Patients undergoing surgery are most feared of postoperative pain. All the techniques for multimodal analgesia has some or the other side effects. Transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block is newer, effective and comparatively simpler to perform and provides better and denser pain relief than pharmacological agents. It could be used in abdominal and inguinal surgeries. This randomized control study was conducted on 60 male patients of ASA grade 1 and 2 undergoing open prostectomy after taking ethics committee approval. In group L (n = 30), 0.25% Levobupivacaine hydrochloride (20ml) and in group S (n=30), 20 ml of normal saline was given through TAP block after completion of surgery. Time of first rescue analgesia and total dose of analgesic consumption for 24 hour postoperatively along with pain visual analogue scale (VAS) were measured and compared along with other vitals like heart rate, SBP, DBP and MAP. Postoperatively, TAP block using levobupivacaine just after completion of surgery results in better analgesia in post-operative period in patients undergoing open prostectomy. Time of rescue analgesia in group L was 209.3±27.25min and in group S was 70.6±9.8 min. Also total analgesic dose consumption and VAS score in postoperative period was significantly low in levobupivacaine group when compared with the saline or control group (p<0.05). TAP block using levobupivacaine 0.25% in open prostectomy patients provide better analgesia in postoperative period and reduces amount of total analgesic consumption and thus the side effects associated with the later.

It has been observed in the recent time that the bulk of studies on foreign capital flows in Nigeria focused on aggregate economic performance, neglecting the performance of industrial sub-sector. In order to move the frontiers of knowledge in this regard, the paper critically examined the relationship between international capital flows and industrial performance in Nigeria using Cointegration, DOLS and Granger Causality Approach. The study extracted data from CBN Statistical Bulletin and UNCTAD investment report from 1990-2015. Consequently, in order to address the objective of this study necessary diagnostic tests such as unit roots, co-integration and Pairwise Granger Causality Tests were estimated. The findings that emerged from this paper is as follows: long-run effect shows that foreign direct investment and external debt have a significant positive relationship with industrial performance in Nigeria. However, the remittances though have a positive relationship with industrial performance in Nigeria, but are not significant. Also, there is a unidirectional causality which runs from industrial performance to FDI inflows in Nigeria. Hence, this paper recommends that Nigerian government should see inflows of foreign capital as a viable catalyst that has the capacity to propel the expansion of the country`s industrial sector, and the policy makers in the country should embark on policy measures that will ensure the sustainability of foreign direct investment inflows and external debt towards the direction of industrial sectors in Nigeria. In the same vein, larger percentage of remittances should be tailored towards industrial sector in the country. If foreign capital flows is sustained there will be industrial revolution in the economy in the nearest future.

Lead is a well known environmental and reproductive toxicant. This study was designed to evaluate the blood lead levels in pregnant women in Nnewi, Anambra State, South Eastern Nigeria. A total of 100 apparently healthy subjects comprising of 75 pregnant women and 25 non-pregnant women (control) aged between 18 and 45 years were recruited for the study. Thereafter, 2mls of blood sample was collected into EDTA container for the estimation of lead concentration using atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. A structured questionnaire was used in obtaining relevant data for age, dietary and lifestyle patterns of subjects. The result showed a significantly higher lead level in pregnant women compared with control group (p=0.000). Also, the mean blood lead level differed significantly between the first and second trimester as well as between first and third trimesters of pregnancy (p<0.05), but values obtained were similar between second and third trimesters of gestation (p>0.05) respectively. This study further revealed significantly higher blood levels in pregnant women that consume caffeine, animals killed by ammunition, and food items as well as in pregnant women that smokes (p<0.05). Also, blood lead level was significantly elevated in pregnant women that used well and piped water respectively (p<0.05). Therefore, there is need to avoid avenues of lead exposures in pregnancy in order to sustain the low blood level recorded in this study and hence, limit the potential adverse implications of lead exposures.

