The existence in a country of groups of people that radically differ in culture, population and ethnicity may almost always generate fears of domination of minority groups by the majority groups. This paper examines the legal and political steps taken by the Nigerian Government to protect the interests of minority groups within its borders. Efforts have been made to discuss such steps as: state creation; fundamental human rights; federal character; resources derivation, allocation and utilization; and commissions set up to carter for the welfare of the minority groups. A brief discussion of minority questions on international plane is, also, undertaken. In order to achieve the above stated goals, reliance has been placed on the Constitutions of Nigeria 1979 and 1999, statutes, judicial authorities, international legal instruments and practical experiences. This is followed with recommendations and conclusion

The purpose of the study is to find out whether there is a long-term and shortterm influence of the development of the Islamic capital market on economic growth in Indonesia. The data used are monthly data from January 2011 to December 2017 with Islamic stock variables, Islamic bonds (sukuk), and Islamic mutual funds as independent variables, as well as economic growth as the dependent variable. This research uses longterm relationship and error correction models to see the existence of short-term relationships. The results of this show are the significant positive influence between corporate sukuk, the Jakarta Islamic Index and Islamic Mutual Funds on Economic Growth in Indonesia. Whereas in the short term there is no influence between corporate sukuk, the Jakarta Islamic Index, and Islamic Mutual Funds on Economic Growth in Indonesia. Based on the results of the study, it can be implied that Islamic capital market is able to become an alternative capital to increase economic growth in Indonesia with long-term analysis using ECM.

Abstract: Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of the breast is a rare neoplasm. We report a case of 45yeras old female patient who consulted for a mastalgia. Clinical examination showed limited painful breast nodules. On ultrasound and mammography it was a well-limited mass without malignant signs. Core needle biopsy of the breast was done. Diagnosis was based on histopathological exam completed by immune-histochemistry. It’s a triple negative phenotype. The patient was treated by mastectomy plus radiotherapy and remains alive in remission.

This study aims to analyze the accountability process of the performance of government officials in the service of electronic Resident Identity Card (e-KTP) in Bantaeng Regency and analyze aspects that affect the accountability of the performance of government officials in the service of E-KTP in Bantaeng Regency. This research was carried out in Bantaeng Regency using qualitative approach, which is a method that has several theoretical perspectives with the type of case study. The research shows that the accountability of the performance of local government apparatus in e-KTP service at the Bantaeng Regency Population and Civil Registration Service still needs to be improved if it refers to several accountability indicators namely legal accountability and honesty, process accountability, program accountability, and policy accountability of the four indicators, indicators of local government must be able to improve the quality of the performance of the apparatus, especially from aspects of the process and program, although on the other hand there are some obstacles to the apparatus in carrying out their duties, functions and authority from these indicators. Indicators of legal accountability and honesty as well as policy accountability have run quite well, but these advantages must always be maintained in order to provide maximum service to the people of Bantaeng Regency.

The property of iron to get reversibly oxidized and reduced is essential for its metabolic functions. Severe iron deficiency can produce cardiovascular disease. Wide range of biochemical markers are implicated in the pathogenesis of anaemia like Serum Ferritin, Malondialdehyde and Homocysteine. The purpose of the study is to assess serum ferritin, homocysteine and plasma malondialdehyde levels in Iron deficiency anaemic patients and to find whether anaemic patients are prone to cardiovascular disease or not. A case control study was carried out at Lata Mangeshkar hospital, Nagpur in which serum malondialdehyde and homocysteine levels measured in 30 diagnosed patients of Iron deficiency anaemia in the age from 19 to 40 years were compared with healthy controls. Malondialdehyde was estimated by the method of Randox laboratory. Serum homocysteine was measured by using ELISA kits. The data was analysed for correlation between levels of homocysteine and malondialdehyde with serum ferritin in patients of Iron deficiency anaemia. Serum malondialdehyde levels in patients with Iron deficiency anaemia were higher i.e. 0.680+0.349 (ng/ml) than in controls which were 0.144+0.102 (ng/ml) with a statistically significant value of p <0.05.Statistically, there was also a significant rise in homocysteine levels in patients with Iron deficiency anaemia i.e.76.105+16.836(ng/ml) as compared to 27.57+12.11 (ng/ml) in controls. An inverse relation exists between serum ferritin and markers of oxidative stress. Iron deficiency anaemic patients have elevated levels of malondialdehyde and homocysteine than the control group and both these parameters may be common mediators in the pathogenesis of accelerated atherosclerosis.

