It has been observed from the literature over time that the bulk of recent studies on Nigerian FDI inflows and exports focused on non-oil exports while exports on oil has been ignored. In order to fill this gap, the study examines the relationship between FDI inflows and oil exports in Nigeria over the period of 1990 to 2016. Consequently, various diagnostic tests were carried out with the aid of the standard Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF), Phillips-Perron (PP) and Johansen Cointegration tests. The authors employed Dynamic Ordinary Least Square (DOLS) and Granger Causality approach to address the objective of the study. The findings that emerged in this study are as follows; FDI has a significant positive impact on oil exports in Nigeria. This confirms that the majority of foreign capital goes to oil and gas sector in this country. However, FDI and exchange rate have a significant negative relationship in the country. Furthermore, there is an existence of unidirectional causality which runs from FDI inflows to oil exports in Nigeria. Also, a unidirectional feedback flows from oil exports to exchange rate. Therefore, this paper recommends that the policy makers in Nigeria should see foreign capital as the backbone behind the oil exports in the country. And the proceeds from oil exports should be diversified and invested in the non-oil sector of the economy in order to stimulate a favourable exchange rate which can serve as catalyst that can facilitate further inflows of FDI in the country.

Phyllodes tumors of the breast are rare fibroepithelial tumors in their malignant form, the gravity lies in high risk of local recurrence. We report two observations of patients admitted for the management of local recurrence of phyllode breast tumor. The average age of our patients was 39 years old. The size of the tumor ranged from 10 cm to 30 cm in diameter, with a localization exclusively on the right. Surgical management consisted of a enlarged tumor resection, followed by radiotherapeutic complement. Histologically, it was a phyllode tumor initially benign with slowly progressive evolution, to a phyllode sarcoma at one patient, and to a liposarcoma in the other. The evolution towards a malignant transformation can be explained in both cases by incomplete previous excisional gestures. This underlines the importance of early diagnosis and surgical management responding to oncological rules

MGNREGA is the first government programme which assured legal guarantee for 100 days of work for the needy, in the country. The main objective of the MGNREGA is to ensure livelihood security to rural people with employment. It is expected that the guaranteed employment has to facilitate the rural poor and the unemployed persons. This income has to help to meet the day to today expenditure of the beneficiaries like basic necessities of life and additional income for small land holders, create rural assets and encourage the agriculture sector. Therefore, in this paper an effort has been made to examine whether the MGNREGA programme is successful in fulfilling the set objectives specially in the employment generation in the rural areas. In this direction the researchers have taken the data from 2006-07 to 2016-17 and analysed the same by using Compound Growth Rates and tried to examine the set of objectives of the programme. After the analysis of the data the paper comes out with the conclusion that to some extent the income from MGNREGA facilitates beneficiary Households to take care of their basic needs mainly through employment generation, income and this income has led to increase in consumption expenditure, calories intake and in turn ensured food security of the rural Households.

Introduction: The anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) is an anatomical landmark; its position is important for recognizing structures of difficult access (frontal sinus) and to define skull base in surgery. The anterior ethmoidal artery crosses three cavities: the orbit, the ethmoid labyrinth and the anterior fossa of the skull. The aims and objectives of the study are to determine the course of the AEA and the distance of the AEA from the base skull. Material and Methods: A surveying radiological study was carried out on 100 coronal CT images from subjects who were exposed to paranasal CT imaging during a period April-July 2018 in a tertiary hospital. All CT images, along with indication of sinusitis were encompassed in the examination. The elimination being changed skull base anatomy due to earlier surgical interference, injury or tumour and age <18 years. Result: Among the coronal CT images analyzed, the male and female were noted to be 60 and 20 respectively. Out of 160 sides, AEA was identified in all the images studied (100%). The AEA was found below SB in 134 out of 160 (83.8%). On measuring the distance between the AEA and SB majority belonged to Group A (74 out of 134) in comparison to Group B (40 out of 134) and Group C (20 out of 134). The mean distance was found to be 1.43 mm, 3.8 mm, 5.72 mm in Group A, Group B and Group C respectively. The overall mean distance between the AEA and the SB was 3.65 mm. Discussion: The AEA is an anato-radiologic keystone for paranasal sinus and anterior skull base endoscopic operations. The presence of AEA in all of the pictures examined in this investigation is consistent with the reported range of 92-100 percent. In the ethmoidal air sinus, AEA was found to have a varied path. Conclusion: Due to differences in the length of the lateral lamella of the cribriform fossa, the distance between AEA and SB differs. The structure of the olfactory fossa varies. Despite the statistical limitations, the positional association between AEA and the depth of the olfactory fossa is noteworthy.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). It is a serious disorder of the immune system in which the body’s normal defenses against infection break down, leaving it vulnerable to a host of life-threatening infections. Human immunodeficiency and Treponema pallidum causative organism of syphilis share mode of transmission and risk factors. The study was conducted to assess the extent of seropositivity of syphilis among HIV positive patients at tertiary care hospital in Rajkot from JUNE 2016 to MAY 2017 and evaluate the need of routine screening for this infection among such patients. The samples were tested for HIV as per Strategy III of National AIDS control organization by using different system of testing to establish diagnosis of HIV. Samples were tested for antibodies to Treponema Pallidum by qualitative Rapid Plasma Reagine (RPR); reactive samples were retested with quantitative RPR (to rule out biological false positive samples) and by qualitative Treponema Pallidum heamagglutination test (TPHA) for confirmation of positive samples. Out of total 300 HIV positive patients, 69.67% were male and 30.00% were female. Only one was transgender. Out of 300 samples tested, 7(2.33%) samples were positive for syphilis with 5(2.39%) of male and 2(2.22%) of female patients. Higher prevalence was observed in age group of 21-30yrs 3(4.62%) and in male patients. We believe our data could help health professionals to deal better with HIV infected patients. We also believe our data reinforces the need of prevention programs on HIV transmission, which also lead to reduction in prevalence of Syphilis.

