The possible etiological factors found in the causation of protein energy malnutrition among young children are non feeding of colostrums, lack of exclusive breast feeding in first six month of life, late introduction of semi solid and solid foods, dilution of top milk accompanied by faulty complementary feeding practices by mother and exacerbated by ignorance in the family and the community of the basic dietary needs of the child, particularly during complementary feeding phase. It has been found that, nutrition education can positively effect changes in the attitudes and practices of mothers and is an extremely valuable tool in alleviating the malnutrition, which may occur as a result of improper feeding practices. Aim of the study is to study of infant feeding practices at a tertiary care centre in central India. Information was collected from interview with the parents and examination of under five years children was entered in a predesigned and pretested proforma of the study. In our study top milk was introduced by 20.6% of mothers below the 6 months of age. Majority of them recived top milk between 6-12 months of age (75%). This study revealed that only 21.8% children were receiving undiluted milk. 1/3 received half diluted (43.7%) and remaining was receiving (34.5%) 1/4 dilution. This dilution of milk was responsible for malnutrition in children

It has been discerning that in approximately 2% of the population one or both the maxillary lateral incisors are congenitally missing. To achieve an optimal aesthetic for missing lateral incisor has been very challenging for a clinician. It is often necessary to establish a harmonious, interdisciplinary approach. There are various treatment options for replacing the missing maxillary lateral incisor, including canine substitution, three unit fixed partial denture or single-tooth dental implant. Dental implants are an appropriate treatment option for replacing missing maxillary lateral incisor teeth in adolescents when their dental and skeletal development is complete. In the present case report, the dental implant with angled abutment was planned as a definitive treatment option for a patient with congenitally missing maxillary lateral incisors.

Down syndrome (DS) is a common chromosomal anomaly. Congenital heart disease (CHD) is main prognostic factor contributing to a favourable or unfavourable outcome in these patients. To study the patterns of congenital heart diseases in children with Down syndrome. Hospital based descriptive type of observational study of 70 patients conducted at SPMCHI, Jaipur from April 2012 to Sept 2013. There were 70 DS children; 46 (65.71%) male and 24 (34.29%) female. Congenital heart disease was detected in 47 (67.14%) DS children. Out of those, 95.74% were detected as acyanotic heart disease and 4.26% were cyanotic heart disease. Total 73 congenital heart defects were detected in 47 DS children with CHD. In these children, 46.81% have single defect, 31.91 % have 2 defects and 21.28 % have multiple defects. In total congenital heart defects ASD (41.10%) was the commonest congenital heart defect followed by PDA (21.92%) and VSD (15.07%). It is imperative to know about presence of congenital heart disease in Down syndrome children. Contrary to result of most of other workers who observed atrioventricular septal defect was commonest defect. In present study ASD, PDA and VSD were the commonest CHD in order of frequency

Abstract: Insufficient physical activity and poor nutrition is a key risk factor for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes which kill 41 million people each year, equivalent to 71% of all deaths globally. This paper discuses physical activity and nutrition with linkage to health; wellbeing. It is a position paper in which importance of physical activities and nutrition to health was discussed extensively from different researcher’s point of view and specifications for different age group were outlined. It was therefore concluded that Good nutrition; an adequate, well balanced diet combined with regular physical activity; is a cornerstone of good health. It was recommended that all adults should avoid inactivity and engage in physical activities and Consumption of a healthy diet throughout the life course helps prevent malnutrition and non communicable diseases.

This research paper aims to identify the highest factor influencing the team climate inventory and explore how demographic variables (individual‘s gender, age, working experience, and Professional role which includes (Nurse, General Practitioner, Specialist Nurse, Health visitor, Hospital Manger and other allied health professionals), were significantly influencing the factors of team climate inventory. And secondly, want to investigate whether Team climate is superior in smaller teams than in bigger teams. The TCI is based on a four-factor theory of team climate for innovation. The sample would consist of a random sample of 250 health care employees including doctors, nurses, Specialist Nurses (SN), Hospital manager (HM), General Practitioner (GP), pharmacists and allied health personnel working in primary health care setting in Saudi Arabia. To assess the reliability of the TCI in healthcare teams, we calculated the internal homogeneity by calculating Cronbach‘s alpha coefficients for the scales emerging from the factor analyses.

Criticim Republic of Indonesia Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower is often the spotlight of labor activists. The "outsourcing" employment contract system for plantation workers is seen as a practice of fragmentation, degradative, discriminatory and exploitative effects on workers. Researchers on Nias migrant workers in Pelalawan Riau HTI plantations are interpretations of the meaning of the assumption of labor exploitation with a qualitative method approach. Results of research on Nias migrant workers in HTI found that the application of the outsourcing system is one form of labor exploitation. The level of education and openness to initial information when in the recruitment process does not work properly. Workers are "locked up" by agents through power structures that influence each other in dominant and subordinate power. Model debt and payroll system it does not bring prosperity, instead, workers are trapped in a cycle of poverty and exploitative. The head of the group (kepala rombongan) (KR) as a “wild agent" and the contractor of the company providing labor actually became an exploitative agent. The dream of workers getting social security, THR, and welfare is gone when they see the situation they are treated like a slave. Finally, Nias migrant workers can only come out if they struggle through resistance and are assisted by "hands" of observers engaged in the struggle for labor advocacy.

