The antioxidant properties of oil and fruit extracts of Dacryodes edulis (African pear) from four weeks after anthesis (WAA) to fruit maturation were assessed in this study. The oils from the fruits were extracted with chloroformmethanol 1:2 (v/v) using standard procedures. The in vitro antioxidant capacity of the oil extracts was determined by spectrophotometric methods using 2, 2-diphenyl-1- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA) assays. Results from the study indicated that DPPH and H2O2 scavenging capacity as well as percentage inhibition of MDA were significantly (P˂0.05) higher in oil at 20 WAA (45.47%, 45.1%, 18.3%), but with significant (P˂0.05) lesser percentage of inhibition at 4-12 WAA. The hepatoprotective effects of the extracts were examined in vivo in male wistar rats challenged with sodium arsenate. Results showed that the rats fed with the oil WAA had significant reduction (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation, increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities especially relative to control values. African walnut extracts treated rats also showed similar decrease in serum AST (70.3±2.54U/L), ALT (63.7±2.34U/L±), ALP (59.3±0.60U/L) and GGT (230.8±1.12U/L) levels at 20 WAA when compared to 4 WAA extracts treated rats, AST (105.2±1.38U/L), ALT (73.0±1.12U/L), ALP (72.0±2.26U/L) and GGT (299.7±1.88U/L). The results suggest that the various fruit extracts possess varied degrees of potent antioxidant activity both in vitro and in vivo and may serve as important sources of antioxidants in food, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries.

Anthocyanins content and antioxidant were determined in the three main pigments toward ripening in Dacryodes edulis (African pear) fruit peels. The pigments were extracted with acidified (0.5% HCl) methanol and the extracts were hydrolysed and the applied on 3mm thin-layer chromatograms. The chromatograms were developed subsequently in one direction, using n-Butanol: Acetic acid: Water (BAW) (4:1:5 v/v). The anthocyanidin present in the three pigments, pelargonidin-3- glycoside, was identified according to their Rf values, UV-vis spectrum and reaction with NaOH. The results revealed that the concentration of anthocyanidin in the pink (premature, week4-12) stage was 0.20 mg/g, white (maturing fruit, week 14-16) stage 0.32mg/g and blue-black (matured fruit, week 18-20) stage 0.56mg/g, this results correspond to the capacity of the anthocyanidin to inhibits lipidperoxidation (TBAR) with 76.9% (pink stage), 81.2% (white stage) and 90.0% (blue-black stage). The result demonstrated a positive relationship between Anthocyanins (flavonoids) and antioxidant activity. Hence, Dacryodes edulis is better consumed when fully matured.

Slums are available in the port area of Chittagong city. The general health conditions of the slum dwellers are very poor. This study was conducted to explore the possible association of different disorders of post area people with their life style and socio-demographic status. A survey based prospective observational study was performed at Chittagong from July 2017 to January 2018. A total of 200 (125 from port area and 75 from city area) were identified as a quite effective sample for this study. A self-administered questionnaire was delivered to the participants. Majority of the respondents were married male in this study. Illiterate, ill-educated and day laborer people were available in port area when compared with city area. 35.2% people’s monthly income was below Tk. 10000 with poor household condition in port area. Most of the people were drinker (51%) and smoker (71%) in port area when compared to the city area. The values were 21% and 48% accordingly in city area. Various types of sound and sleep related problems are more common in port area people. Different physical disorders like fever, stroke, diarrhea and chest pain were more frequent in the port area when contrast to the city area. Moreover, mental problems such as depression, frustration, restlessness, stress and over pressure are also more common in port area than city area. Poverty, illiteracy and low socio-economic status is associated with many adverse mental and physical health outcomes. Evidence-based planning, decision-making and practice can help improve the health status and quality of life of people.

Employee performance is one of the most important variables for organizational survive and thrive. Majority of previous studies investigated the employee performance in business organization. However, few have investigated it in universities. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual framework of performance of academic staff. A literature review was conducted as well as a preliminary interview with the some academic staff. Building on the literature, this study proposed that transformational leadership and its dimension (idealized influence, inspirational motivation, individualized consideration, and intellectual stimulation) as well as the organizational commitment and its dimension (affective commitment, continuous commitment, and normative commitment) have positive effects on the performance of academic staff. The study proposes also a mediating role of organizational commitment between transformational leadership and performance of academic staff. The conceptual framework was discussed and direction for future work was highlighted.