Introduction: Placenta is a functional unit between the mother and the foetus. Human placenta is discoid, deciduate, haemochorial, chorioallantoic, labyrinthine and endocrine gland which connects developing embryo by umbilical cord to the endometrium of mother’s uterus. It develops from two sources. Material and Method: This is a prospective study conducted at Department of Anatomy and Physiology, at Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital over a period of 1 year. Inclusion Criteria: Totally, 70 healthy mothers who gave birth to uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and their new-borns were included in the study. Exclusion Criteria: Subjects with diabetes mellitus, hypertension, anaemia, vascular diseases and multiple pregnancies were excluded in this study. Result: The New-born body mass index (Kg/m2) was measured and the majorities (55.7%) of the new-born were within 11-13 followed by 25.7% of the new-born were more than 14 and the lesser proportion of 18.5% was <10 BMI (Kg/m2). The mean placental weight (in gms) for the female babies <10 BMI (Kg/m2) were 386.62±45.72. The Mean placental weight (in gms) for the male and female babies of BMI 11-13 (Kg/m2) were 398.53±43.74 and 478.63±49.48 respectively. The mean placental diameter (in cms) for the female babies of <10 BMI (Kg/m2) were 14.64±1.23. The mean placental diameter (in cms) for the male and female babies were 15.64±1.53 and 16.64±1.42 respectively of BMI of 11-13 (Kg/m2). Moreover, mean placental diameter (in cms) for the male and female babies were 17.54±1.67 and 16.68±1.86 respectively of BMI of 11-13 (Kg/m2). Conclusion: This study confirms that morphometric observation of placenta is associated with foetal weight. So, an early examination of not only the fetus, but also the placenta by non-invasive techniques like ultrasonography will be helpful to predict and to avoid low birth weight babies with better preventive measures. This study will also make the physicians and researcher to focus on the placenta.

Pap smear is a screening procedure to detect precancerous lesions to prevent subsequent invasive cervical cancer. Manual Liquid Based Cytology (MLBC) has been developed as an alternative to Conventional Pap Smear (CPS) as it is said to increase the rate of detection of precancerous lesions as it reduces the screening time, the artefacts, giving a clean background on the smear. In this study, cervical screening was performed in all married women of reproductive age group who visited Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology over a period of one year from February 2017 to January 2018. Out of which 350 cases were randomly selected for comparison between CPS and MLBC. Slides were examined for cytomorphological parameters. CPS showed higher percentage of inflammatory lesion 80% as compared to MLBC with 46.1%, Unsatisfactory smear in CPS was 10% and in MLBC was 49%, Normal smear was reported in 07% cases in CPS and 3.15% in MLBC. Most common cause of unsatisfactory smear in CPS is obscuration by blood and inflammation whereas that in MLBC was scant cellularity. The cellular features are better in MLBC as compared to CPS and also background is more clear in MLBC as there was no obscuration by RBCs or inflammatory cells while in CPS, the background is dirty due to the presence of RBCs, necrosis and inflammation

