PCR has been commonly used for genomic viral diagnosis for its sensitivity and accuracy. It showed a higher sensitivity when compared to virus isolation in tissue culture and also in antigenemia detection. Definitely, DNA samples are critical factor in PCR validity. Out of 167 serum samples subjected to this study and extracted by Wizard® DNA purification mini kit, 47 samples (28.1%) were positive PCR. While, 21 samples (12.6%) only out of the same population study (167) were positive PCR for EBV DNA in native serum samples (without DNA extraction). This result was confirmed the importance of DNA extraction from serum samples for detection of EBV which, subsequently lead to more sensitive diagnostic tool of an ongoing EBV infection.

Immune activation has been proved as a significant contributing factor to HIV disease progression. Serum hs-CRP increase and albumin decrease in HIV infected individuals as a response of immune activation through cytokines. In this study we estimated serum hs-CRP and albumin levels and hs- CRP /Albumin ratio in HIV seropositive and control groups. This is a case control study having 40 HIV patients with age, sex matched 40 controls. In our study we observed statistically significant difference in serum hs-CRP, albumin and hs-CRP /Albumin ratio in HIV seropositive compared to control group (p<0.001).This made us to propose that serum hs-CRP , albumin and hs CRP /Albumin ratio can be used as prudent prognostic markers in HIV infection and predictor of mortality.

In last few decades, though significant progress has been made in the treatment and control strategies of tubercular infections by introducing new diagnostic and monitoring tools and combination therapy, it still continues to be severe problem. Thus with the aim of developing novel molecule with improved potency for treating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain infections and with decreased probability of developing drug resistance, herein we report the synthesis of isatinyl thiazole derivatives, starting from ethyl acetoacetate , by microwave organic reaction enhancement method (MORE) and results of investigations of their antimycobacterial and antimicrobial activities. Many compounds have shown promising activity while others were inactive.

The major objective of this study was to know about the efficacy of neural and spinal mobilization in patients with cervical radiculopathy and difference between the end results of both techniques. The sample population included participants with cervical radiculopathy, who followed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Simple Random sampling method was used for sample size of 30 participants. Sample design was Experimental Comparative study. This study used assessment forms, Consent forms, Examination couch, Goniometer, Visual Analogue Scale, Neck Disability Index Scale and Hot pack. Two groups were arranged including 15 participants each receiving Hot pack and Manual traction in common but Group A in addition received Butler’s neural mobilization while Group B received Maitland’s spinal mobilization. After the treatment participants were evaluated for their pain profile using VAS, their ROM using the universal Goniometer and neck disability using NDIS. Time Frame for this study and data collection was one year and the source of data was Liaquat National Hospital Physiotherapy Out Patients Department, Karachi, Pakistan. Ethical and human subject’s issues were resolved by consent forms, signed by every single participant. The results indicated that both technique produced a hypoalgesic effect as revealed by improved NDIS and decreased VAS. Both the techniques when compared with each other with respect to post treatment NDIS, VAS and ROM, showed no significance difference (VAS P= 0.222, NDIS P= 0.324, Cervical Ranges > 0.05).The combination of all findings has supported the use of both techniques in C5-C8 cervical radiculopathy.

The search for alternative protein food source coupled with the cost of affordability and the ever increasing human population has become a serious problem. This research was aimed at exploring other protein food sources than meat, using an arthropod of the class insecta, Macrotermes bellicosus (Smeathman), (termite). The nutrient content of the termite, an edible insect, and beef of the Bos taurus species was determined through various laboratory procedures including titration, digestion and distillation of the various samples. Termites used in the study triumphed over beef in terms of carbohydrate content (termites 22.4 ± 0.01, beef 1.34 ± 0.01) and there was only a slight difference in protein content of beef when compared to termites (beef 10.41 ± 0.01, termite 10.06 ± 0.01). The research revealed that beef contains more lipid (beef 25.0 ± 0.05, termite 20.0 ± 0.05), which can be detrimental to human health. Insects can be used as an alternative source of protein to effectively replace the expensive available source (meat) and solve malnutrition in the ever-growing population of mankind. There should be more enlightenment of the general public on the great benefits of insects consumption to avoid the under usage of this food resource.

