Herpes viruses as CMV, EBV and HHV-6 are the most common cause severe morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. Reactivation of the virus is seen during periods of down-regulation of the immune system, such as coinfection with other pathogens. So, this study was conducted to detect the presence of Human herpes virus-6 infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and to point out the effect of HHV 6 -HCV co-infection on Alanine Amino Transferase (ALT) and Aspartate Amino Transferase (AST) liver enzymes. Nested polymerase chain reaction was carried out on extracted DNA from sera of both groups with hepatitis C and control group. Serological investigations were carried out as well. Fifty-three serum samples with HCV-RNA were examined, (25%) were positive HHV-6 DNA, (82%) were positive for HHV-6 IgG antibodies and (22%) were positive for HHV-6 IgM antibodies; among control specimens (18.5%) were positive for HHV-6 DNA infection, (61%) were positive for HHV-6 IgG antibodies and (14.5%) were positive for HHV-6 IgM antibodies. Moreover, the activity levels of ALT and AST liver enzymes were significantly higher in HHV-6 positive patients than that of HHV-6 negative patients. This indicates to the prevalence of HHV-6 infection is common in chronic HCV patients, that increase the severity of liver inflammation.

Abstract: Ciliated epithelial cells are fairly common in gynecologic lesions; however malignant growth showing these elements and occurring in the ovary are very rare. In the case under discussion, the ovarian tumour coexisted with an endocervical growth with different morphology. 90% of ovarian endometroid tumour showed ciliary processes in our patient and these findings are discussed with a comparison to the available literature on this subject.

It is well known that nuclear grooves play a major role in the diagnosis of papillary carcinoma thyroid. Also grooves are found in many non- neoplastic lesions of thyroid. To calculate the percentage of nuclear grooves in histopathologically proven cases of papillary carcinoma and non –neoplastic lesions (hashimoto’s thyroiditis and colloid goiter). This retrospective study was carried out by reviewing the data and cytology smears of 21 histopathologically confirmed cases of papillary carcinoma thyroid and 10 cases each of hashimoto’s thyoiditis and colloid goitre. The percentage of nuclear grooves was calculated in oil immersion by counting 100 to 500 cells depending on the cellularity. The percentage of nuclear grooving ranged from 15% to 85% in the papillary carcinoma cases. Greater than 20% nuclear grooves were observed in 19(90.4%) of the cases. Nuclear crowding and overlapping, pale chromatin, nuclear grooves, nuclear enlargement and prominent nucleoli were seen in all (100%) the cases. Intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions were seen in only 5(23.8%) of the cases. Histiocytes, metaplastic cells and multinucleated giant cells were seen in 12(57.1%), 10(47.6%) and 6(28.5%) of the cases. The percentage of nuclear grooves in non neoplastic cases overall observed was <10%. The sensitivity and specificity of grooves for PCT at >=20% were 90.5% and 100% respectively. Whenever in doubt, a diagnosis of papillary carcinoma can be offered confidently by this semiquantitative approach for grooves in combination with other features.

This paper comments on Shakespearean expositions based on Bradley Shakespearean Tragedy lecture II. This paper also sheds light on Shakespearean conflict to investigate that how expositions and conflict are interlinked. Analysis reveals that Shakespeare’s dramatic structure from exposition to end affects the hero and heroine while engages the audience in predicting process. Analysis also indicates that Shakespearean expositions are deep rooted in the actions and speeches of the protagonists or villains, disturb the inner state of mind and give a high rise to the conflict finally result in downfall and death of the self and others.

Measles virus belonging to the genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae. Measles virus is transmitted by aerosolized secretion deposit on upper respiratory tract mucosal surfaces. Measles is a highly infectious disease characterized by fever, respiratory symptoms, redness of eyes & maculopapular rash. The study was conducted in tertiary care hospital, Jamnagar. Children’s 0-15 years of age with suspected case of measles symptoms like fever, cough, redness of eyes & maculopapular rash attending at Hospital which included in the study. Serum samples were screened for measles IgM by ELISA method. Out of 143 samples, total 18 (12.59%) were positive for measles IgM Ab. among this 10 (55.56%) male and 08 (44.44%) female and 13 (72.20%) were 0-5 years of age and 05 (27.80%) were 5-20 years of age. This study recognized age, nutrional status of children, socioeconomic status vaccination status of children as important demographic and risk factor of measles virus infection in children.