Ameloblastoma is the most frequent odontogenic tumor ascending from dental epithelium, and is branded by its histological resemblance to the enamel organ of the developing tooth germ. Although defined as a benign neoplasm, ameloblastomas are locally disparaging and a high recurrence rate is observed if the lesions are not entirely expurgated. Management should be built on precise clinical details, radiographs, special imaging and a illustrative biopsy, followed and reviewed by an oral pathologist and a maxillofacial surgeon. Each case is distinctive and has to be considered in the clinical context and the relationship of the lesion to its surrounding tissues, histological type, and recurrence rate. The present article is a review of the existing literature concerning management of ameloblastoma.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is the most common valvular abnormality, affecting approximately 2-3% of the population in the United States. MVP usually has a benign course, but it occasionally leads to serious complications, including clinically significant mitral regurgitation (MR), infective endocarditis, sudden cardiac death, and cerebrovascular ischemic events. 100 diagnosed case of mitral valve prolapse (by echocardiography) were studied retrospectively. Most common age group was 15-39 years. 2) Most common symptom was palpitation with chest pain. 3) Most common sign was systolic click. 4) Most common ECG finding was early repolarization. MVP is benign entity which most commonly affects young age group. Most of patients present with chest pain and palpitation but some may be symptom free. Most common ECG finding was early repolarisation but to consider this as diagnostic test we need more broader study.

The twin-block appliance, described by Dr. Clark in the year 1977, is frequently used functional appliance. Contemporary studies suggest that, in growing patients, skeletal Class II malocclusion can be treated with this appliance. During the active phase, it guides molar eruption, and helps in reduction of posterior open bite by eruption of buccal teeth into occlusion. After which, an anterior inclined bite plane is used to maintain corrected occlusion. This is a case report of growing skeletal Class II patient who was successfully treated by twin block appliance.

The study has investigated the status of private university students in the eye of employers. The study collected information from 16 employers who are directly or indirectly involved in hiring process through open-ended questionnaire. Data was analyzed to have an idea about employers’ attitude about private university students. The result shows both positive as well as negative picture about private university students. The study is going to contribute not only theoretically; fresh graduate will be benefited by getting the idea of employers’ attitude toward them.

Complete cleaning of the root canal system requires the elimination of organic and inorganic debris including the smear layer. Endodontic irrigation alone is unable to ensure adequate removal of deeply entrenched bacteria in the dentinal tubules. Use of a chelating agent in conjunction with endodontic irrigants is necessary. The most commonly used chelating agent is EDTA. However, it has certain disadvantages when used with Sodium hypochlorite like reduction in dentin microhardness and lesser antimicrobial activity. The search for alternatives to EDTA has brought up newer alternatives like Etidronic acid and Chitosan solution. Clinical studies have proved that these are equivalent to EDTA in certain actions during endodontic treatment. This study aims to compare the changes in dentin microhardness seen when cleaning and shaping of the root canal system is done using EDTA, Etidronic acid and 0.2% Chitosan solution. Results of this study showed that both Etidronic acid and 0.2% Chitosan had comparable effects on dentin microhardness which were similar to EDTA.

Rehabilitation of Maxillo-facial defects is a complex task, requiring an individualized approach and modification of existing techniques to suit the needs of each patient. A removable, suitably retained prosthesis that reduces the patient’s discomfort and involves a minimal amount of manual dexterity in its handling is the key to successful prosthetic rehabilitation in such cases. This paper describes a novel technique of the restoration of a complex orbital defect with a removable silicone prosthesis that is retained with the help of magnets incorporated in the prosthesis itself and the spectacle frame.