According to World Health Organization, Mosquito borne diseases are the fast emerging viral diseases in many areas of the world. Mosquito borne diseases affects in the tropical and sub tropical regions in the world (Arunachalam, N., Tana, S., Espino, F., Kittayapong, P., Abeyewickrem, W., Wai, K. T., & Petzold, M. 2010). In Rural area of Lahore Mosquito Born Diseases is a big public health issue because in the developing countries they cause a large scale of morbidity and mortality due to poverty. The aim of this study is to evaluate Knowledge, Attitude, and practices related to improve sanitation conditions of the rural community and prevention from Mosquito Born diseases. A Cross-sectional descriptive research design was used knowledge, Attitude, Practices and prevention of Mosquito Born diseases of 100 people was collected door to door through questionnaire. Age group of participants was 15-50 years old. The respondents about (97%) have awareness about mosquito borne diseases, attitude of respondents was (67%) about the mosquito born diseases and practices of respondent (56%) The knowledge of respondent regarding mosquito borne diseases was found good in spite of good knowledge the respondent have poor implementation.

Workplace turnover is destructive to nursing and patient outcomes as it leads to losing competent and qualified nurses. However, developments of coping strategies demand a clear understanding of workplace variables that either motivates nurses to remain employed or lead them to leave their current jobs. This study assessed the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of members of nursing staff and their job satisfaction as well as perceived factors influencing turnover among nurses in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria, Nigeria. Cross-sectional study design was carried out on 304 nurses using quantitative data collection methods from 8th April, 2016 – 22nd April, 2016. The respondent’s age ranged between 20-63 years with a mean age of 39±10.97 years. Age, gender, marital status; and job satisfaction yielded a nonstatistical significant, weak and positive correlation with job satisfaction. Number of years worked, professional experience and unit of primary assignment were the only sociodemographic characteristics found to be significant predictors of job satisfaction in ABUTH (P < 0.05). Insufficient cohesion with colleagues, poor safety of the work environment; undervalued nurse’s opinion by medical staff and poor professional image of nursing were identified as perceived factors positively influencing nurse’s intension to leave the hospital. The study suggests that nurses’ opinion should be respected by other professionals and nurses professional practice judgement should not be relegated on the bases of sentiments.

This research was designed to assess the effects of oral administration of varying doses of ground Nutmeg seed on the histomorphology of the testes and the hormonal profile of thirty adult male albino wister rats weighing between 140 g and 250 g. The rats were divided into six equal groups, namely A,B,C,D,E and F. Group A served as the control and were administered only water and 100 g of rat feed; while groups B,C,D,E and F, the treatment groups, were administered varying doses (1 g, 5 g, 10 g, 15 g and 20 g/kg body weight, respectively) of the ground Nutmeg seed, mixed with 100 g of rat feed, respectively, for 26 days. The weight measurement was done every seven days. The testes were harvested immediately after sacrifice, fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, and was later made to undergo Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining method. Blood samples were collected via cardiac puncture for serum testosterone analysis. Data were expressed as Mean + standard error of the Mean and subjected to one way analysis of variance. Significance different between mean was assessed by student-New-Man-Keuls post hoc test. 95 % level of significance (P = 0.05) was used for statistical analysis and Microsoft Excel 2010 package was used for graph and error bars. The histopathological results revealed no structural defect on the testes of rats administered 1 g and 5 g of ground nutmeg. There was dose dependent alteration of the histomorphology of the testes of rats given 10 g and above. There was also persistent elevation in serum testosterone level in treatment groups B to F, compared to the control Group A. Hence, consumption of high dose of nutmeg is toxic to the testes.

