Majority of the drugs used for the treatment of various diseases are administered by oral route using conventional delivery. The major drawback of the oral administration is the poor bioavailability due to the poor water solubility, chemical stability and pre-systemic metabolism. Numerous researches are going on for the improvement of oral bioavailability of drugs using novel drug delivery systems as an alternative to conventional delivery systems. Majority of the novel delivery system includes; solid dispersion, sustained, controlled buccal, gastro retentive, nano carrier delivery systems such as lipid nanoparticles, and self-emulsifying systems. The oral bioavailability improvement by these delivery systems might be due to the increased particle size, improved dissolution and/or permeation and subsequently bioavailability of the drugs. In this review, we attempt to discuss the various novel delivery systems developed for the enhancement of oral bioavailability of poorly water soluble therapeutics.

This study aims to analyze financial performance of PT. Bank Bukopin Tbk, before and after conducting “Laku Pandai” (branchless banking), while the long-term goal is modeling the assessment of financial performance strategy of branchless banking in Indonesia. The method used in this research is RGEC (Risk Profile, Good Corporate Governance, Earning, Capital). The assessment financial performance of PT. Bank Bukopin Tbk before and after the application of branchless banking is not difference and not significant, but is not fixed value

Lip prints are normal lines and fissures in the forms of wrinkles and grooves present in the zone of transition of human lip, between the inner labial mucosa and outer skin. Examination of this lip prints is known as cheiloscopy. Some authors have worked on lip print in the past and made some striking points on its application in forensic studies and human identification. The study was carried out to identify and compare the lip prints patterns among the Igbos. The study was done to investigate and document the characteristic cheiloscopic pattern of Igbos and to assess the distribution of lip print patterns among males and females. A total of 300 subjects were used for the study. 150 were males, 150 were females, all of which were normal subjects. Subjects were selected and identified based on an oral interview. These subjects were selected through purposive convenient sampling method. The males and females had their highest percentage distribution in type I (35.73%) and (30.53%) respectively; the least percentage was in type IV (9.33 %) for the males and type I’ (7.80%) for the females. this study has been able to establish the cheiloscopic patterns for the Igbo ethnic group in Nigeria. The dominant pattern of the population was type I followed by type II and the least was type I’. It also revealed sexual dimorphism in the patterns and frequency of distribution of lip prints.

Shisha/ Waterpipe smoking has become a global epidemic, especially among youth. Health effects of WTS have not been studied extensively like the cigarette smoking. There is a dire need to study and document health effects of water pipe smoking in general and specifically on the oral cavity. 100 subjects under each category were studied: Exclusively Shisha smokers, Exclusively Cigarette smokers, Cigarette and shisha smokers and non-smokers. Along with the Arab population, Indian populations residing in UAE were also studied. After a brief explanation of the study, and obtaining a written consent signed from the study participants, a questionnaire was administered to collect data. A detailed case history was taken. Oral examination included soft tissue and hard tissue examination. Simplified oral hygiene was calculated. Respiratory problems and Sleep disturbance were mainly reported among shisha subjects. Moderate to mild stains and calculus along with periodontitis was recorded. Complains of bad breath and dry mouth was reported. One case of mixed white and red patches was noted in shisha smoker. The finding of our study could be substantial evidence that WTS alone has the potential to cause deleterious oral health effects and could even lead to pre-malignant lesions.

Oral cancer ranks in the top three of all cancers in India, which accounts for over thirty percent of all cancers reported in the Country and oral cancer control is quickly becoming a global health priority [1]. Two-thirds of the global incidence of oral cancer occurs in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs); half of those cases are in South Asia. India alone accounts for one-fifth of all oral cancer cases and one-fourth of all oral cancer deaths [5]. Since oral screening and early diagnosis plays an important role in oral cancer prognosis, a dentist ability to recognize the clinical signs and symptoms is crucial [21].

Ulcers on the tongue in teens are not a rarity, they commonly occur due to trauma, as a manifestation of recurrent aphthous ulcers, infection and rarely due to malignancy like squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the common malignancy involving oral cavity but usually affects elderly males. This case report presents an uncommon case of squamous cell carcinoma in 17-year old female occurring on lateral border of tongue. There was absence of deleterious habits. Exfoliative cytology procedure gave a hint about dysplastic epithelial cells and biopsy was done to prove the suspicion of malignancy. A brief review of literature regarding occurrence of SCC in young individuals is also included.

