Guided by theories of systemic functional linguistics and pragmatics, this paper is focused on approaching translation from the perspective of text analysis. It aims at analyzing, interpreting and ironing out some issues conceding textual translation by means of transplanting linguistic theories and trying to provide a textoriented perspective in translation studies. The paper consists of four chapters. The first chapter presents a brief introduction to text analysis at home and abroad. Starting from the unit of translation, the second chapter deals with the necessity of text analysis in translation and makes a brief difference between discourse and text. The third chapter discusses the role of intentionality in translation and gives some examples. The fourth chapter is a retrospect and prospect, which tells the strong points and limitations of the paper, its developing tendency and further research in the future.

The quality of food products from cassava are affected by processing methods and varieties of cassava used which may later affect consumers demand. In this work, fresh cassava roots of different local varieties (Odongbo, IITA funfun, Olekanga, and Oko iyawo) were processed into gari and pupuru. The two products were analyzed for proximate composition, mineral content, chemical and functional properties while the reconstituted meals from them were evaluated for sensory properties. The highest value of 2.13% crude protein was obtained for gari samples (Oko iyawo variety) while the least value was 1.80% (odongbo variety). For pupuru, the highest value was 1.70% (Oko iyawo variety) while the least was 1.52% (IITA variety). The cyanide content of gari samples from Oko iyawo had the highest value of 4.08 mgHCN/kg while Olekanga had the least value of 1.20 mgHCN/kg. For pupuru, Odongbo had the highest cyanide content of 3.31mgHCN/kg and IITA had the least value of 2.63mgHCN/kg. The mineral content showed that gari produced from IITA cassava varieties had the highest values in terms of iron, Copper and Zinc for all the cassava varieties likewise for that of pupuru except for magnesium where pupuru produced from oko iyawo cassava variety had the highest value. Gari samples produced from Oko iyawo cassava variety were scored highest in all the sensory parameters tested that makes the gari the most accepted whereas that of IITA cassava variety had lowest scored. Also, pupuru produced from Oko iyawo was scored highest in terms of taste and IITA cassava variety had lowest scored in terms of aroma, flavor, overall acceptability and appearance. This shows that gari and pupuru produced from IITA cassava variety were the least accepted.

Family planning is widely acknowledged as an important intervention towards achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) three (4) and five (5) as it has proven to reduce maternal and child mortality. Family planning can prevent unwanted pregnancies and unsafe abortions. The aim of this study was to determine various factors that influence the uptake of modern family planning among women of reproductive age in South-eastern Nigeria. The study used data obtained from Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS) 2013. Factors considered were drawn from the dataset. Analysis was carried out using Stata version 12.1. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine relationship between various factors and use of modern family planning methods. Level of significance was set at 0.05. The total number of participants in the study was 2,816. Twelve point fifty seven percent (12.57%) of the participants were currently using modern family planning methods. The highest proportion of use was 25.57% in Ebonyi State, while the lowest was 16.94 % in Imo State. The only identified predictor of use of modern family planning use was educational status. The women who had at least secondary education were almost twice (1.82 times) more likely to use modern family planning methods than those who had only primary education or less (OR=1.82, 95% CI: 1.4-2.4, P<0.001). Measures should be taken to increase female literacy, as this will most likely lead to improved uptake of modern family planning among the respondents.

The potential presence of naturally occurring antimicrobials in petals of flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., (Malvaceae) was investigated against isolated eye pathogens. Owing to the usage of these flowers in common folklore medicine, the extracts of petals were screened for antibacterial activity against pathogenic microbes isolated from the eyes of eye infected persons. Bioactive compounds were extracted by cold extraction method, wherein Methanol, ethyl acetate and dichloromethane were used as solvents. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was assessed by agar well diffusion method. The study revealed that the extracts possessed antibacterial activity in a dose dependent manner. Among the tested flower extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa, DCM extract showed better activity on most of the ocular pathogens tested. Hence the DCM extracts of petals of the flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa can be used to discover antibacterial agent for developing new pharmaceuticals to treat eye infections.