The elaboration of new effective and ecologically friendly regulators improving growth and increasing yield of oilseed rape is an actual problem for modern agriculture. Our work was devoted to screening of new effective plant growth regulators among chemical low molecular weight heterocyclic compounds, derivatives of oxazole and oxazolopyrimidine to improve the germination of seeds and growth of seedlings of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) of cultivar Kalinivsky. As a result of the conducted experiments, the most effective synthetic compounds that showed a high stimulating effect when used in concentration 10-9M on the growth of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings were selected. It was found that biometric indices of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the 10-9M solution of derivatives of oxazole and oxazolopyrimidine were increased by an average to 11 - 30 % – by length of shoots, by an average to 8 - 68 % – by total number of roots, and by an average to 5 - 43 % – by total length of roots, as compared with similar indices of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the distilled water (control) or on the 10-9M solution of plant hormones auxins IAA (1H-Indol-3-ylacetic acid) and NAA (1-Naphthylacetic acid). The content of photosynthetic pigments in the leaves of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the 10-9M solution of derivatives of oxazole and oxazolopyrimidine was increased by an average to 14 - 20 % – by content of chlorophyll a, by an average to 15 - 21 % – by content of chlorophyll b, by an average to 16 – 18 % – by content of chlorophyll a+b, as compared with similar indices of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the distilled water (control) and were increased by an average to 14 - 26 % – by content of carotenoids as compared with similar indices of 21st-day-old oilseed rape seedlings grown on the distilled water (control) or grown on the 10-9M solution of IAA and NAA, respectively. The obtained results confirmed the possibility of using of derivatives of oxazole and oxazolopyrimidine as new effective regulators to improve oilseed rape growth.

This study is set on the premise that Nigeria‟s hegemonic influence in the ECOWAS spills over creating stronger socioeconomic ties with neighbouring Cameroon than there is integration between the latter and other CEMAC member countries. The much talked of regional integration among CEMAC member countries has not been matched with concrete adequate steps towards establishing a strong regional bloc to address common political, security, economic and environmental stakes within the Central African sub-region. This paper seeks to assess the reasons and challenges for the weak regional integration amongst CEMAC member countries, how to surmount the challenges and build efficient integration. In the same vein, it probes into the reasons for stronger socioeconomic ties between Cameroon and Nigeria (non-member bloc countries) in order to evaluate the basis for this potency and draw lessons for efficacious integration within the CEMAC. To achieve this, the paper uses mainly secondary sources and interviews with key resource persons. The study posits that the absence of a regional hegemon (core state) within the CEMAC region impedes initiatives towards effective integration while fostering ties between Cameroon and Nigeria; thus the emergence of a regional hegemon with strong political will and economic base will propel the CEMAC integration.

The construction industry is a key sector in any economy. Worldwide the sector contributes to the gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment, yet it encounters many impediments that work against its success. The construction of buildings is a major consumer of energy and natural resources and can negatively affect the environment if the process is not properly managed. Stakeholders in the construction industry have diverse interests which compete against each other and inhibit the achievement of project objectives. The objective of the study was to review existing theoretical and empirical literature on the effect of stakeholder engagement on sustainable construction of building projects. The study reviewed relevant underlying theories and empirical research. The stakeholder theory was identified as key, however, other relevant theories reviewed are contingency theory, systems theory, and sustainable concept. Empirically, a six-step process of stakeholder management was contemplated and the key stakeholders linked with sustainability principles. The key elements of sustainable construction and sustainable performance of construction projects during project life cycle phases was also discussed. These studies address each element independently in detail but fail to provide a link if any between stakeholder management and performance of sustainable construction projects. The sustainability requirements are applicable to all the project lifecycle phases and the stakeholders should participate in all these phases to execute a sustainable building. The findings of the study confirm that there is need to study an empirical model to determine the role of stakeholders in sustainable construction of building projects.

The aim of this study is to analyze the relationships of the knowledge about environment, member’s participation on environment preservation, and member’s capacity to manage environment with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members. This study was carried out at the ranch area in Leuwiliang, Bogor (2003) with 70 respondents selected by multi stage random sampling. Respondents are ranchers and the members of cooperative. The data were analyzed using simple regression, multiple regressions, simple correlation, and multiple correlations. The study reveals that there are positive relationships between: (1) the knowledge about environment with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members, (2) member’s participation on environment preservation with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members, (3) members capacity to manage environment with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members, and (4) the knowledge about environment, members participation on environment preservation, and members capacity to manage environment, with the environment perspective of cooperatives’ members.

Risks plays significant part in the construction projects success. Risk identification and assessment failure may result to inefficiency in the procedures of managing risks, in which may critically have an impact on the projects’ resources. A proper risk management is hardly applied in construction projects as a result of the lack of contractors’ awareness of critical risks. The purpose of this paper is to base its focus on the examination of risk factors in construction projects.