This research aims to find solutions to the efficiency and effectiveness of the cost of sales promotion girl (SPG) that works for the company XYZ. This is a descriptive exploratory research, the object of research is data relating to the sales promotion girl (SPG) budget. The sample of this research is the cost of sales promotion girl (SPG) in the DKI group area. The financing method used is time driven activity based costing (TDABC). The result after comparing labor costs with the number of outputs / products sold, the activity based budget (ABB) with the TDABC financing method helped the company inform the performance of the sales promotion girl (SPG) for each store that has a status under capacity or over capacity. Finally, the result showed a significant effect of implementation activity based budgeting (ABB) with the time-driven activity based costing (TDABC) method succeeded in allocating a reduction in sales promotion girl (SPG) by 27 people from a total of 86 sales promotion girl (SPG) people working in the DKI group area. This research suggests the company to follow up on sales promotion girl (SPG) who has under capacity status to reduce the amount of sales promotion girl (SPG) so that it does not become a burden for the company XYZ.

Fine needle aspiration cytology is a fast and easy method for diagnosing any accessible lesion. The majority of head and neck mass are usually superficial and easily accessible to needle biopsy. The study was undertaken to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of FNAC in palpable lesions of head and neck along with an analysis of age, sex, anatomical site of distribution and histopathological correlation. It was an institution based descriptive study with cross-sectional design. The study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Bankura Sammilani Medical College, Bankura, West Bengal. A total of 3670 patients were included in the study. A brief history and physical examination was taken from the patients. FNAC smears were stained with Leishman-Geimsa and Papaniculaou stain. Zeihl-Neelsen stain was done in suspected cases of tuberculosis. Surgically excised specimens were available in 142 cases, which were processed and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin stain. Majority age group was 21-40 years and male to female ratio was 1ː 1.2. The site of lesion were distributed according –Lymphnode (46.83%), Thyroid (30.5%), Salivary glands (6.64%), and Miscellaneous (16.02%). Histopathological correlation was done in 142 cases and overall accuracy rate of FNAC was 90.14% with sensitivity of 92.8% and specificity of 86.66%. Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 90.47% and 89.65% respectively. Palpable lesions of head and neck are readily accessible for FNAC, which aid in our diagnosis and hence proper treatment and management of the patient. Supplementation by a histological diagnosis often comes as an additional boon especially in suspicious and malignant cases.

Wheezing happens when the airways are tightened, blocked or inflamed making a person's breathing sounds like whistling or squeaking. A study was conducted to identify the most probable risk factors for pediatrics bronchospasm. Hence, a total of 205 patients, aged below 6 years, from inpatient admissions at Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital, were enrolled. All children who presented with attacks of bronchospasm were clinically evaluated. It was found that 34.14% of the study group had a history of wheeze. Male patients and those of urban origin were more affected, (67.14%) and (74.29%), respectively. Wheeze was associated with prematurity, low birth weight and family history of asthma. There was an association of wheeze in first degree relatives (87.1% versus 32.2%) including children of those with asthma (64.3% versus 30.6%). Environmental factors and parental smoking showed clear difference from 50% to 12.8% respectively. Furthermore, overcrowding, atopy, persistent nasal snuffle, were all associated with wheeze. History of recurrent chest infection was found to be higher in those who had parental history of asthma (85.7% versus 39.8%). In conclusin, Family history and sblings asthma, parental smoking, atopy, overcrowding was risk factors of wheeze further studies are highly suggeste for further assessment