Pressure ulcers are the major problem of bed case patients in all the hospitals. There are great chances to develop pressure ulcers in those patients who are in critical condition and admitted in the hospital for a long time. Due to prolonged stay in the hospital and negligence of health care provider pressure ulcers can be developed. Prevention is better than cure because if once pressure ulcer developed it is difficult to treat. So nurses should take precautionary measure to prevent from pressure ulcers. This study mainly focuses on knowledge and practice of nurses regarding pressure ulcers prevention if nurses have accurate knowledge regarding prevention of pressure ulcers they can manage it timely before its development .Pressure ulcers can be prevented by regular assessment while providing nursing care to the patients Maggi, 2010. The absence of pressure ulcers in bed ridden patients is generally known as measure of quality nursing care and performance of practice of nurses. Assessment of Knowledge & Practice among nurses regarding prevention of Pressure Ulcer in Mayo Hospital Lahore”.

Persistent Genital Arousal Disorder (PAGD) is an uncommon female sexual dysfunction that was first described in 2001. It is a condition that has been under-researched and not fully understood for so many years. Its prevalence is estimated to be between .5% to 6.7%, but it is believed to be under-reported because of the stigmatization of the disorder, as it is characterized by prolonged periods of persistent subjective feelings of genital arousal that are recurrent, intrusive and distressing, which usually subside by masturbation resulting in orgasm. These symptoms are not associated with sexual thoughts or urges, which prompted sex therapists and researchers to change its name from persistent sexual arousal disorder to PGAD. Now that we have a better understanding of its risk factors and pathophysiology, this review article will guide gynecologists, general practitioners and pelvic floor physiotherapists to diagnose, investigate the cause and treat patients with PGAD.

Oral mucositis (OM) is a common inflammatory complication among cancerous patients as an adverse effect of chemotherapy and radiotherapy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the healing effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf on oral induced mucositis induced by 5-fluorouracil using histopathologic and tissue antioxidative markers assessment in male dark brown rats. In a prospective randomized double blind animal study, OM was induced in 64 male dark brown rats that allocated in 4 groups by 5-FU (60 mg/kg) on days 0, 5, and 10 of the study. The cheek pouch was scratched with a sterile needle on once daily on days 3 and 4. Starting from day 12, gel base, topical form and 600 mg/kg dietry form of hydroalcoholic extract of Psidium Guajava leaf were administered per day. Pouch histopathology score, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, total antioxidant capacity were evaluated on day 14 and 18. DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content also were measured. Histopathology scores of mucositis were lower in the systemic and topical treatment groups than the gel base and control groups (P<0.05). Higher activities of SOD, GPX and TAC were detected in the topical and systemic treatment groups in comparison to the others (P<0.05). The extract was rich in total phenolic content as antioxidant. The use of extract of Psidium Guajava leave may be associated with reduced intensity of OM, increased concentration of SOD, GPX and TAC on induced OM in dark brown rats undergoing 5-FU consumption. This may be due to appropriate antioxidant activity and phenolic contents.

One of the most common chronic diseases in closely all states is Diabetes Mellitus. The world occurrence of diabetes amongst elderly (20-79) in 2010 was 6.4% distressing 285 million adult and all ages and probable to be increased to 7.7% distressing 439 million adult in 2030. In Pakistan Diabetes Mellitus (DM) the recent occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitus is 11.77%. The prevalence is advanced between male than females, the occurrence of (DM) Diabetes Mellitus in urban areas are more common than rural areas. (DM) Diabetes Mellitus is a set of diseases categorized by great level of blood glucose causing from faults in insulin excretion, and its action or both. We compared the echogenicity of pancreas with the surrounding organ superior mesenteric artery (fat around (SMA). The size of the pancreas is slightly decreased as compare to the normal individuals. To determine the sonographic differentiation of pancreatic appearance between diabetic and non-diabetic individuals of age 45-55years. A cross sectional comparative study was conducted at Gilani ultrasound clinic Lahore. Total 150 individuals of both diabetic and non-diabetic were included in this study to compare the sonographic appearance of pancreas in diabetic and non-diabetic individuals. Peoples from the age group of 45-55 years are only included in this study. According to the result Fatty pancreas was seen on ultrasound hyperechoic and the normal pancreas was hypoechoic. The size of the pancreas is slightly decreased in diabetic patients as compare to non-diabetic individuals. Glucose level in diabetic patients was more than normal individuals. The mean age group was 49.9133. Out of 75 patients 43 patient pancreas were seen hyperechoic. The mean of pancreatic head was 22.22mm, pancreatic body was 21.11mm and pancreatic tail was 21.87mm. In our study female were more than male. Highly echogenic pancreas is associated with diabetes mellitus (DM).

