Reward plays a vital role to establish the attitudes of employee towards their job and the organization. There are several forms of reward that an organization can provide. However, this paper examines which types of rewards play significant role to motivate employees for achieving task and extra task behaviors. Based on the previous research and the suitability of data collection, the research method has chosen for this study is a quantitative approach. A variety ofthe finding is available from this research, such as: the reward practices of the sector presented in this study, why employee thinks non-financial rewards are important to them rather than financial rewards or vice versa. At the same time, this study also identifies whether female employees are considering non-financial rewards as motivating factors for them than men or not. Furthermore, it discloses that job position (managerial and nonmanagerial) has a considerable impact on reward perceptions. However, the results and conclusion are only applicable to the chosen organization.

Salinity and bad quality irrigation water is very common problem in Pakistan due to limited rainfall, more evapo-transpiration and high temperature. So, there is need to select salt tolerant plants. In view of that a pot experiment was conducted to study the growth performance and ionic composition of Conocarpus erectus L. under saline – sodic conditions. Sixteen treatments i.e. (T1=<4(dSm-1) + <15 (mmol L-1)1/2, T2= 20(dSm-1) + 20 (mmol L-1)1/2, T3= 20(dSm-1) + 40 (mmol L-1)1/2, T4= 20 (dSm-1) + 60 (mmol L-1)1/2, T5= 20 (dSm-1) + 80(mmol L-1)1/2, T6= 20(dSm-1) + 100 (mmol L-1)1/2, T7= 30(dSm-1) + 20(mmol L-1)1/2, T8= 30(dSm-1) + 40(mmol L-1)1/2, T9= 30 (dSm-1) + 60(mmol L-1)1/2, T10= 30 (dSm-1) + 80(mmol L-1)1/2, T11= 30(dSm-1) + 100 (mmol L-1)1/2, T12= 40(dSm-1) + 20(mmol L-1)1/2, T13= 40(dSm-1) + 40(mmol L-1)1/2, T14= 40 (dSm-1) + 60(mmol L-1)1/2, T15= 40 (dSm-1) + 80(mmol L-1)1/2 and T16= 40(dSm-1) + 100 (mmol L-1)1/2) were evaluated in order to assess their effect on plant growth and ionic composition. Results revealed that increasing levels of salinity and sodicity had negative effect on all plant growth parameters i.e. plant height, number of leaves and branches. While owing to dual stress of salinity and sodicity minimum percentage increase over control was noticed in T16 having EC (40 dSm-1) and SAR 100 (mmol L- 1)1/2. Results showed that sodium concentration increased with increasing salinity/ sodicity, while potassium in leaf samples was decreased. Maximum K/ Na was depicted in control while minimal at the highest level i.e. T16.

The existence of taxes in a country is a very important source of income in supporting national development. Developed countries are required to manage their taxes effectively and efficiently. Differences in the taxation system in each country become things that need to be studied more deeply for each country. Assessments are conducted to see the application of a good or complex system implemented in a country. A dministration of taxation as a system is a set of elements of legislation, facilities and infrastructure, and taxpayers are interrelated jointly perform the functions and duties to achieve certain goals. The rates of income tax in each country are regulated in regulations based on policies set by each country, such as Indonesia is regulated in Law no. 36 of 2008 which is one part of the tax administration. Comparison of income tax rate and value added tax in each country to be one of the reference writers to know which countries between Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand that have tax system and tax rate effective and efficient. Optimization of tax revenue not only on tariffs, but also through a combination of tax structures that can minimize tax evasion, and tax smuggling.

Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) of Fabaceae family belongs to genus Cajanus usually grown in semi-arid tropics of Asia and Oceania, Africa and America. This crop has been a best source for improving food and soil quality amongst farmers. However, its seed have been always questioned for purity. This problem is managed by using polymorphic SSR markers. In present study, a DNA fingerprints generated by seven SSR markers and hybrid testing is performed on Pigeonpea test samples along with parental lines. The seed samples of pigeonpea were germinated in laboratory and three week old leaves samples were used for DNA isolation by CTAB method. A total of 9 alleles were observed in three test samples using three primers out of seven primers. The screening of the allelic data associated with the three cultivated varieties, revealed markers (CcM0246) displayed unique allelic profiles for one variety. Yet, the genetic fingerprinting data is not well resolved to potentially distinguished two bands of hybrid that are merely of 4-8 bp to confirm hybrid testing of seed. Hybrid Testing of pigeonpea may be confirmed including more SSR primers prepared from genomic DNA of pigeonpea.