The Black Hairy Tongue (BHT) is characterized by a hypertrophy of lingual papillae in the posterior part of the back of the tongue which often take a brown to black coloration; its etiology is unknown but probably multifactorial: alcohol-smoking, poor hygiene prolonged use of antiseptics or oral antibiotics, digestive and metabolic disorders, etc. We report two observations of BHT where the diagnosis of candida was retained following the detection on several samples of the same species and the good clinical evolution under suitable antifungals. P atient aged 53 years, having as antecedent pathological a taking of cortico therapy for an eczema problem in the feet, the port of dentures with bad oral hygiene that presents itself for a brownish color in the tongue with no functional discomfort, no feeling of impasto or itching. The patient was put under Flagyl, canaflucan and protected amoxicillin without clinical improvement. Microbiological examination was performed, direct examination after culture showed the presence of yeasts. The culture on Sabouraud medium made it possible to isolate a candida. The identification using the gallery 20 C AUX objectified candida glabrata. The patient is put under Nystatin with a good clinical and biological evolution. P atient 67 years old, diabetic, chronic smoking, checked up for heart failure under stent, with dentures and excessive hygiene of the oral cavity. The one whounderwent a dermatological consultation for brownish coloring of the tongue, the diagnosis of BHT is retained. The mycological study confirmed the diagnosis of candida lusitaniae. The patient was put on nystatin tablet with good clinical progress. The purpose of our work was not to highlight a causal link between candida and the occurrence of this pathology but its incrimination in the process or maintenance of this lesion.

This study sought to establish the influence of economic factors on female students’ career choice in TVET science programmes in Siaya County, Kenya. The study was based on social Cognitive Theory. It adopted descriptive survey design. It is based on the conceptual framework whereby choice of careers in TVET by female students is assumed to depend on economic factors. Test- retest method was used to test reliability of the instruments. The research instruments were questionnaires. The sample size was 316 female students sampled using census method. Census, proportionate and simple random sampling techniques was used to sample respondents in different strata and TTIs. Tools in the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22 was used to analyze data. Frequencies, percentages and means were computed. Inferential statistics such as regression coefficients, T-statistics, F-statistics, correlation of coefficients shall were derived. Charts, graphs and tables were used to present the findings. Results indicated that there exists a negative and non-significant relationship between Economic Factors and Female Students’ Career Choice in Science TVET Programmes (r=-0.34; p>0.05). The significance of this study is that the findings could be used to come up with policies on how to increase the number of female students choosing careers in TVET. This could guarantee employment opportunities for women in the country which in turn could raise their standard of living.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causes of Blood Stream infections (BSI), skin and wound infections, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, and nosocomial infections, especially pneumonia, surgical site infections (SSI), and continue to be a major cause of community-acquired infections. Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important cause of community and hospital acquired infections. MRSA are mainly nosocomial and are increasingly reported from many countries worldwide. The purpose of present study was to determine the sensitivity of S. aureus isolated from infected patients to methicillin and to evaluate the possible presence of VRSA in our tertiary care hospital. Staphylococci were isolated and identified by standard microbiological procedures. Methicillin resistance was detected by using cefoxitin (30 µgm) by disc diffusion method. MRSA strains detected were then subjected to vancomycin agar screen test and E test to detect vancomycin resistance. Out of the total 500 S.aureus isolates, methicillin resistance was observed in 47.4% of isolates. . By E-test, 24.1 % MRSA isolates had Vancomycin MIC value of 0.75 and 21.9% of MRSA had Vancomycin MIC value of 0.5. Only one isolate had MIC value of 2.

