Preconception and pregnancy care is important for better pregnancy outcome. Awareness of both male and female is necessary for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality in developing country like Nepal. The objective was to find out level of awareness on preconception and pregnancy care among bachelor level students of Dharan. Descriptive design was used for the study. Purposive sampling method was used to select 50 students from each college. Four colleges were selected through simple random sampling from 16 colleges and a total of 200 students who were studying bachelor final year were selected for study. Data were collected by self-administered Semi structured questionnaires. The result shows that 24.5% of total respondents heard about folic acid. Among them 7% were male respondents and 17.5% were female respondents. Majority (89%) of respondents accepts that male’s awareness is important for better pregnancy outcome. Female (mean awareness=55.2) were more aware than male (mean awareness=52.61) respondents on preconception and pregnancy care. Female were more aware on both preconception and pregnancy care. The source of information (media, newspaper) is associated with level of awareness. (p=0.010). Awareness level is related to employment status with higher proportion of employed individuals showing average awareness level (p=0.014). An equal to half (50.5%) of respondents have average awareness level on preconception and pregnancy care. The study concludes female (17.5%) have more good awareness level than male (7%) respondents.

CT scan is a revolutionized diagnostic imaging modality that allows threedimensional visualization of a region of the body in different planes. Besides its advantages, CT has disadvantages as well. The radiations used in CT scans are ionizing X-ray radiations which increase the risk of cancer progression. The rate of unnecessary CT scans has increased over the past few years which has resulted in increased exposure to the patient and increased healthcare cost as well. The aim of this study was to determine the actual rate of unnecessary CT scans in a tertiary care hospital of our country. The study was conducted on 385 patients in the Aziz Bhatti Shaheed Teaching Hospital, Gujrat in time duration of three months. It was an observational cross-sectional study. Scoring of the results was done by the co-supervisor having an experience of over 15 years. The scoring system was categorized from score 0 to score 2.Score 0 had no pathological finding, score 1 had suspicious finding and score 2 had confirmed pathological finding mentioned in the request form. A total of 385 patients were included in this research 162 females (42.1%) and 223 males(57.9%) with a mean age of 38.2±22.5-year (1-100 years).In this study 147 patients(38.2%) were categorized underscore 0 they were having no pathological finding and their results were normal,25 patients(6.5%) were categorized underscore 1 they had suspicious findings and were considered for follow up scan and the remaining 213(55.3%) patients were categorized underscore 2 they had confirmed pathology. Results concluded that the rate of unnecessary CT scans performed in this country is 38.2% which is considerably high. Unnecessary CT scans can lead to the risk of developing contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) due to radiation exposure. The high cost of this test may cause a delay in the treatment of the patients.

The aim of the study was to of ventricular remodeling in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) I-III functional class (FC). In patients with CHF left ventricular remodeling leads not only to re-structure of left ventricular (LV) which accompanied by dilatation and thinning of the cavity, reducing myocardial contractility, but also to changes of geometric shapes of left ventricular and to diastolic dysfunction of LV with domination of the disturbance of relaxation.

Indonesia is one of the countries with a large number of corruption cases. Criminal acts of corruption in Indonesia have been pervasive and have entered into all walks of life. Its development continues to increase from year to year, in the number of cases that occur and the amount of state financial losses and regarding the quality of criminal acts of corruption carried out more systematically that has entered aspects of community life. Increased uncontrolled corruption will bring impacts that are not only limited to the life of the national economy but also to the life of the nation and state in general. This study uses a normative and empirical juridical approach. Normative research is carried out on the theoretical matters of legal principles relating to law enforcement in the case of corruption in Indonesia. This research method uses several approaches to produce a reasonable conclusion. The strategy of prosecuting policies in certain crimes must pay attention to the nature of the problem. If the nature of the problem is more on economic or trade issues, it should take precedence over sanctions for action and/or fines. The formulation of sanctions between Article 2 and Article 3 of this Law is contrary to the general provisions concerning sanctions regulated in the Criminal Code. In the Criminal Code determines if an act is carried out because of position and violates the authority. It is a criminal weight, while in this law in Article 3 which is an act as stipulated in Article 2 but carried out by misusing the authority, opportunity or means that exists because of the position or position but the threat is lighter than in Article 2. If the special law makes a particular minimum criminal threat, then it must be accompanied by rules/guidelines for its application such as comparative problems between specific minimums and maximal in particular. There should be a unique pattern that should be followed in other Article formulations. For example in Article 2 paragraph (1) the comparison is 1: 4 while in Article 3 the comparison is 1:20. There should be a similar pattern applied in each Article in the formulation of specific minimum provisions.