Economic development of a village will be successful if there is participation from entrepreneurs who are expected to create jobs. Entrepreneurship is a development potential that can drive the economy of a village, therefore, it is very necessary to empower the businesses that are expected to be able to develop the potential of the village through innovation and creativity. So that this can be achieved, it needs support from various parties and one of them is a Village-Owned Enterprise (BUMDesa). BUMDesa is intended to strengthen village income, increase business opportunities, reduce unemployment and at the same time become the motor of the village economy. The existence of MSMEs with BUMDesa is supposed to go together, this is because if the economy wants to advance then the small businesses owned by the community must be supported by advanced and organized management. In addition there are other factors that can support the success and sustainability of a business, namely human resources. As a business manager, it is required to have an entrepreneurial spirit, where the spirit of entrepreneurship can be formed through the world of education and non-education and this is the duty of universities to provide supplies and motivate graduates to become entrepreneurs.

Abstract: The objectives of the study were: a) To identify the different risk factors in Early onset Preeclampsia. b) To study the Fetomaternal outcomes in that group. This was a one year cross-sectional study conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Gauhati Medical College and Hospital.100 mothers with Early onset Preeclampsia (EO-PE) (<34 weeks of gestation) were taken. Data about maternal risk factors, maternal complications, foetal and neonatal outcome were analysed and statistical significance determined. Primiparity, increasing BMI, family history of preeclampsia and male sex of the foetus were found to be important risk factors in development of EO-PE. All the maternal complications like eclampsia, sepsis, systemic disorders, ICU admissions and maternal deaths were higher in EO-PE. Greater number of patients with EO-PE progressed to develop severe preeclampsia. The rate of neonatal complications like abnormal umbilical artery Doppler, low birth weight, reduced APGAR score was higher in EO-PE. Incidence of NICU admissions and neonatal/perinatal deaths was also noted to be higher in EO-PE. Classification of preeclampsia into early and late onset has both etiological and prognostic value. Early detection, close monitoring, timely intervention by the obstetrician and good neonatal care by the paediatrician is the key for successful outcome in Early onset preeclampsia.

Banking plays an important role in the economic development of a country, where banks provide benefits to the mechanism of available sources of funds effectively and efficiently. In addition, banks provide financial services to all levels of society, so that the soundness of banks must be considered so that the economy is better. Therefore, it is very important to assess the performance of a financial institution. The purpose of the assessment is to determine the state of health of a bank. Where the soundness of a bank is seen from the performance of the bank that is assessed in terms of profitability, and the level of profitability is assessed through Return on Assets (ROA). Innovations made by banks on the basis of information technology have an extraordinary impact on efficiency and effectiveness. One of them is the existence of electronic banking products such as ATMs. This study aims to examine the effect of the Loan Deposit Ratio (LDR), NonPerforming Loan (NPL) and Net Interest Margin (NIM) on Return on Assets (ROA), as well as ATM as a moderating variable on the effect of Loan Deposit Ratio, NonPerforming Loans, and Net Interest Margin against Return on Assets. In Banks listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, from 2010 to 2017. Sampling using Purposive Sampling. The analysis technique used is multiple linear regression with SPSS 24. Research shows that Loan Deposit Ratio, Non-Performing Loans, and Net Interest Margin are able to explain Return on Assets. Research results show that (1) Loan Deposit Ratio has a significant negative effect on Return on Assets; (2) Non-Performing Loans have a significant negative effect on Return on Assets; (3) Net Interest Margin has a significant positive effect on Return on Assets; and (4) ATMs do not moderate the influence of Loan Deposit Ratio, Non-Performing Loans, and Net Interest Margin on Return on Assets.