Nigeria is presently facing serious security challenges and instability that threaten our existence as people of one destiny. This article examines the important roles agriculture can plan in ensuring our national security. Vocational agriculture is a skill acquisition training programme for youth to be self-employed and self-reliance in agricultural production for empowerment. In addition, democratic principles and rule of law must be enshrined in our political life for equity, fairness and justice. The roles of agriculture in ensuring national security are in the areas of reduction in rural- urban migration, youth unemployment and growth in industry. One major cause of insecurity and instability in a nation is the mass movement of unemployed youths to the urban Centre’s in search of jobs. They easily become available tools for use in promoting insecurity. If these youths are well trained in vocational agriculture, with basic skills acquisition in the various disciplines of agriculture and given the necessary assistance, they can be self-reliant. This will drastically reduce rural-urban migration, thereby creating an enabling environment for effective participation in nation building and development: therefore security is guaranteed. The purpose of this article is to examine how agriculture can be used as a tool in solving the problem of insecurity in Nigeria which can bring about a lasting peace thereby leading to national development. Some of the ways agriculture can help in reducing insecurity challenges can be training the youths in modernized faming, farm produce processing, farm produce systemized storing, farm produce packaging and farm produce distribution. For this to be achieve the government must seriously look into the Fulani herdsmen activity and agricultural policies that are not favorable to the farmers. The SWOT Analysis of agriculture in Nigeria would be used for analyzing and discussing the strength, weakness, opportunities and threat of using agriculture as a tool for solving security challenges in Nigeria.

Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent type of malignancy. The present study was conducted to assess clinical and pathological features of papillary thyroid carcinomas. The present study was conducted on 520 specimens submitted to the department. All slides were reviewed and given the WHO classification of thyroid tumors, each case was reassigned accordingly. Clinical features were also recorded. Males were 280 and females were 240. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). <20 years had 90 cases, 20-40 years had 190 cases, 4060 years had 160 cases and >60 years had 80 cases. Common clinical findings in patients were neck mass (90%), dysphagia (42%), dysphonia (25%), weight loss (18%), lymphadenopathy (12%) and hyperthyroidism (7%). Metastatic type of PTC was seen in 220 cases and nonmetastatic type in 300 cases. Maximum cases were seen in age group 20-40 years. Males showed higher prevalence than females.

This study sought to address the problem of poor performance of teachers’ instructional roles as reflected in national KCSE exams. The study objective was to establish Relationship between Provision of evaluation Resources and teachers’ performance of instructional roles in secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted correlational research design. Data collection tool was teachers’ questionnaire. Reliability of the instrument was tested using test re-test method. It was validated by experts. The target population was secondary school teachers while the accessible population was the 192 teachers teaching in the 30 secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County. The study used proportionate sampling to categorize respondents into female and male teachers, boarding and day schools. Proportionate sampling was used to apportion respondents from various schools. Simple random sampling technique was used to sample the actual respondents. The Sample size was 127 teachers in the 30 sampled schools determined by using Krejcie and Morgan table of Sample size determination. The study established that there was a positive and significant relationship between provision of evaluation resources and teachers’ performance of instructional roles in secondary schools in Nandi East Sub-County. It was further established that teachers were ineffective in setting, marking, and invigilation of examination and assessments, examination analysis, use of examination analysis software and in giving evaluation feedback to parents in in Nandi East Sub-County. This study recommends that Teachers Service Commission (TSC) of Kenya, the Kenya Secondary Schools Heads Association (KSSHA) and Ministry of Education urgently implement Teacher Professional Development programs. This will be to address Teachers ineffectiveness in setting, marking, and invigilation of examination and assessments in Nandi East Sub-County.

Prevalence of air borne Nosocomial infection is a major attribute to morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised patients. Two methods are commonly used for measurement of bacterial density in hospital environment particularly Operation theater. Air samples from conventionally ventilated operating rooms and intensive care units were taken simultaneously by the sedimentation method (settle plate) and with the HiAir petri air sampler. Bacterial density was calculated in form of colony forming unit (cfu). The isolated bacteria were identified by conventional methods. The investigations showed that the number of colony forming units per cubic metre obtained with the sedimentation method was, on an average, higher than those found with the HiAir petri air sampler from the same area. The most common isolate from settle plate method was Bacillus subtilis (54.91%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (38.09 %), Co-agulase negative staphylococcus (30.12%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.85%), Acinetobacter baumanii (23.12 %), Escherichia coli (10.22 %), Staphylococcus aureus (8.32%) and Proteus mirabilis (2.72%). Settle plate method was found to be more informative than the air sampling system for bacteriological analysis of air in present study.