The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of oral versus vaginal misoprostol in the induction of labor after 34 weeks of gestation to 40 weeks gestation and to find out any variation in the maternal and fetal outcome. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar, and Telangana state for the period of one year. In the present study 100, antenatal women who are more than 34 weeks of gestation and who need induction of labor were selected for the study. To calculate the EDD, calculated using Naegele’s Formula. Women divided into Group A – 50 pregnant women, aged 18-32 years; with oral administration of 25 mcg Misoprost every 4th hourly, maximum of 6 doses (150mcg). Group B - 50 pregnant women, aged 18-32 years, with vaginal administration of 25mcg Misoprost every 4th hourly, maximum of doses of 6 doses(150mcg). In all the patients, the cervical status was assessed by using Bishop's score prior to induction. Repeat bishop's score was assessed at 4th hour and then before every repeat dose. Results: Parity a total of 57 women was primigravida while 43 were multigravida. For oral group 29 cases (58%) were primigravida, 21 cases (42%) were multigravida for the vaginal group, 28 cases (56%) were primigravida, 22 cases (44%) were multigravida. Augmentation with Oxytocin Of the total, 45% of the cases were on Oxytocin while remaining was not. For Oral Group 27 cases (54%) required augmentation with Oxytocin. Failed Induction In the study group, nearly 3% of the cases failed induction. In Oral group Failed induction incidence was in 3 cases (6%). In the Vaginal group, there was no failure of induction. 75% of the cases had a normal delivery, 12% showed vacuum delivery followed by C section (10%) and 3% cases had the forceps delivery.

Occupational hazards are termed as workplace undesirable activities that can cause an injury or ill health among the health care workers at their work place Aluko et al., 2016. In discharging their duties, nurses encounter a variety of occupational health problems which may be categorized into biological, chemical, mechanical, and psychosocial hazards Manyele, Ngonyani, & Eliakimu, 2008. The main aim of this study is to determine the knowledge and attitude of clinical practicing nurses regarding occupational hazards at the selected hospital. A Descriptive Cross sectional design was used to assess the awareness of nurses regarding the occupational hazards and its management. A quantitative non experimental approach was applied. A sample n=200 registered nurses was drawn from the list of all registered nurses at Mayo Hospital Lahore through convenient sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was adopted from a previous study. The adopted questionnaire meets the basic purpose and objectives of this current study. All the questions were written and formulated simply. The data collection tool consists of closed ended questions with Yes and No for Knowledge and Likert scale of agreements and disagreements for Attitude. After the data categorized and entered in to the computer, it will be analyzed with the help of SPSS software (version 21). Religion and Knowledge of occupational hazards is having significant association (p value= .001). Furthermore Marital status of the participants is significantly associated with the knowledge and attitude towards the occupational hazards among nurses. The chi squire tests are having significant association (p value= .000) less than .05. Moreover Knowledge and attitude of occupational hazards showed a significant relationship with having Pearson chi square values (p values .000). In conclusion, the Knowledge ad attitude of occupational hazards was found to be associated with different factors such as Education, Marital status and religion etc.

The study therefore is intended to ensure the application of benchmarking as a managerial tool for effectiveness of organization with the following steps to: find out the quality of service MTN offers to the customers better than other system network and find out the extent of MTN affordability of service which act as an inducement in choosing other network. The study was to evaluate the application of benchmarking as a managerial tool for effectiveness of the communication Service providers. The population consists of 482 staff of MTN, GLO 9 Mobile, Airtel in Enugu metropolis, Enugu state. The study used the survey approach. The primary sources used were the administration of questionnaire to staff and distributors. 352 copies of the questionnaire were returned and accurately filled. The validity of the instrument was tested using content analysis and the result was good. The reliability was tested using the Pearson correlation coefficient (r). It gave a reliability co-efficient of 0.79 which was also good. The hypotheses were analyzed using f-statistics (ANOVA) tool. The findings indicated that the quality of service MTN offers has significant and positive effect to the customers than other system network F(95,n=352)=724.975,P<0.05; and that MTN affordability of service which acts as an inducement than choosing other network is to a great extent. F (95,n=352)=699.755, P<0.05; The study concluded that the quality and affordability of service MTN offers has significant and positive effect to the customers than other system network. The study Recommended that Quality of service is highly demanded of any organization that wants long-term sustainability to meet up with competitive advantage. Finally, affordability of service should be ensured for both the rich and poor at any point in time to increase market share.