The placenta is a vital organ for maintaining pregnancy and fetal development. We studied the influence of placental morphometric measurements (weight and diameter) on the body mass index (BMI) of the newborn. The present study was carried out at Dr. BR Ambedkar medical college and KC General Hospital Bangalore. Hundred and eight mothers who gave birth to uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and their newborn were examined. Placental weight, diameter, birthweight and crown to heel length were recorded immediately after delivery by electronic weighing balance, Infantometer and measuring tape. BMI was calculated in kgs/m2. 58 Females and 50 Males new born babies were classified on the basis of body mass index (kg/m2) into 3 groups. Group I BMI <10, Group II BMI 10-13 and Group III BMI >13. The mean placental weight (in gms) and diameter (in cms) for the male babies in the Group II and III were 466.01 ± 78.23, 524.4 ± 39.51 and 16.9 ±0.69, 18.2 ± 1.05 respectively. However there were no babies in Group I. The mean placental weight (in gms) and diameter (in cms) for the female babies in the 3 groups were 409.6± 42.74, 489.7 ± 43.57, 521.4 ± 48.7 and 15.8 ± 1.01, 17.0± 0.81 and 17.2 ± 0.76 respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between placental weight and diameter with BMI of the newborn in Group II and III for male babies and Group I and II for female babies (P<0.05).

This paper investigated the retail gasoline market in Spain for asymmetric price adjustment and rent seeking following changes in crude oil price. The paper used nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) approach and monthly time series data for the period 2005M1 – 2015M12. The results show that the speed of adjustment ranged between 43 – 44 % per month, which is sluggish and typical of markets witnessing lack of competition and prolonged periods of mispricing. In addition the results also show that there is significant evidence of long-run asymmetry even at the 1% level. The estimated coefficients are quite low, suggesting that consumes in this market are somewhat prone to the fluctuations in the crude oil market. Overall, retail gasoline prices respond more swiftly to crude oil cost increases in the long-run than to cost decreases. These results indicate that the market needs continuous monitoring to avoid exploitation of consumers.

Background: Prolonged hospitalization can intensify mental and emotional distress, adversely affecting patient recovery and well-being. Objective: This study evaluates the mental and emotional impact of extended hospital stays on patients in a Saudi Arabian hospital context. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the inpatient unit of Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal Hospital, Nursing Department, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, from June 2017 to June 2018. One hundred patients admitted for over ten days were assessed using validated psychological tools, with data analyzed through descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: Among of 100 patients, 72% (n=72) exhibited moderate to severe anxiety, while 65% (n=65) showed symptoms of depression. Emotional distress was identified in 80% (n=80) of participants, with 45% (n=36) experiencing severe distress. Additionally, 68% (n=68) of patients indicated that confinement and isolation significantly contributed to their distress levels. Among those with limited family support, 85% (n=34 out of 40) reported higher levels of anxiety and depression, compared to 61% (n=37 out of 60) among those with regular family interactions. Statistical analysis confirmed a strong association (p < 0.05) between prolonged hospitalization and adverse mental health outcomes, with isolation and lack of support being key contributing factors. Conclusions: Prolonged hospitalization substantially affects mental and emotional well-being, underscoring the need for tailored mental health interventions in long-term care settings.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections encountered in clinical practice, which cause morbidity in both hospitalized and out patients. Increasing antimicrobial resistance among bacterial uro-pathogens is a significant health concern. Approximately 1 in 3 women will require antimicrobial treatment for a Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) before age 24, and 40% to 50% of women will have a UTI during their lifetime. UTIs in male patients are considered complicated. Escherichia coli are the most common cause of UTIs. To determine spectrum of microorganisms responsible for UTIs and their antimicrobial sensitive pattern. Clean-Catch midstream urine of the patients was collected. Urine samples received in microbiology laboratory for culture from 881 patients clinically suspected of having urinary tract infection during the study period were processed according to standard protocol. Isolates were identified by conventional phenotypic methods and antibiotic sensitivity determined by standard Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and follow Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. In this study 191 (21.68 %) patients out of 881 were shown to be urine culture positive out of them 122 (63.87%) females and 69 (36.13%) males. The most isolated bacterium was E. coli with frequency rate of 126 (65.97%). The other bacteria were Klebsiella spp. 35(18.32%), Pseudomonas spp. 18 (9.43%), and Acinetobacter spp. 12 (6.28%). It is concluded that Gram-negative bacilli were responsible for UTI infections in our patients. The most common isolated bacteria from urinary tract infections were E. coli followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae. The most effective antimicrobial agent was Imipenam and the least effective one was cephalexin.