With this work it has been wanted to demonstrate that the reconstruction of any person, does not have limits. We have absolutely all and each of the tools to solve problems of aesthetic nature to patients. Many of these tools should be manufactured individually for a particular case. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Cosmetic Surgery should not be divorced from Maxillofacial Prosthesis. The resolution of three cases is presented with prostheses specially made for a particular person, with their own measures and forms. It will be very comforting for each person to know that they have reached the exact place where they solve their aesthetic problem with special devices built for them. We have worked together with the surgeon and the prosthetist in order to study each case and build the most appropriate device for the type of problem to be solved. A work team will be essential to achieve excellence, because it represents a new alternative of care

Traditional medicine is the oldest form of health care system that has stood the test of time. The African continent holds an enormous resource in terms of floral biodiversity and its medicinal plants have remained a main reservoir of phytochemicals for pharmaceutical drug development. Plants used for traditional medicine contain a wide range of substances that can be used to treat chronic as well as acute infectious diseases. In Cameroon, many plant species are used as traditional medicine to treat infectious diseases, and several interesting openings have originated for further inquiry following in vitro antimicrobial activity evaluation. Typhoid fever is a systemic infection transmitted through food and water contaminated with human feces. Its causative agent, Salmonella, is a primary cause of food poisoning worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of methanol fractions of five mixtures of Cameroonian medicinal plants, Enantia chlorantha, Echinacea angustifolia, Acalypha indica, Alchemilla vulgaris, and Vernonia guineensis on strains of Salmonella typhi, thus bringing out the importance of considering Traditional medicine as an important aspect of health care delivery system in Africa. The general objective was to show the efficiency and potency profile with which Enantia chlorantha bark, Echinacea angustifolia plant, A.indica leaves, Alchemilla vulgaris plant, and Vernonia guineensis have on strains of salmonella enterica serovar typhi, first as individual extracts, then as a recipe mixture, thereby demonstrating the possible use of this mixture in the effective treatment of typhoid fever. The specific objectives was: 1) To do a phytochemical screening that will permit the identification of the plants phytochemical components, 2) To prepare individual methanol extracts of each of the plants used in the composition of the typhoid treatment mixture, and use each of these extracts to test for antimicrobial activity on salmonella typhi serotypes, and then test for any antimicrobial activity of the methanolic extract of the entire mixture of all possible combinations of all the plants and come up with possible results observed. Antibacterial assay shows us that while having antibacterial effect separately, the plants used in our recipe have a much more potent activity when associated together, and we can notice that there is an additive effect. With all the parameters put in place, we, rather than selecting either E24 or E25 as our most potent extract, decided to bring out, as our most potent extract, E30, containing the mixture of all the plant extracts (E. angustifolia, A. vulgaris, A. indica , V. guineensis and A. affinis), in its right proportion, with each plant having a role to play, and with an MBC/MIC value of 0.09.

Evaluation of the lateral ventricle in second trimester is an important indicator for normal brain development. We sought to analyze the difference in the mean fetal lateral ventricle in second trimester among the consanguineous and non-consanguineous marriages in Indian population, in this retrospective cross sectional study. Study was carried out in the Department of Radiology, Sree Balaji Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, from June 2017 – June 2018. A total of 1067 patients in their second trimester (18 – 24 weeks of gestation) were included in this study (740 Non consanguineous and 327 consanguineous marriages). Lateral ventricle measured in true symmetrical axial plane at the atria of lateral ventricle and glomus of choroid plexus, opposite to the parieto occipital sulcus. Mean lateral ventricle dimension was 6.40 mm in consanguineous marriages and 6.42 mm in non consanguineous marriages. There is no significant difference in mean lateral ventricle size in consanguineous marriages and non consanguineous marriages at this period of gestation.