 293.89 mm, respectively, with males displaying longer and wider hairlines compared to females. Singles also showed greater hairline dimensions compared to married individuals. Conclusion: No significant variation was found in hairline characteristics by religious affiliation. These findings contribute valuable anthropometric data on the Etche population and highlight the role of genetic and environmental factors in shaping craniofacial features. The study fills a gap in anthropometric literature and provides a foundation for further genetic, medical, and cultural studies on Nigerian ethnic groups.

Flunitrazepam (FPAM), a sedative and anxiolytic drug, is abused as a recreational substance. However, it is known to be neurotoxic, affecting diverse brain regions. This study examined its histological effect on the cerebellar cortex. Twenty male Wistar rats, divided into four groups of five, consisting of a control and three FPAM-treated groups, were employed. After 14 days of administration of 2 mg, 4 mg, and 8 mg per kg body weight, respectively, of FPAM. Histological results showed a dose-dependent degeneration of Purkinje cells (Pn) characterised by vacuolation and nuclei shrinkage. With a Pn-based scale, a semi-quantitative evaluation revealed the proportion of degenerating Pn using a microscope with 15 mm (eyepiece number) and an objective of x 40, per 10-1mm 2 were 4, 6, and 9 respectively, which were significantly different from control (p< 0.05, P< 0.001, and p< 0.001, respectively). The findings revealed that FPAM use had a twofold degenerative tendency in the cerebellar cortex between low and high dosages, indicating potentially harmful implications in FPAM addiction.