The practice of defensive medicine (DM) including requesting unnecessary tests, procedures and treatments or avoiding risk taking is increasing worldwide. There is no data from the Arab world and Bahrain. It is vital to identify the drivers behind this growing practice in an attempt to combat it. In our study we aimed to estimate the practice of defensive medicine in primary care in the kingdom of Bahrain and to study the factors associated with it. We conducted a cross-sectional study between the months of March and June 2016 in all governmental health centers in the kingdom of Bahrain. Study participants were all the primary care doctors practicing clinically in those local health centers. A total of 247 physicians out of 285 (86.7%) completed the survey. Nearly all (86.6%) reported practicing defensive medicine. Taking more detailed history note taking (66.4%, 95% CI 60.5 -72.3) and ordering unnecessary tests than indicated 60.0%, 95% CI (54 -66.0) and avoiding risky procedures 59.0% (95% CI 53.0 -65.2), were there most common forms of DM practiced. Patient pressure, relief of anxiety and fear of legal claim, 86.4%, 65.0% and 62.0% respectively were the most common reasons given for the practice of DM. Significantly, physicians with more years of experience were less likely to practice DM and more likely to practice with extra hour of work per week (p< 0.05). We concluded that the practice of Defensive medicine is highly common among practicing primary care physicians in the Kingdom of Bahrain

The underlying research problem was the outcome of a crucial need to estimate the scenario of women participation in the agricultural labor force in the Punjab Province of Pakistan. It is an established fact that agriculture is the backbone of the economy of Pakistan and the rural women take part in the agricultural activities with zeal and zest as the male to female ratio is slightly higher in Pakistan according to the census of 2018. There are numerous factors which affect the female participation in the agricultural labor force. Hence, this study was an effort to identify such factors and quantify their effect on female labor force participation decisions in the rural areas of the Punjab Province, Pakistan. Cross Sectional data of 1800 women for the years 2001-02 and 2010-11 were extensively used which was collected by Household Integrated Economic Survey (HIES). The identified influencing factors were: Age, educational level, household size, monthly income, and the status of women. The analysis of the logit model showed a positive relationship between female age, educational level, household size, household monthly income, and female as the household head, on the female labor force participation (FLFP) decisions in the agricultural activities. Negative relationship of FLFP was found with married women and the infants (under 5 years) in the household for the year 2001-02. The status of women as daughter, daughter-in-law and others (cousin, aunt etc.) were negatively influencing the FLFP decisions. But for the year 2010-11, the presence of the infants in the household, age, educational level, household size, household monthly income was positively related to FLFP. The status of women in the household as the household head, daughter, daughter-in-law and others (cousin, aunt etc.) were also positively influencing the FLFP decisions in rural areas of the Punjab Province of Pakistan. The findings of this present research study suggest that in focusing on the factors that encourage women to participate in agricultural labor force of Pakistan, an economic revolution can be brought in all the socio-economic spheres along with the emancipation of the suppressed women in the other provinces of Pakistan such as Sindh and Baluchistan where though women participate in the labor force but their participation still is not recognized by the dominated male community.

Ileal perforation is a common complication of Typhoid in developing countries other causes includes tuberculosis, trauma, and enteritis. Non-traumatic perforation is a challenge for surgeons because of considerable morbidity and mortality. This study tried to evaluate the etiology and clinical outcomes of surgical management for all the cases of non-traumatic ileal perforation. This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of General Surgery, Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Naganoor, Karimnagar. Inclusion criteria were all the patients above 15 years undergoing surgery for ileal perforation. Excluded patients were those with appendicular perforations, peritonitis, and traumatic perforations. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of 21 male and 17 female patients were included in the study. A thorough clinical examination of the patient including vital signs, abdominal distension, guarding and tenderness was done and noted. The laboratory investigations included Hemoglobin, BT & CT, and serum creatinine. Chest X rays, ECG, Blood culture and WIDAL tests were done to diagnose patients with typhoid. Results: In the present study out of 22 male patients 17 were diagnosed with typhoid perforation and 5 were a non-specific perforation. In the 17 females, 15 were diagnosed with typhoid perforation and 2 were non-specific perforations. The surgical approach for the management included primary closure in the total of 25 (64.10%) male and female patients followed by Ileostomy in 8 (20.51%), Ileo Transverse Anastomosis in 4 (10.26%) and resection anastomosis in 2 (5.12%) of cases. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that typhoid ileal perforations are common in the group of patients reaching our hospital. The operative treatment for intestinal perforations should be based on several factors including operative findings. Early surgery with skilled surgeons and good postoperative care will result in reduced morbidity and mortality.