This article applies a „natural language processing framework‟ and examines the usage of „select keywords‟ in the annual State of the Union Addresses by the U.S. Presidents and the National Security Strategy (NSS) documents published under their seal by the White House since 1991. It simply counts the usage of the select keywords and demonyms in both the mentioned sources and examines the context/problematic in which they were used – thus attempting to locate Central Asia in the U.S. foreign policy from an „alternate perspective‟. It is assumed that the institutions and intellectuals of the statecraft produce American „national interest‟ differently – looking beyond the state-centric geopolitical vision of one‟s foreign policy through an „alternate perspective‟ becomes pertinent. As the identified sources merely give a broader picture in the form of a synopsis and not a detailed account, the article briefly records the „popular‟ U.S. foreign policy in Central Asia in the very beginning. The study finds out that the U.S. policy for Central Asia, largely, is a subset of the wider American policies practised around the region. The Central Asian problematic is thus determined by “security” of the U.S. national interests in the region which continue and change. Considering the State of the Union addresses and the NSS documents, the article submits that the significance of Central Asia for the U.S. foreign policy is vital yet relatively limited. And in the absence of any concrete Central Asian policy the security-based „problematic‟ will continue to exist.

This study investigated the effect of long hour shift on hospital nurses’, increase risk of committing errors, patients’ outcomes and satisfaction. A descriptive research design was utilized in this study to investigate the effect of long hour shift on female hospital nurses’ and patients’ care outcome and satisfaction Questionnaire was systematically distributed to nurses in each of the twenty eight wards and units of the University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. One hundred and ninety four respondents returned the questionnaire. The study revealed that long hour shift affects the nurses’ wellbeing and the care they provide to their patients. The study also revealed that it affects their social life. This study therefore recommends eight to ten hour shift to reduce the burden on the nurses so as to provide positive patient care outcomes.

The culture of spending time at lapau (hanging out at a small tavern) is one of the traditions owned by Minangkabau people to talk about numerous things, from discussing the nation’s current affairs, problems at workplace, or any topics suitable to bring upon. There is an anecdote “apopun masalahnyo bisa disalasaian di lapau” (every problems can be solved in small tavern) which is very common in Minangkabau society. This paper will describe about melapau tradition: the persistence of Minangkabau custom in Medan. Taking qualitative approach along with descriptive method, this paper will explain the tradition of melapau as cultural reproduction from the hometown to the migration area abroad in the Minangkabau society. Furthermore, cultural sociological perspectives are used to reveal how the existence of melapau done by Minangkabau people in Medan, especially in Bromo, Kotamatsum, Sukaramai and Denai. This paper shows that melapau is a tradition still manifested in the hometown as well as abroad. This demonstrates a process of reproduction of Minangkabau culture in migration area/abroad. Various ideas, activities, and other habits that exist in the hometown are enacted again by the immigrants and Minangkabau men who were born in the City of Medan in different contexts. Melapau becomes a habitus for Minangkabau emigrants, therefore the emigrants reinvent the tradition of melapau and the ideas and activities involved in it. Lapau is an arena for fulfilling melapau habitus.

In rural areas, goats contribute to the reduction of malnutrition through their production of milk and meat. A review of the zootechnical and reproductive performance of goat breeds in Benin was made from ninety (90) articles, papers and documents related to these goat breeds. The main data concern the taxonomy of goats, their origin, the importance of goat rearing, the description and zootechnical parameters of the goat breeds encountered in Benin. The main local goat breeds encountered in Benin were the dwarf or Djallonke, the Sahelian breed and the red goat of Maradi. The exotic breeds mentionned in this paper concern the Alpine and the Saanen breeds. The zootechnical and reproductive performances varied from one goat race to another, but satisfactory overall. It is worth to focus on the breeding of these short-cycle species in order to meet the ever increasing demand for meat products. Alternatives for improving the performance of local breeds in crossing with exotic breeds constitute some ways to explore in order to boost the production of milk and meat goats in Benin.