Fistula in Ano is a simple anorectal condition, however, has the potential to cause high morbidity. The usual line of surgical treatment for simple fistula in ano includes fistulotomy with marsupialization and fistulectomy. The present study was aimed to determine the overall outcomes after treatment of patients with fistulotomy with marsupialization and fistulectomy and compare the results in terms of post-operative complications and recurrences. Methods: The study involved 70 patients diagnosed with simple fistula in ano. Patients with morbid medical conditions and those diagnosed with complex fistulas were excluded from the study. The Clinical examination included perineal inspection, palpation, digital rectal examination and proctoscopic evaluation. The patients were then randomly divided into two groups. The group I patients underwent fistulectomy and the group II underwent fistulotomy with marsupialization. The patients were operated under general or regional anesthesia. The anorectal examination was done to verify the findings of the clinical examination. The patency of the tract was checked using the probe to the external opening. Seventy patients diagnosed with simple anal fistula were involved in the study. The mean distance of external fistula opening in group I was 2.6 ± 0.54 cms and the mean distance in group II was 2.5 ± 1.05. The duration of symptoms in group I and group II was 7.60 ± 2.9 and 8.85 ± 3.2 weeks respectively. The mean duration of surgery in group I was 12.5 ± 2.2, was 9.95 ± 1.25 in group II. Post-operative healing of the wounds was earlier in group II 4.06 ± 0.95 as compared to group I 5.15 ± 2.5. The mean VAS score was calculated on the 3rd postoperative day in both the group of patients. In group I the mean VAS score was 2.25 and the mean VAS score in Group II was 2.25. No patient in the study developed the wound infection and none had other complications. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that fistulotomy with marsupialization and fistulectomy are equally effective in terms of the outcomes of treatment of simple fistula in ano. Although fistulectomy requires longer post-operative healing and the mean VAS scores were higher in the fistulectomy group then compared to fistulotomy group. No recurrence and occurrences of complications were noted in both the groups.

Legumes provide good source of protein, complex carbohydrate, dietary fibre, essential vitamins and minerals and are used as food and feed purposes. In most of the developing countries, animal protein is expensive and as an alternative, legumes are consumed majorly as a source of protein. They further complement proteins from other plant sources, such as, cereal grains where they contribute essential amino acids to the diets in different parts of the world. Aside the nutritional content, they also possess nonnutrients components otherwise known as the bioactive compounds, which include inhibitors of proteases and amylases, lectins, saponins, phytic acid and phenolic compounds. Out of all these bioactive compounds, phenolic compounds are of great importance because, apart from contributing to the seed colour and sensory characteristics of the seed, they also provide several biological properties with proposed health-related benefits. Phenolic compounds are natural bioactive compounds found in legumes used for combating free radicals and reducing the oxidative damage responsible by chronic diseases.

This study aims to analyze the influence of innovation and networking on Knowledge Management and its implications on competitive advantage in Small and Medium Enterprises Event Organizer. The type of research used is quantitative with survey method. Research respondents were 55 people from Small and Medium Business Event Organizer in Jakarta. The data were analyzed using Partial Least Square (PLS). The results show that there is an influence of innovation and networking on Knowledge Management and Sustainability Competitive Advantage in Small and Medium Business Event Organizer in Jakarta.

The ferment of cassava is prepared according to various methods by the producers of Attiéké, according to the ethnic group. During the investigation, five main methods of preparation of the cassava ferment, used for the production of Attiéké, were identified. The method of preparation of the ferment from the raw cassava, begin with the cutting roughly or small cylindrical pieces of the not peeled cassava tubers, before the fermentation by all of the producers of Attiéké of the ethnic group Abouré (9.4 %). The fermentation time is of 3 days for the whole boiled and braised peeled cassava, of 2 days for the cassava cut in pieces boiled and of 4 days for the braised not peeled and raw cassava. The packing material is constitutes in the majority of the cases (51.1 %) of bag of polypropylene (collectively called bag of rice or salt). The fishing net and the bag of jute are particularly also used for the ethnic groups Adjoukrou and Abouré. However, the plastic bag is used to create the waterproofness of the packing material and the envelope of the bark of the palm tree to favor the colonization of the cassava by germs fermentatives for the ethnic group Attié. Only the ferment of cut boiled cassava in certain cases, does not undergo cleaning before its use in the process of preparation of Attiéké.

Performance management is the process by which organisations set goals, determine standards, assign and evaluate work, and distribute rewards. But when you operate across different countries and continents, performance management strategies cannot be one dimensional. HR managers need systems that can be applied to a range of cultural values. This paper briefly looks at the various perspectives on this phenomenon.

The study is conducted in the city of Sanlıurfa as a descriptive study, and the aim of the study is to determine the smoking exposure and affecting factors in pregnant women. Sample size is calculated as 256; the estimated smoking cessation rate is 4.4%, the error limit is 2.5% and confidence interval is 95.0%. In the study, it was reported that 9.8% of pregnant women smoke and the average amount of cigarettes smoked per day during pregnancy is 5.3 ± 4.4. For the pregnant women; the mean duration of smoking before pregnancy is 4.6 ± 3.8 years and the average amount of cigarettes smoked per day is 8.9 ± 7.0. Of the women; 41.8% are exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at home, since their husbands smoke; 55.1% are exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at home due to their relatives; and 27.3% are exposed to secondhand tobacco smoke at work. In univariate analyzes, the smoking exposure is found to be higher in the Turkish speaking families than in the Kurdish and Arabic speaking families and in the families in which the husbands earn money than in which husbands don't earn money (p <0.05). Although the rate of pregnant women who smoke is lower than the total value of Turkey; the rate of passive exposure to tobacco smoke is higher. In the light of these results, it is suggested that antenatal care health personnel should provide counseling services regarding harms and passive smoking should be provided to pregnant women, their spouses and their family members and that these informing, counseling and prevention activities for smoking should be performed and generalized throughout Turkey.