The important role of malnutrition in child death is that most nutritional deficiencies, including vitamin A and Zinc, impair immune function and other host defenses leading to a cycle of longer lasting and more severe infection and even worsening nutritional status. Thus inadequate intake, infection and poor nutritional status are intimately linked. Aim is to study the contact of TB and measles in malnourished children. Information was collected from interview with the parents and examination of under five years children was entered in a predesigned and pretested proforma of the study. History of contact of tuberculosis was present in 9.2% children. While measles in malnourished children is 31.1%, which has significance, precipitate of severe grade of malnutrition as compared to no history of measles

Islam is a comprehensive system of life. It was built upon fire pillars viz. monotheism, Salat, zakat, fasting and pilgrimage. Zakat as one of these five pillars of Islam has a special consideration through which if a Muslim (to whom it was prescribed) fails to establish becomes incomplete Muslim. It is obligatory upon those who are wealthy to take out some specific portion of their wealth to those who are poor. This system has many advantages among various Muslim communities. It will instill the attitude of love, intimacy and affection between a rich and a poor, and more importantly, zakat often help towards the alleviation of poverty in the society. For this, Islam put the responsibility of collecting the zakat on a government from the wealthy people and to distribute it to those who are needy. As such many Muslim states in Nigeria today have established Zakat and Endowment Institutions / Organizations to carry out this task. Sokoto state is one of these states where zakat Committee was upgraded to Zakat Commission in December 2016. The activities of the Commission contributed immensely towards the alleviation of poverty in the state. Thus, this paper aims to examine to what extent the Sokoto State Zakat Commission contributed in the eradication of poverty in Nigeria and Sokoto state in particular.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have higher HOMA-IR index compared to otherwise healthy metabolic syndrome controls. The aim of this work was to compare the biochemical profile, symptoms and signs of Metabolic Syndrome (MS), between chronic kidney disease patients and non-chronic kidney disease metabolic syndrome subjects, using the World Health Organization criteria. it is a case-control study. Among the CKD patients, 20 patients fulfilling the criteria for metabolic syndrome were included in the study and compared with the age, sex matched otherwise healthy metabolic syndrome subjects. Individuals aged >18 yrs and above were included in the study. Fasting glucose, anthropometric measurements, lipid estimations, and biochemical parameters were done in all the participants, who fulfilled the WHO criteria of metabolic syndrome. All the cases belonged to stages 3 & 4 of CKD. Presence of symptoms among cases were due to their CKD condition, waist hip ratio (W/H) ratio is significantly higher in cases than controls (P<0.05). Both systolic as well as diastolic blood pressure is higher in cases (M 142±19.6, F141 ± 11.3).There was significant difference in the HDL and LDL level among cases and controls HDL level being higher in females among cases(F 46.5±8.31) , whereas LDL level was higher in females among controls (F111.3±55.9). Fasting insulin level was significantly lower among cases in both females and males (Case; M 42.6±8.3, F32.04+14.4; Controls; M56.5±6.6, F 57.5±9.4) similarly HOMA-IR values were significantly lower in cases than controls (Case M7.9±0.86, F7.4±3.7, Controls M13.4±3.5 F12.1±3.4).None of the comparative studies, between CKD and otherwise healthy metabolic syndrome cases have reported higher HOMA-IR levels in controls than CKD patients. HSCrp level was higher in cases than controls (case M 9.3±9.6 F5.9±7.2; Controls M2.5±3.2, F1.9±2.4). Sodium and Potassium levels were significantly higher in cases than controls. Calcium levels were higher in controls than cases, alkaline phosphatase is significantly higher in cases than controls. Though both the cases and controls, are insulin resistant, there is significant difference between HOMA –IR index among cases and controls, HOMA-IR value is higher among controls than CKD patients.

Investors can choose to invest in the real investment sector or in the financial sector. The decision to choose the investment sector is mainly determined by the amount of return (return) generated and the risk (risk) that will be received by investors due to the investment. Theoretically the risks and returns received from an investment will go hand in hand. The higher the rewards expected to be received, the greater the risk that investors will receive. Fama (1970) classified information into three types, namely; (i) oast price change (past price changes), (ii) public information (publicly available information) and (iii) public and private information (good information available to the public and not). The efficient market hypothesis has been widely tested and, with the data in a wide variety of markets and variety result. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, we seem to be entering a stage where widely scattered and as yet incohesive evidence is arising which seems to be inconsistent with the theory. Daily observations are taken for the period January 2017 to December 2017 on LQ-45 at IDX. Autocorrelation, Ljung-Box Qstatistic Test, to test the hypothesis that the stock market follows a random walk. Daily returns are not normally distributed, because they are negatively skewed and leptokurtic. In aggregate we concluded that the daily prices do not follows random walks in LQ-45 IDX. The investors can take the stream of benefits through arbitrage process from profitable opportunities across these markets.