To determine antimycobacterium and dTDP rhamnose inhibitor activity of the synthesized azetidinone, thiazolidinone derivatives of thiazole, we studied different derivatives for the activity. One pot synthesis of 2-amino-4-methylthiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester has been carried out and synthesized different derivative compounds. Compounds were tested for antimicrobial activity against different strains of microorganism and antitubercular activity against M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Compounds 7c, 7d, 7i, 8d, 8e, 8g and 8h, were showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhosa using Gentamycin as standard, while 7b, 7e, 7f, 7i, 8b, 8e, 8f and 8i showed very strong antimycobacterial activity using rifampicine as a standard. Thiazole derivatives especially with carbonyl group scaffold inhibit an enzyme RmlC, which is an essential component for the biosynthesis of dTDP-rhamnose and produce good antimycobacterium and antimicrobial activity.

Hypertension is an important public health problem in both economically developed and developing nations. Worldwide, 7.6 million premature deaths were attributed to high blood pressure. Hypertension has been associated with increased risk of coronary artery disease and is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The aim of this retrospective study about 312 cases was to determine differences in treatment and control rates of hypertension between male and female and to research the frequency of associated cardiovascular risk factors in the hypertensive population in Zaatari camp deployed in Jordan for Syrian refugees [9]. Our study confirmed the high prevalence of hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factor. Although women are better treated, much remains to be done to reach BP goal for themselves and also for the rest of the patients.

The tibia is the strong weight bearing bone of the leg. It has usually a single nutrient foramen. Of late, tibia is gaining importance in determining the stature, sex and race of individuals and in the identification of missing persons. The dry bone specimens were obtained from the department of anatomy of our institution. A total of seven morphometric parameters were obtained for the study. The number of nutrient foramen present and their location were recorded. The cross sectional index, cnemicus index, length-thickness index, and the proximal - distal surface index were arrived from the data obtained. A single nutrient foramen was observed in the study; located in the upper one third of tibia in its posterior surface. The results are presented as descriptive statistics (mean ± SD); and standard errors of estimate (SEE) for right and left tibia and total tibia. The mean differences obtained are not statistically significant. The confidence interval of SD or SEM is less than 1. The two – tailed P value equals less than 1and is not statistically significant. Tibia has a single nutrient foramen in the upper one third of tibia in its posterior surface. The morphometric parameters obtained and the indices derived differed widely among the different studies. The differences may be due delicate variations in the measurements. There is a need for defining the parameters by further studies for the better utilization of morphometry of tibia.

Recurrent pancreatitis is associated with minor duodenal papilla. Minor and major duodenal papillae are necessary for the endoscopist to perform the dilation, stenting, or papillotomy of the minor papilla. 50 formalin fixed cadavers (Male - 41; Female - 9) with age group ranged between 35 - 60 years from the departments of Anatomy, J.J.M Medical College, Davengere, Karnataka & Chennai Medical College, Trichy, Tamilnadu were utilized to study the position of minor duodenal papilla related to major duodenal papilla in pancreatico-duodenal specimens. The minor duodenal papilla was present in 46 (92%) out of 50 specimens whereas in 4 specimens (8%) the minor duodenal papilla was absent. The position of the minor duodenal papilla in relation to that of major duodenal papilla was recorded. In 37 specimens (80.43%) it was anterosuperior to the major papilla and in 9 specimens (19.56%) it was directly superior to the major papilla and opens at second part of duodenum. The distance between the minor and major papillae varied from 1.3 cm to 4.3 cm, the average being 2.35 cm was noted and recorded in the present study. Endoscopy assisted surgeries need anatomical knowledge in understanding the position of the minor duodenal papilla relation to the major duodenal papilla and its clinical importance.

