To assess the clinical outcome of oral Vitamin D3 Supplementation in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients with generalised chronic adult Periodontitis. A total of 92 subjects, comprising 46 in non diabetic and 46 in diabetic group were enrolled in the clinical trial according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Periodontal clinical parameter, Probing Pocket Depth (PPD) was assessed at baseline. Following initial examination Scaling and root planing was completed for all the subjects enrolled in the study and by cluster randomization first 25 subject subjects from each group were supplemented with oral vitamin D3 granules of 60,000IU once a week for 8 weeks following SRP. At the end of the study after 8 weeks, Probing Pocket Depth was reassessed. Significant improvement was seen in both interventions namely SRP +VITAMIN D and SRP alone .But marked reduction in PPD was seen in SRP+vitamin D supplemented group. Reduction in PPD was more for Non diabetic subjects when compared to Diabetic subjects. Vitamin D supplementation can be used as an adjunct to SRP for both diabetic and non diabetic patients with chronic periodontitis in vitamin D deficient subjects.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors of the neck and back pain among students and staff of the Dental centre, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH). This study was conducted among one hundred subjects, comprising of ten consultants, eight residents, fourteen house officers, fortythree dental students, fifteen dental surgery assistants, four therapists and six technologists. Evaluation of the subjects with self-administered questionnaires was done, which comprised subjects’ biodata, posture during work, rest period at work, exercise during rest and location of pain. Pain severity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (0 -10) pain scores. Fifty-eight percent of the participants were female, with male to female ratio of 1:1.34 and mean age was 30.23±8.49years. Seventy-six percent (76%) had experienced back pain with neck pain predominating in 38.2% followed by upper back pain (31.6%). There was no statistical difference between the percentage of males (76.2%) and females (75.9%) that have experienced musculoskeletal pain. According to the cadre of the respondents; 100% of residents, 90% of consultants, 86.7% of DSA and 83.3% of dental technologist have experienced musculoskeletal pain in their practice. Only 14.5% of the respondents had missed practice due to pain. Majority (49.0%) compromised their posture while working and only 9% do any form of exercise during rest period. There is a high prevalence of neck and back pain among dental professionals in this study. Years of practice, number of patients seen per day and posture plays a vital role. Hence, a review of the practice of dentistry is needed.

The paper dwells on the concept of Barakah (blessing) reiterating its origin and the position of the Prophet as the most blessed of all the creations. The concept of Barakah as explored in the paper belongs to Allah who allots it to His creatures according to His will and mercy. The paper focuses mainly on how the companions of the Prophet acquired the Barakah of the Prophet. Reference is made to authentic Prophetic traditions on how the companions of the Prophet yearned for the blessing in his hair and in the fragrance of his sweat. The companions had also contested for leftover water of his ablution in order to gain Barakah. It is in the light of this that that the paper discusses the emphasis of the Glorious Qur’an and the Sunnah on the relevance of the barakah of the Prophet in averting the wrath of Allah as well as the effect of the blessings of the Prophet on food and water. As states in the paper, strict compliance with the teachings of the Prophet accorded the companions of the Prophet his blessings. The paper recommends to the Muslims the need to believe that the Prophet is a mercy to mankind and his blessing could be acquired through invocation of blessing on him and compliance with his teachings.

Choice of science based careers by female students in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutes and particularly Technical and Training Institutes (TTIs) has attracted a lot of attention of education planners, economists and administrators the world over. Female students choosing careers in TVET science programmes are still few and especially in Siaya County, Kenya. The study was based on social Cognitive. The study adopted descriptive survey design. The research instruments were questionnaires the sample size was 316 female students sampled using census method. Tools in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used to analyze data. Frequencies, percentages and means were computed. Inferential statistics such as regression coefficients, T-statistics, F-statistics, correlation of coefficients shall were derived. Charts, graphs and tables were used to present the findings. It was found out that there exists a negative and statistically significant relationship between socio-cultural factors and female students‟ choice of career in science TVET Programmes (r=-0.546**; p<0.01). The significance of this study is that the findings could be used to come up with policies on how to increase the number of female students choosing careers in TVET. This could guarantee employment opportunities for women in the country which in turn could raise their standard of living.

This paper examines the History of Manyani Detention Camp from 1952 to 1963. From 1952 onwards, the British government established detention camps where suspected Mau Mau fighters and their sympathizers were incarcerated. Manyani was started as a holding camp for “hard core” Mau Mau fighters. Manyani held Mau Mau fighters from 1952 to 1963. The colonial government preferred Manyani detention camp because of its harsh environment that was expected to exert maximum physical torture on the detainees so that they could plead guilty and assist in ending the Mau Mau uprising. The paper shows Manyani detention camps as an institution of political domination and control during the state Emergency in Kenya. The paper is a contribution to the historiography of prisons in Kenya.