The study conducted was to evaluate the quality of oral pediatric antimalarials drugs found in the formal and informal sectors of the city of Douala: particular case of syrups and suspensions of quinine and some powders for oral suspension of artemether-luméfantrine. An analytical study was made on 100 samples selected at random sanitary formations, whole salers distributors and markets of illicit distribution found in the various districts of the city of Douala at which the takings were made. The labeling, the visual aspect, the pharmaco-technical parameters (pH, density, volume) and physic chemical parameters (identification, dosage and stability of actives ingredients) of the different samples were estimated. The results of the analyzes showed an global rate of non-compliance of 77%, the informal sector was the most represented with 92% of its samples non-compliant as compared to 62% in the formal sector. The pharmaco-technical non-compliance concerns the pH with 30%, then the density with 46.7% and the volume 46.7%. The physico-chemical non-compliance concerns the identification of the active substance with 2% and the dosage of active substances with 77%. As regard the stability of the reconstituted suspensions, the pH was stable during 14 days after the reconstitution whereas 22.7% of samples saw their concentration of artemether reduce more than 10% and 41.4% of samples for the lumefantrine. In view of all this, the WHO recommends instead the use of dispersible compressed forms for the treatment of simple malaria in children

Health care professionals whose duty it is to protect patients from acquiring infections while hospitalised or while in a health care set up. By maintaining an infection free environment, the patient’s recovery will be promoted and high-quality nursing care will be delivered. The main purpose of this study was to identify the factors responsible for compliance of infection control measures among health professionals.A quantitative descriptive study was conducted at A.J. Institute of Medical sciences and research center hospital, Mangaluru. Data was collected from a total of 80 staff nurses and 70 other health professionals using the Self-developed validated self administered assessment tool. According to this study all, the participants reported that availability of infection control measures were adequate and reported adequate provision of protective materials.

The ascendancy of neoliberalism and the associated discourses of „new public management‟, during the 1980s and 1990s has produced a fundamental shift in the way universities and other institutions of higher education have defined and justified their institutional existence. The traditional professional culture of open intellectual enquiry and debate has been replaced with a institutional stress on performativity, as evidenced by the emergence of an emphasis on measured outputs: on strategic planning, performance indicators, quality assurance measures and academic audits. This paper traces the links between neoliberalism and globalization on the one hand, and neoliberalism and the knowledge economy on the other. It maintains that in a global neoliberal environment, the role of higher education for the economy is seen by governments as having greater importance to the extent that higher education has become the new star ship in the policy fleet for governments around the world. Universities are seen as a key driver in the knowledge economy and as a consequence higher education institutions have been encouraged to develop links with industry and business in a series of new venture partnerships. The recognition of economic importance of higher education and the necessity for economic viability has seen initiatives to promote greater entrepreneurial skills as well as the development of new performative measures to enhance output and to establish and achieve targets.

Although it has been composed of 5 (five) new autonomous regions, but to build the Nias Islands must be done integratively because it is in one region and supported by the similarity of identity, that is a unity as Nias ethnicity. But the fact is showing that the bureaucracy elites are difficult to cooperate, trying to build their own identity based on their territory. The focus of this research is to find out why bureacucracy elites are doing contestation after the teritorial split, what local identities are used and how local identities are used. To explain the phenomenon as the locus of this research, the theoretical concept politics of identity from Giddens were using to explore why the local elite was using politic of identity to control local resources, what interests are behind them all? Under such identity conditions, bureaucracy elites construct an identity for the interests of the elite and put more emphasis on the power aspect to gain political and economic resources. Methodologically, this research is a qualitative research with descriptive approach, so the description of the phenomena seen in Nias Island can be interpreted and better understood. The results of this study showing that, the hidden agenda of the contestation among the bureaucracy elite in the Nias Islands basically is to set up a new power in the new territory. Local identity that is carried out is the result of reconstruction of the elite as as flexible identity of the ethnic community of Nias.

Abstract: Bladder exstrophy is an anterior midline defect. Women with bladder extrophy are fertile and able to have children without this disease. However, Patients undertaking pregnancy after surgical repair of such an anomaly are rare. Pregnancy is often complicated. We report in this work the case of a 24-year-old pregnant patient, operated at birth for bladder extrophy, presenting at 28 weeks of amenorrhea for premature rupture of membranes with uterine prolapse.