This study aims to determine the effect of government spending on education, health, and minimum wages on the Five Human Development Index in Southern Sumatra Province. The analytical tool used is panel data with the study period of 2007 to 2016 in five southern Sumatra Provinces namely Jambi, South Sumatra, Bengkulu, Lampung and Bangka Belitung. The results show that minimum wages are the most dominant variable and have a significant effect on the HDI. Whereas the other two variables, namely government spending in education and health do not significantly affect the HDI. Overall the HDI average is not much different and there is no discrepancy between provinces in Southern Sumatra from the range of 68 percent to 70 percent. However, of the five provinces in Southern Sumatra, there are two provinces with higher HDI figures than the others, namely Jambi Province and Bangka Belitung Province.

The Private Hospital is a Charity Health Business owned by Private Business. The BPJS (the Social Security Organizing Body)procedure that must be carried out by the hospital is quite complicated and the lack of information for BPJS users, such as nurses inpatient rooms must always monitor the ceiling limit limit of BPJS rates and the difficulty of referring to other private hospitals. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach. Data analysis of this study uses multiple linear regression analysis which is processed using the SPSS for Windows program. The sampling technique in this study used proportionate stratified random sampling and samples were 64 employees. The results of this study are reward, policy and and wages have a significant effect simultaneously on the employee performance in Private Hospital Surabaya. Second, the most dominant variable influencing employee performance in Private Hospital Surabaya is wages variable

Several heterogeneity factors such as government policies on foreign trade, growth rate of economy, market size and cost of labour in emerging economies motivated this study. However, bulk of recent empirical cross country studies on FDI and economic growth in emerging countries have shown mixed results. Therefore, this study employs OLS technique to examine a comparative analysis of performance of FDI inflows in BRICS economies alongside with Singapore and Hong Kong in the last 27 years. Consequently, the findings from this analysis show that the principal determinant of FDI inflows in China is large market size, growth rate and GDP per capita growth. Meanwhile, only the market size is the principal determinant of FDI inflows in Brazil, India, South Africa, Singapore and Hong Kong and GDP per capita growth is an insignificant determinant of FDI inflows in both Russia and South Africa. This paper hereby recommends based on its findings that: the policy makers in Brazil, India, Russia Federation, South Africa, Singapore and Hong Kong should embark on policy measures that will facilitate a rapid expansion of the country`s market size. This in turn will have a positive multiplier effects on the growth rate and GDP per capita growth in their economies. However, policy makers in China should embark on policy measure that will ensure the sustainability of the market size of the economy.

Iron craft is a society cultural heritage that has to be preserved. There are many factors working on the sustainability of domestic iron craft industry. This research aims to investigate those factors. The primary data were collected through the field observation, deep interviews, surveys, and documentation. The secondary data were obtained from literature reviews. Those data were deeply analized by qualitative method. The result of this research reveals some factors obstracting the rise of iron craft productivity which are human resourses, management, and finishing. The decreasing number of labors working in this industry and the absence of potential future Iron craftmen as well as the inadequate tecnology application to do the finishing process. Good management practise is required to develop the iron craft business. The values believed by the blacksmiths are family values, community values, and cultural values. The trade off of technology application replacing the labors potentially decrease the current values. On the other hand, technology is requaired to increase the productivity.