Contaminated water may affect the health of millions of residents in the world. The main objective of this research work is to evaluate the drinking water quality in Sharg and Garb el-gash drinking water stations, which considered as important sources for civil uses, in Kassala city, eastern Sudan, during June 2016. For this purpose, chlorinated water samples were taken from drinking water pump station units and chemically analyzed at the laboratory of Kassala authority drinking water. The results revealed that, values of Acidity (7.5), Ammonia, Ammonium and Ferrous Cations; Nitrite, Nitrate, Fluoride and Chloride ions, Total Hardness were found to be: (0.03, 0.033, 0, 12.28, 0.03, 0.88, 0, 185) mg/l respectively. Turbidity were found to be 2.91 NTU, the results matched with both the Sudanese and world health organization standards. Hence, Kassala drinking water was free from chemical pollutants and almost suitable for domestic use.

Acne is a common problem that can also leave behind permanent scarring leading to low self-esteem. Various treatment modalities can help dealing with these acne scars. The aim of this study is to compare efficacy of PRP with dermaroller against with PPP with dermaroller. A prospective study of 31 patients was done. After microneedling, PRP and PPP was applied on each side of face. The procedure was repeated every four weeks and scars were evaluated by Goodman and Barron grading system. Significant improvements were found on both sides of face and no substantial difference was observed on either of the treated sides. Also dermaroller therapy showed improvement in rolling type and boxcar types of acne scars only. Dermaroller is a safe and affordable device used with or without PRP and PPP for treatment of post acne scars

Ivorian Cucurbitaceae seeds consumed in sauce find themselves in several varieties. Among the Cucurbitaceae, Citrullus lanatus species comprises four cultivars listed on the basis of the size and appearance of seeds (oval seed cultivar, large seed cultivar, average seed cultivar and small seed cultivar). To promote these crops, field trials in situ were carried out to show the diversity within the species. Works have been conducted on the characterization of physico-chemical properties of seeds, and almonds. The agromorphological analysis showed different fruits weight of 1135.45 ± 266.78 g, 1075.29 ± 336.89 g, 838.43 ± 184.15 g and 764.4 ± 242.3 g for COS, CBS, CAS and CSS cultivars respectively. The morphological characteristics of peeled seeds (almonds) and not peeled (whole seeds) varied significantly (P 0,05) of a cultivar to the other. The percentage of germination of seeds showed a significant difference (p 0,05) from a cultivar to the other one. So the percentages of germination were 62,81 % and 88,88 % for the cultivars CSS and CAS respectively. As for cultivars COS and CBS, the percentages of germination were 95,72 % and 90,72 %. The qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the characteristics of the seeds of Citrullus lanatus cultivars showed that cultivars CBS and COS were premature, produced big fruits containing big seeds contrary to the late cultivars CAS and CSS with small and average seeds. However, the shape of fruits of the various cultivars did not determine the size of their seeds.

Lassa fever is a disease of public health importance with high mortality and morbidity especially among rural dwellers.This study was done to determine the knowledge of transmission, risk factors, prevention, symptoms and the preventive practices against Lassa fever among adults in Ukpom, a rural community in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. A community based descriptive cross-sectional study was done among 228 adults selected by multi-stage sampling in 2016 using a pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire and analysed with SPSS.Ninety point eight percent (90.8%) claimed to have heard of Lassa fever mainly through radio and TV (64.9%). The majority knew that consuming food contaminated with rat feces and urine (88.6%) including eating poorly cooked rats (82.5%) transmits Lassa fever. Most knew that a clean environment (95.2%), proper covering of food (93.4%), no holes in homes (93.4%) and not eating rats (89.5%) prevents Lassa fever .The top 2 risk factors for Lassa fever known were non- covering of food (91.7%) and poor refuse disposal (89.9%). Common symptoms known were headache (69.3%), fever unresponsive to antibiotics (68.4%) and vomiting (66.2%). Major practices to prevent it were covering of food (98.2%), not eating rats (97.4%) and keeping a clean environment (95.6%). Only 15.8% stopped burning bushes, 32.9% stopped drinking garri and 17.5% fumigated their houses as practices to prevent Lassa fever. Age was significantly associated with level of knowledge. (p=0.000). Good level of knowledge of Lassa fever was found among community members though some misconceptions still existed. Intensified health education is recommended.

Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection (CAUTI) is the most common healthcare associated infection arising as the complication at intensive care units accounting for 80% of all hospital acquired infections .Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most commonly reported Health Associated Infections (HAIs) in the United States, accounting for 32% of all infections Weber, Sickbert-Bennett et al., 2011. Although many preventive measures and guidelines to prevent CAUTI exist in different health care setting. The main purpose of this study was, to assess the knowledge and attitude of nurses towards the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection in the ICU’s of the public hospitals Lahore. A cross sectional descriptive survey was performed to assess the knowledge and attitude among Nurses. A convenient sample of n=160 was used to collect the data. A structured adopted questionnaire from knowledge, attitude and practice of nurses towards the prevention of catheter associated urinary tract infection in selected referral hospitals in rwanda was used to collect data. The questionnaire consisted demographic variables, Knowledge and attitude of nurses about CAUTI among the nurses of the ICU at public hospitals Lahore. The findings reveals that majority of participants 48.75% were having moderate knowledge towards CAUTI prevention, having 48.13% poor knowledge and 3.13% having only good knowledge. However, attitude of nurses toward CAUTI prevention was 60% negative and 40% positive. The data was analyzed on SPSS version 21. Overall knowledge is satisfactory however negative attitude needs much attention.

The price of fake products is much lower than that of genuine brand products. The consumer willing to buy fake products, consist in their can or cannot to discriminate difference between the fake goods with authentic branded products. Or because their attitude themselves do not reject the fake products. Or they maybe buy the fake products. Will even be to attention about whether some authentic branded products have fake goods can to buy? This study use the questionnaire was developing to interview loyal user of branded. The results reported that the uneven wealth is the main cause of fake products.

The present study investigates the comparison of hand hygienic practices in nurses of neonate and pediatric unit allied hospital and DHQ hospital Faisalabad. Hand hygiene is a primary measure to reduce infection in neonates. Hand hygiene is a simple procedure. That can help in reducing morbidity and mortality rate. The purpose of this study is to comparison of hand hygienic practices in nurses of neonate and pediatric unit Allied hospital and DHQ hospital Faisalabad. To assess nurses compliance of hand hygiene related to new born care. To assess association between hand hygiene training and hand washing practice. The study’s methodology involved descriptive quantitative study design. Sample size was 180. Questionnaires were distributed to the nurses of two hospitals. 150 questionnaires returned back. Questionnaire was containing in 3 sections. The data analysis was done using SPSS software version 21. Results describes about I receive formal training for hand hygiene. Results indicate that 100% respondents were Agree with the statement. The mean is 1.0000 with .00000 standard deviation. Results describes about There is a relationship between good hand hygiene practice and hospital acquired infections. Results indicate that 88.0% respondents were strongly agree, 12.0% agree with the statement. The mean is 1.1200 with .32605 standard deviation. Results describes my clinical nursing instructor consistently performs HH when necessary. Results indicate that 65.3% respondents were strongly agree, 28.0% Agree and the UN decided 6.7% with the statement. Hand washing is a primary measure to reduce infection and prevent spread of health care associated infection. Descriptive quantitative design used for this study. Data was collected through adopted questionnaire Descriptive statistics was used for analyzing date.

Ridge density means the number of ridges present in a specified area of a fingerprint and several researches have been carried out on this aspect of fingerprints. This study was conducted with an aim to establish a relationship between sex and fingerprint ridge density. The fingerprints were taken from 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) in the age group of 18-25 years. After taking fingerprints, the ridges were counted in the upper portion of the radial border of each print for all ten fingers and mean value was calculated. The results have shown that a the ridge density ranges from 7-16 ridges/25mm2 in male and 11-17 ridges/25mm2 in females. It has been successful to support the hypothesis that women tend to have a statistically significant greater ridge density than men