This paper aims to focus, to bring the existing misperception of the letters „p‟ and „b‟ in panoramic view, to make the readers understand that there is nothing defective on the side of the speakers‟ in comprehending the sounds of the letters /p/ and /b/ when they listen to, alike other phonemic sounds. Further, it is to exercise the spectrographic picturization of the aforementioned letters for the scientific development, the theories involved in, and to bring out the linguistic phenomenon spread over the pronunciation of /p/ and /b/ phonemes.

The present study is planned to analyze radiographically examined success and failure of endodontically treated teeth among the patients who came at Taibah dental clinics, Saudi Arabia. One hundred (N=100) endodontically treated teeth were clinically examined by using dental mirror, dental explorer and periodontal probe. The periapical radiographs of these teeth were radiographically examined. Several reasons including defective restoration, periodontal disease, recurrent caries, under filling, poor density obturation, over filling and many others of each root filled canal were recorded in the patient data sheets. Chi square test was applied to determine statistical significance if any. Our study demonstrates 20% success rate of endodontic treatment while failure was recorded in 65% and potential failure in 15% of cases. Clinical data revealed defective restoration in 84% followed by periodontal disease (62%), recurrent caries (52%). When endodontic treatment was radiographically evaluated, periodontal lesion was observed in 74% followed by recurrent caries (73%), under obturation (50%), poor density obturation in (48%) of the cases. Defective restoration, poor density obturation, under obturation and periodontal diseases were significantly (p=0.001) associated with endodontic failure while periodontal disease is posing significantly higher risk of potential failure in this study. The success rate of endodontic treatment was found only in 20% and the most common cause of its failure was defective restoration followed by periodontal lesion, recurrent caries, under filling, poor density obturation etc.

In the food industry, some additives such as carob bean gum are highly sought after thanks to their power to present, even at low concentrations, a particular texture, guaranteeing stability, attending sanitary quality, and improving the taste and appearance of food. The main problem in the valorization of such seeds is the presence of shrinkage phenomenon issued from the airflow drying, which would lead to altering the functional quality. It would be also possible to meet among the problems, the risks of contamination by microbes, insects and larvae. It is obvious that an adequate intensification of the drying should address such issues while preserving the functional quality. The current work aimed at identifying the ability of DIC (instant controlled pressure-drop) processing to confer the seeds higher porosity, better tortuosity, greater exchange surface, that they get better aptitude to dry, to allow an effective decontamination that it can even reach a sterilization level of these seeds, while, by instant cooling, to preserve even improve their own functional (rheological) quality. The kinetic of DIC-assisted airflow drying was analyzed using the phenomenological Coupled Washing/Diffusion (CWD) model. Since DIC is a perfectly controlled hightemperature/short-time process, an adequate Design of Experiment DoE was used through operating parameters of saturated steam pressure (P), processing time (t), and number of cycles (c), to measure the washing starting accessibility and the effective diffusivity. It, also, was possible to assess the functional properties and rheological attributes, for systematically performing the statistical calculation of the DoE using Statgraphics software.

Periodontal disease, caused mainly by bacteria, is characterized by inflammation and destruction of the attachment apparatus of the teeth. Periodontitis is a multi-factorial disease with microbial dental plaque as the initiator of periodontal disease. Studies indicate that the periodontal lesion is not strictly a localized process but may lead to systemic alterations in the immune function. The present study intends to evaluate the correlation of clinical attachment level and C-reactive protein levels in smoker and non-smoker patients with chronic generalized periodontitis. A total of fifty patients were included in the study, and they were divided into two group. Group A consisting of 25 patients who are smokers and they are having chronic generalized periodontitis, while Group B consist of 25 patients who are nonsmokers and having chronic generalized periodontitis. In the study clinical parameters we checked were Oral hygiene index – Simplified (OHI-S), Gingival Index (GI), Probing pocket depth (PPD) and Clinical Attachment level (CAL). Furthermore, CRP was evaluated as well between Group-A (Smokers with chronic generalized periodontitis) and Group-B (Nonsmokers with chronic generalized periodontitis). The results showed higher OHI – S, PPD, CAL and CRP levels in Group - A (Smokers having chronic generalized periodontitis) than Group - B (Nonsmokers having chronic generalized periodontitis). GI score was higher in Group - B as compared to Group - A. Increased levels of clinical attachment level (CAL) were seen in smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis. Significantly an increased level of C - reactive protein (CRP) was seen in smokers suffering from chronic periodontitis. Correlation between Clinical attachment level (CAL) and Creactive protein levels (CRP) was very strongly positive and significant. Suggesting, as value of CAL increases, CRP also increases.

Prior to initiation of endodontic treatment possibility of extra roots and canals should be considered. The incidence of three canals in mandibular second premolar has been found to be between 0.46-0.5%. The present series describes nonsurgical endodontic treatment of a mandibular second premolar having three canals and three roots and a mandibular first premolar having two roots and three canals. In the first case, three orifices were located and in the second case a single orifice which bifurcated into two canals in the coronal portion and then one canal further divided into two and three canals exited from the apex was seen. With good operator skill and knowledge of root canal anatomies, teeth with extremely complex root canal morphologies can have successful treatment outcome even if treated non-surgically.