Tea is common drinks in Saudi Arabia, as in the overall world for its desirable aroma, taste and putative positive physiological functions. According to recent estimates by FAO, approximately 5.35 million tons of tea were produced in the year 2013 with a total of 3.52 million ha land area under tea cultivation. Estimates show that approximately 70 % of the total world population consumes tea infusion (i.e., water extract of made tea). Contaminants may vary in the soil, air, or water in which the plants of tea are grown. There is an abundance of literature demonstrating the adverse health effects of various heavy metal and metalloid elements on the human organism. Our objective in this research is determination the trace metals which have directly effect on the human health and pollution of the environment. The samples were randomly collected from the markets and hyper markets in Eastern region, the collected samples of tea powder were stored at room temperature in dry containers for further process. The diluted digests analyzed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP-OES). The concentrations of anion groups in the selected samples were high and might affect the health of the consumers of the tea as the result showed; SO4 was ranged between 16 to 35 mg/L, NO3 was ranged between 0.1 to 5.8 mg/L, NO2 was ranged between 0 to 0.012 mg/L, PO4 was ranged between 0.29 to 1.28 mg/L and NH3 was ranged between 0.36 to 0.49 mg/L. The concentrations of nontoxic heavy metals in tea samples also were high e.g., Ca concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 173.31 and minimum concentration was 48.55, Fe concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 49.861 in some of the samples. K concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 158.96 to 101.69, Mg concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 150.24 and minimum concentration was 24.913. About toxic heavy metals in tea samples such as Al concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 47.276 and minimum concentration was 18.925, Cd concentration (gm/kg) the maximum concentration was 0.0339 and minimum concentration was 0, Cr concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 1.9132 and minimum concentration was 0, Pb concentration (mg/kg) the maximum concentration was 72.317 and minimum concentration was 0.1185.

The concept of sexuality education has been a topical issue and its inclusion in the school curriculum has generated and is still generating a lot of interest in Nigeria. The controversy around sexuality education stems from the fact that most people do not have an accurate understanding of what sexuality education is all about and the benefits that could be derived from it. Sexuality education is an education and moral process designed to assist young people in their physical, social, emotional and moral development as they prepare for adulthood, marriage, parenthood and ageing, as well as their social relationship in the socio- cultural context of family and society. Functional education, a major factor in the development process, to be relevant, must help appropriately an individual to understand his/her own culture and integrate into the other cultures, foreign or local, for the proper enhancement of his/her ways of life. The objective of sexuality education is to promote the proper development of personality, sexual well-being and quality of life of the population as a whole and thus implies that its contents cover all aspects of life in society, namely economic, political, social, legal, health, cultural and spiritual, making sure that both individual and collective interests work in harmony for the goodness of individuals and the society as a whole.

Poor response of fungal nail infection to topical treatment with antimycosis is probably related to poor drug permeation into the infected nail. Niosomes are the nano carriers which play an increasingly important role in drug delivery as they can reduce toxicity and modify pharmacokinetics and bio availability. Oxiconazole nitrate is a potent antifungal drug used in the treatment of fungal infections. The aim was to develop Oxiconazole nitrate Noisome using thin film hydration method and optimized for molar quantities of span 60 and cholesterol to impart desirable characteristics. And the formulation was evaluated for entrapment efficiency and invitro drug release. The entrapment efficiency was found in the range of 76.05-94.64%and invitro drug release in the range of 49.03-67.26%. Oxiconazole Nitrate Noisome formulated with span 60 and cholesterol in the ratio of 1.5:0.2 were found to be promising and were incoparated into 1% carbapol gel. The formulated gel was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters and antifungal activity. The invitro drug release study was carried out using phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 and was found to be 67.95% in 6 hours. Gel formulation containing Noisome loaded with oxiconazole showed prolonged action than the non niosomal form and it can be developed successfully to improve antifungal activity.