Background: Colon cancer is a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, with increasing incidence, particularly in high-risk populations. Early detection through screening, such as the Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT), can significantly reduce morbidity and mortality. FOBT, which detects microscopic blood in stool, is a simple, cost-effective, and non-invasive method. Screening programs using FOBT are especially valuable in high-risk populations, though their effectiveness in different groups remains under study. Aim of the study: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of screening FOBT in the early detection and prevention of colon cancer by analyzing its role in influencing treatment outcomes and adverse effects. Methods: This retrospective observational study, conducted at the Department of (Name), (Name) Medical College and Hospital, Saudi Arabia, included 500 patients aged 40 and older who underwent FOBT screening for colon cancer between March and October 2016. Data were gathered from electronic medical records (EMR), covering demographics, medical history, FOBT results, follow-up procedures, diagnosis, treatment plans, and outcomes. Inclusion criteria were patients with complete records and FOBT screening, while exclusions included those under 40, incomplete records, and those not screened. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with results expressed as means ± SD and frequencies/percentages. Result: The majority of patients are aged between 40 and 69, with a significant portion (30.0%) aged 50-59. Male patients make up 60% of the sample. Notably, 40% have a family history of colon cancer, and 20% have a history of polyps. The FOBT test was positive in 20%, with 10% showing precancerous lesions and 12% diagnosed with cancer. Treatment predominantly involves surgery (9%) and chemotherapy (4%). Most patients (78%) have no disease post-treatment, though complications occur in 10%. Conclusion: According to our study findings Fecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) is effective for early colon cancer detection, identifying precancerous lesions and various cancer stages. With a 20% positivity rate, FOBT led to timely colonoscopies, improving patient outcomes.

This paper investigated the Spanish retail diesel market for evidence of asymmetric price adjustment and rent-seeking following changes in crude oil prices. The study used the nonlinear autoregressive distributed Lag (NARDL) modeling framework and monthly time series data for the period January 2005 to December 2015. The results indicate that Spanish diesel market is fraught with sluggish speed of adjustment, which is typical of markets witnessing uncompetitive pricing and other irregular behaviours by retail firms. The results further indicate that Spanish diesel market is bedeviled by the problem of short-run asymmetric price transmission from crude oil markets, which is consistent with the rockets and fathers effect. Further still, we find that retail firms in the Spanish automotive diesel markets may be exploiting the tax system to conceal rentseeking behaviours. This paper therefore supports policies that will encourage continuous monitoring of the market for irregular behaviors since the observed problems have antitrust and consumer welfare implications.

Background: Para-prosthetic leakage (PPL) is a significant complication following mechanical prosthetic mitral valve replacement, potentially impacting patient outcomes. The choice of suturing technique, continuous or interrupted, plays a pivotal role in determining the frequency and severity of PPL. Objective: To compare the frequency of para-prosthetic leakage in patients undergoing mechanical prosthetic mitral valve replacement using continuous versus interrupted suturing techniques. Methods: This observational study was conducted at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh, from September 2015 to August 2017. A total of 40 patients requiring mitral valve replacement were included and randomly divided into two groups: Group A (continuous suturing, n=20) and Group B (interrupted suturing, n=20). Baseline demographic and clinical data were recorded. The primary outcome was the incidence of PPL, assessed by transthoracic echocardiography at one month postoperatively. Results: The mean age of the patients was 37.3±11.5 years in Group A and 40.2±11.1 years in Group B. Mild PPL was observed in 15% of patients in Group A and 10% in Group B, a difference that was statistically nonsignificant (p>0.05). PPL jets in both groups were predominantly mild and clinically insignificant. The continuous suturing technique was associated with significantly shorter cross-clamp (57.8±22.4 vs. 77.5±18.6 minutes; p<0.05) and bypass times (105.9±37.3 vs. 134.7±33.2 minutes; p<0.05) compared to the interrupted technique. Conclusion: Both suturing techniques demonstrated comparable rates of para-prosthetic leakage, with a slight, nonsignificant trend toward reduced PPL in the interrupted group. However, the continuous suturing technique provided the advantage of reduced operative times. Further large-scale studies are recommended to validate these findings.

The purpose of any blood/ blood product, when needs to be transfused to any patient, must be a safe one. For that reason, mandatory screening for diseases like HIV, HBV, HCV, Malaria & syphilis are done in all the authentic blood banks in Odisha. Conventionally screening tests for these diseases are usually done by rapid tests/ ELISA tests. During last few years to lessen the window period of these diseases, more advanced test modality like NAT (Nucleic Acid Testing) has been introduced in some transfusion centers in India. The present study has been done to find out the benefit & limitation of the NAT test over ELISA test. The study has been carried out over a period of two years in VIMSAR, NAT center of Odisha where all ELISA negative samples are subjected for testing. Some seronegative cases in ELISA when subjected to NAT testing showed positive results. The percentage of positive samples in NAT which have showed negative in ELISA test was found out to be 0.08% in HI, 0.27% in HBV &0.01% in HCV. NAT Screening may be beneficial in the population where sero-prevalence of Transfusion transmitted infection is high. Although NAT has got an added advantage of reducing the window period, all the blood centers of India cannot afford for the cost of NAT test, so proper donor deferral should be adopted during selection of eligible donors.