It is believed that Walter Benjamin‟s theory is the combination with theology and Marxism. His Messianic thought especially expressed the idea of redemption which was the critique of the industrial progress. He was trying to criticize the consumer economy which was full of powers and desires. At the same time, he believed that Messiah is from the secular world and was trying to revert it to the original world. Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption was a representative work of expressing redemption. It not only redeemed himself but also helped other people get redemption. This paper interprets the book of Rita Hayworth and the Shawshank Redemption from the perspective of Benjamin‟s Messianisim. The first part is the introduction of the book and Benjamin‟s Messianic thought. The second part is the interpretations of the three protagonists: Andy, Red and Tommy. This part illustrates the reflections of Messianic redemption thought in these three persons and the Shawshank Prison. All of them wanted to revert back the original life and freedom. The third part is about how to accelerate the coming of Messiah: the pursuit of secular happiness and the death of tragic hero. The fourth part is the coming of Messiah and getting redemption.

Variation of Jebel Aulia Reservoir levels along White Nile River causes wider variation of the wetted area. This adds to the challenges for the pumping water for irrigation. Historically, there was always the tendency to maintain high reservoir levels in favor of the upstream pumping stations. The aim of this study is to assess possible impacts of changing the operation rules of Jebel Aulia Reservoir. Water balance approach has been applied to investigate the existing and three modified operation policy. The evaluated parameters include duration of high reservoir levels preferred by pumping schemes, satisfaction of downstream water demands and area of flood plain agriculture (Guroof), evaporation and hydropower generation. Scenario 2 was found to be the best in obtaining high reservoir level and given the highest annual hydropower production. Scenario 3 was found to be the best in terms of evaporation losses and the downstream demands.

The least squares weighted residual method was used in this work to solve the boundary value problem (BVP) of an Euler column of length l fixed at x = 0, and pinned at x = l. Polynomial shape (spline) functions for Euler columns with fixedpinned ends were used to obtain one – and two parameter buckling shape functions in terms of unknown generalised parameters. The one and two parameter buckling shape functions were used to construct least squares weighted residual integral statements of the boundary value problem. The least squares weighted residual statements simplified the boundary value problem (BVP) to algebraic eigenvalue – eigenvector problems. The solution for non trivial cases yielded characteristic buckling equations which were solved to obtain the buckling loads. One parameter coordinate shape function yielded the critical load as Qcr = 21EI/l2, while the two parameter buckling shape function yielded Qcr = 20.34614EI/l2. One parameter least squares weighted residual solution yielded a relative error of 4 % while the two parameter least squares weighted residual solution yielded a relative error of 0.77% compared to the exact solution.

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is rapidly developing with the government's vision (Saudi 2030 Vision) of working towards a developed nation by the year 2030. Government have implemented various types of development such as schools, government offices, hospitals, factories and, housing schemes, etc. It also aims to implement green building designs thereby using a recyclable structural material for construction such as Steel is a positive step. The use of truss design, construction, erection and installation is very popular due to it conventional configurations and popularity within the industry for its long spanning and lightness. Nevertheless, its selection and optimum design still needs proper attention. This paper addresses a parametric study to analyze and design single-story industrial buildings located in Madinah City using structural analysis and design software SAP2000®. Standards of the Saudi Building Codes SBC are used for the design purpose. The basic data related to wind intensity; dead and live loadings are obtained from SBC301. The dimensions of the two industrial buildings are (20mx35m and 30mx60m) with single span of 20m and 30m. Two different types of trusses are used thus gave rise to four cases. The design is carried out for the maximum capacities (compression, tension and shearing) of structural members to guarantee the structural safety. The purpose of this study is to understand the design philosophy and to give useful recommendations for the optimal and safe design of trusses with minimization of construction cost and time savings of industrial buildings.

In this work, the Picard’s successive iteration method was used to solve the elastic buckling problem of Euler columns with pinned ends. The problem was represented by a second order ordinary differential equation in the deflection function subject to the boundary conditions at the pinned ends. The boundary value problem was expressed in integral form, and the Picard’s iteration scheme developed from the integral form. A suitable buckling shape function was used to obtain an initial approximation to the deflection, and the Picard’s iteration scheme used to obtain first, second and third iterations for the modal buckling functions through the use of corresponding boundary conditions. Corresponding Picard’s approximations for the first, second and third iterations of the critical buckling load were obtained as 1 2 ( ) 9 6 0 / . , cr P E I l  ( ) 2 2 9 8361 / . cr EI l  and ( ) 3 2 9 8657 / . . cr EI l  The errors in the first, second and third iterates of the critical buckling load were -2.732%, -0.339% and -0.040% respectively. The use of the exact buckling shape function in the Picard’s iteration scheme was found to result in the exact closed form solution for the critical buckling load.