Consumption of thermoxidised and photoxidised palm oil diets is known to be harmful to tissues in the body including the reproductive system. It is not known which of these two forms of the commonly consumed vegetable oils is less harmful to reproductive function. Fifteen male Wistar rats weighing 80-125g and aged 19 to 23 weeks were randomly divided into control, thermoxidised palm oil (TPO) and photoxidised palm oil (PPO) diets-fed groups of five rats per group. Control group was fed on plain rat feeds while the other two groups were fed on TPO diet or PPO diet accordingly for 13 weeks. Results demonstrated a significantly lower seminal pH in the PPO-fed than in the TPO-fed group (P<0.01) and control (P<0.05). Sperm motility was significantly reduced in the PPO-fed compared with TPO-fed groups (P<0.05). The viability of sperms was significantly decreased in PPO-fed rats compared with the TPO-fed group (P<0.05) and control (P<0.01). Sperm count was significantly lower in PPO-fed compared with TPO-fed group (P<0.01). Percentage of sperms with morphological defects was significantly higher in the PPO- than in the TPO-fed groups (P<0.01). Serum testosterone concentration was significantly decreased in PPO-fed compared with TPO-fed group (P<0.001). Serum luteinizing hormone (LH) level was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in PPO-fed group compared with control and TPO-fed groups. Serum concentration of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) was significantly decreased (p<0.001) in PPO-fed group compared with control and TPO-fed groups. In conclusion, chronic consumption of PPO diet has greater deleterious effects on male reproductive function than TPO diet

Vitamin D plays a role with hormones in their receptor sites. Without vitamin D, hormones cannot function the way they would normally. The receptor sites malfunction, leaving estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle stimulating hormone in the lurch. Without healthy action at receptor sites, hormones don’t get utilized. The menstrual cycle fails as a result PCOS results. There is no published data about the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and polycystic ovaries syndrome among Sudanese ladies with infertility disorders. To know the association between vitamin D deficiency and polycystic ovaries syndrome among Sudanese ladies with infertility disorders. Descriptive, cross-sectional study, 39 Sudanese ladies with known PCOS and infertility disorders were involved in the study. 71.8% of ladies with polycystic ovaries syndrome were vitamin D deficient. Further studies must be carried out, using large sample size and more than one diagnostic technique.

Basidiomata of a Craterellus sp. were collected from Oaks forest, Swat, Pakistan. Based on morphology and molecular phylogeny, the specimens were identified as Craterellus cinereus. This is first record of occurrence of this genus from Pakistan.

The aim of this research is to know the effectiveness of drinking of mung bean on the increase of Hemoglobin in female adolescents in Paguyaman District. Research type pre-experiment with one group pretest-posttest design. Sample in this research is done with total sampling. The result of the statistical test and the onesample test results obtained p = 0.000 is known that there is a significant difference between pretest and posttest group, therefore the significant value is less than 5% (p = 0.000 <0.05) so that in this case there is effectiveness of giving mung bean drink with hemoglobin increase in adolescent girls in Paguyaman District. This research can be used as input to improve healthy lifestyle and give special attention intake of nutrition consumed by adolescent itself.

This complete enumeration, cross-sectional comparative study was conducted on 62 (29 females; 46.77% and 33 males; 53.23%) first-year MBBS students of a municipal medical college. After explaining the purpose of the study and orienting students about the OSPE procedure and its marking system, written informed consent was obtained from those willing to participate in the study. In the traditional practical examination (TPE), each student tested near and distant vision, which was followed by viva voce on the same procedure and overall marks (out of 20) were allotted by the examiners. During the OSPE, the examiners were provided with a pre-validated checklist containing 10 steps each for examining near vision and distant vision. These examinations were to be carried out within an allotted time of 5 minutes each. One mark was given for correct performance of each step mentioned in the checklist. The maximum marks obtainable were 20 marks - 10 marks each for testing near vision and distant vision. The difference in the overall mean TPE and OSPE scores was highly significant (Z=11.79; p<0.00001). However, the gender difference in mean scores in both TPE and OSPE was not significant. While testing near vision, 69.35% students ensured adequate lighting in the room while 79.03% students tested visual acuity both with and without glasses for subjects who wear glasses. While testing for distant vision, only 24.19% students enquired whether the subject had been prescribed glasses earlier. Thus, for these three OSPE steps, the difference in scores while testing for near and distant vision was statistically significant. Students obtaining relatively lower scores would require remedial training. A larger study would be necessary in order to generalize the results.