Oral health enables an individual to speak, eat and socialize without active disease. Oral hygiene is the process of keeping oral free from pathological condition that affects gum disease, mouth ulcers and sores and cavities. Oral health affects the overall health of individuals, so it is very important to maintain oral hygiene. Knowledge, attitude and practice regarding oral-health are considered to be important requirements for improving oral health. To determine oral hygiene experience among students and describe their level of oral health knowledge, attitude and practice of oral hygiene. A cross-sectional analytical study design was used to examine the knowledge, attitude and practice of students regarding oral hygiene. A cross-sectional is that study that collects information from a population at specific time of period. Data was collected from 150 nursing students through convenient sampling techniques. Those who meet the inclusion criteria will be included in the study and those who don’t meet the criteria wasnot be the part of the study. Data was analyzed through SPSS version 21. Results suggest that there was satisfactory knowledge that is more than 80% of the study participants had knowledge about different knowledge based statements. The attitude and practices were some moderately around 50 to 60% of participants fall in this category. Overall knowledge was good but attitude and practices were low comparatively.

According to World Health Organization (WHO), “hygiene refers to conditions and practices that assistance to keep up wellbeing and avoid the spread of disease. Personal hygiene includes those practices performed by a person to care of one’s bodily well- being, through cleanliness. A Cross sectional descriptive study was conducted in primary school of Hussain Abad of Lahore. The instrument use for the data collection was adopted questioner and convenient sampling technique was used. Study included 119 primary school children most of them were males (55.4%), the majority were rural resident (88.7%) with their age ranged between 5-12 years and median age 10 years. More than three quarters of the children (77.1%) knew the requirement of personal hygiene. On the other hand more than half of them had a special towel and comb. About two thirds of children (65.4%) had good to moderate knowledge with nearly three quarters (73.6%) had positive attitudes and more than half (55.4%) had good practice. There was a moderate positive correlation between knowledge score with both the attitude and practice scores. Male and older children had a significant better knowledge, attitude and practice than female and younger ones. Residence had no significant effect on children knowledge, attitude and practice. Preschool children knowledge, attitudes, and practices about personal hygiene were deficient in some aspects.

During the current era the patients are too much demanding and always asking for quality services. Their expectations are raised and demand for optimal care from any health care setup. These high expectations from the hospitals result into a tough competition among the hospitals to work for excellence. As a result, health organizations in all sectors have been competing with each other in provision of service quality and customer satisfaction (Pinna et al.,). The main purpose of this study was to assess, Patients’ perceptions about quality of nursing care services public versus private hospitals Lahore. To assess the Patients’ perceptions about quality of nursing care services public versus private hospitals Lahore. A cross sectional descriptive survey was performed to analyze patients’ perceptions about quality of nursing care services. A convenient sample of n=200 was used to collect the information. A structured questionnaire with demographic variables and causes variables was applied. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 22. Independent “T “and ANOVA were applied to analyze the findings. According the findings of this study, only 26.5% of the study participants were poorly satisfied from the care of the hospitals while remaining 73.5% were highly satisfied from the hospital care. The purpose of this study was to assess the satisfaction level of patients from nursing care at public and private hospitals. Overall result shows that the satisfaction level was satisfactory for majority of the study participants.

The aim of this paper is to explore the key roles of higher education institutions based in the UK in terms of developing key skills to further prepare students for employment. The paper is exploring several key authorities and agencies based in the UK that have significant responsibility to assuring the quality of higher education in the country. The paper is focused on several key themes that are related to the research topic which can be summarised as the following: Culture, Graduate attributes and employability. The research is based on a review of a number of secondary sources from academic and professional articles as well as relevant agencies reports such as the Quality Assurance Agency (QAA) and according to the performance indicators published by the Higher Education Funding Council For England (HEFCE).

The aim of this paper is to explore the importance of research informed teaching in higher education and possible methods of imbedding it into the teaching practice. The paper is providing clarity on the key typologies of applying research informed teaching which can be divided as the following: Firstly, research led approach. Secondly, research-oriented approach. Thirdly, research-based approach. Fourthly, research tutored approach. The paper is also providing a case study based on the school of business and hospitality management within London College of Contemporary Arts (LCCA) to share practices that are currently being applied or planned as future activities. Furthermore, the paper is providing key benefits and challenges of embedding research informed teaching in curriculum. The paper concludes highlighting key recommendations derived from the review as well as the case study provided.