Garment factories in India is the second largest sector for employment, approximately 60% of the population employed in the garment industry are women. Menstrual cycle is a physiological phenomenon during reproductive life of women. Its phases are influenced by alteration in the concentration of hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. Fluctuating levels of sex steroids across normal menstrual cycle affect sensory- motor association of an individual. So this study was done to assess the muscle performance capability in terms of hand grip strength (strength of upper limb muscles) as Maximum Voluntary Contraction (MVC) and time for fatigue at 30% of MVC during Menstrual, Proliferative and Secretory Phase of menstrual cycle among 54 garment workers. Maximum voluntary contraction was higher during secretory phase than proliferative and menstrual phase. And time to fatigue at 30% MVC was also found to be higher during secretory and proliferative phase compared to menstrual phase. Overall muscle performance capability was found to be better during secretory phase of menstrual cycle, may be due to increased blood flow to the muscle and glycogen storage under the influence of estrogen and progesterone. Estimation of female sex hormones during different phases and its correlation to muscle performance may reveal more facts.

Despite the availability of efficacious anti-obesity drugs (AOD), very few doctors are prescribing them to the patients. To assess the anti-obesity drug (AOD) prescription pattern in obese patients. Ninety four obese patients were studied at Department of Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, L N Medical College and research Center Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh from March 2017 to February 2018. Data analysis was done using SPSS ver 20 software. During this study 47% were prescribed metformin, 59% orlistat and 5% both drugs. Orlistat was largely prescribed independently [40 out of 50 prescriptions, 90%) and metforminon specialist recommendation (10 out of 40, 27%). Orlistat was largely prescribed in those over 16 years of age without physical comorbidities. Metformin was initiated for treatment of polycystic ovarian syndrome (70%), insulin resistance (25%) and impaired glucose-control (9%). Orlistat was the most common AOD prescribed in obese patients.

Parental participation is one of the cornerstones of pediatric practice. Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) is the major referral hospital in Malawi and caregivers stay with their children in the hospital and participate in the care. However, little was known about the perception of these caregivers regarding their participation in care of their hospitalised children. The aim of the study was to explore caregivers’ perceptions regarding parental participation in the care of their hospitalised child. A descriptive qualitative study was done using semi structured interview guide to collect data from 20 caregivers in the pediatric department. Thematic analysis was done guided by Collaizzi method. Seven main themes emerged from the data and these were lack of role negotiation by health care workers, inadequate role preparation for caregivers, perception of caregivers on care they provided to their hospitalised children, poor HCWs- caregivers’ communication, benefits of caregivers’ participation in care of hospitalised children, needs of caregivers participating in care of hospitalised children and overall impression of caregiver’s participation. The study findings showed that caregivers view their participation in the care of hospitalised children as appropriate, important and satisfying. However, gaps exist in the way caregivers participate in the care of their hospitalised children due to inadequate role negotiation, role preparation for caregivers and inadequate information for caregivers. The researcher recommends that management should develop protocols and guidelines for the implementation of parental participation in care of hospitalised children to promote best practices.

Automated counts are being widely accepted in diagnostic field due to various advantages. Despite the sophistication of present day instruments there is still need to depend on manual techniques for primary calibration especially in case of platelet count. Automated analyzer had pitfalls due to mimickers of platelet like particles which validated the manual count in peripheral smear regarding platelet count by leishman’s stain. A cross sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital for 3 months. It includes 1200 venous samples with EDTA as the anticoagulant in vacutainers. Among the routine 100 to 120 samples/day, with platelets < 1,00,000 lakhs /cumm of 500 samples were subjected for study. Samples were processed by Symex 5000 autoanalyzer and compared with manual platelet count by leishman’s stain. About 500 samples with platelets < 100,000 lakh/cu.mm were taken for study. In 384/500(76.8 %)haematology analyzed correlated with peripheral smear review. About 116(23%) were not correlating with peripheral smear findings because it revealed RBC’s and large platelets in peripheral smear. Our study concludes there was significant correlation between automated and manual counts. But this was not applicable for very high or low platelet counts.As platelet count estimation is very important element of the diagnostic and treatment disorder.Peripheral smear examination along with automated analyzer valid in case of high or low value platelet counts.