Low accessibility to credit facilities has been devastating the small scale farming business in Nigeria. Therefore, the small scale farmers in Nigeria are encountering difficulties as these farmers cannot directly access credit facilities to boom and develop their farm business activities, and this has led to agricultural business setback in the country. This paper investigated how micro-insurance policy has influenced peace of mind among the small scale farmers in Nigeria. The study used survey research methodology, with the south-western part of Nigeria as the scope of the study. The data for this study was extracted from primary source through well structure designed questionnaires, using correlation and linear regression analysis to analyze the extracted data. And to determine the present and future relationship between examine the present and future relationship between the independent variable (micro-insurance (MI) and the set of dependent variables (health risk (HR); financial protection (FP); vulnerability risk (VR); and Poverty alleviation (PA)). The findings revealed that using micro insurance as an health risks management tool among the small scale farmers in rural areas, and the less privileges will be an efficient platform to alleviate their proneness to the risks of sickness, because it will assist this them to overcome the anxiety of hospital bills payments, and other medical expenses. The study conclude that Micro-insurance can mitigate vulnerability among the small scale farmers in the country by providing low income households, business and farmers with access to post eventuality compensation, thus compensates them for injury, damage and providing coverage for their ill-health, which invariably leads to development among the small scale farmers.

A simple and precise reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of cefuroxime in human plasma was developed and validated. Using cefazolin as an internal standard (IS), 0.25 ml plasma samples were deproteinized with 90 µl of 3% trichloroacetic acid in methanol, the supernatant was extracted with 150 µl acetonitrile, and 100 µl of the second supernatant were injected into the HPLC system. Separation was achieved on Atlantis dC18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.01 M cetyltriethylammonium bromide, 0.01 M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (pH 6.5), and acetonitrile (30:30:40, v:v:v). The mobile phase was spiked with triethylamine (10 µl/L) and delivered at 1.0 ml/minute. The eluent was monitored spectrophotometrically at 278 nm. No interference with cefuroxime and IS peaks by extracted blank plasma components or commonly used drug was observed. The relationship between cefuroxime concentration and peak height ratio of cefuroxime to the IS was linear over the range of 0.25-14.0 μg/ml. Coefficient of variation and bias were ≤ 12.6% and ≤ 11.0%, respectively. Mean extraction recovery of cefuroxime and the IS was 99% and 95%, respectively. The method was applied to assess the stability of cefuroxime under various conditions encountered in the clinical laboratory. Cefuroxime stability in processed samples stored at room temperature for 24 hours or 48 hours at -20 °C, and in unprocessed samples for 24 hours at room temperature or 14 weeks at -20 °C was ≥ 96% and ≥ 83%, respectively.

Cavernous hemangioma is a benign vascular tumor related to single or multiple hemangiomas, probably developing from embryonic remnants of angioblastic cells. This entity is very rare and constitutes barely 0.6% of bladder tumors. However its diagnosis can be easily established by cystoscopy and confirmed by pathological examination. Hematuria is the most common mode of manifestation. Bladder hemangioma is most often sporadic, but it can be associated with a KlippelTrenaunay syndrom, in this case they are multiple. Treatment consists of tumor resection. Selective arterial embolisation is rarely used. Endoscopic treatment by photocoagulation Neodymium laser seems a satisfactory therapeutic option.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an important cause of neurological disability. Familial MS is uncommon in India and is seen mostly in the high prevalence countries like United States of America, Canada and New Zealand. In the present paper, two members of the same family were diagnosed as having MS. As the disease is uncommon, there was initial diagnostic difficulty in the first case. The clinical and radiological findings are described with a note on the treatment and follow up.

The study was conducted to assess the extent of seropositivity of Hepatitis C among HIV positive patients at tertiary care hospital in Rajkot from June 2016 to May 2017 and evaluate the need of routine screening for this infection among such patients. The samples were tested for HIV as per Strategy III of National AIDS control organization by using different system of testing to establish diagnosis of HIV. A total of 300 confirmed HIV-positive samples were tested for anti-HCV antibodies by using one step immunochromatographic assay based on the principle of the double antigen-sandwich technique. Out of total 300 HIV positive patients, 69.67% were male and 30.00% were female. Only one was transgender. Out of 300 samples tested, 5(1.67%) were positive for HCV with 2(0.96%) of male and 3(3.33%) of female patients. Highest prevalence was observed among age group 21–30yrs i.e 2(3.77%), while not a single anti-HCV positive case were recorded in age group ≤20 and ≥51 which implies that HIV and HCV infection is more common in younger generation. We believe our data could help health professionals to deal better with HIV infected patients. We also believe our data reinforces the need of prevention programs on HIV transmission, which also lead to reduction in prevalence of Hepatitis C.

To evaluate the serum lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) level as a marker of severity of preeclampsia. Antenatal mothers without complications were taken as controls and women with preeclampsia taken as cases. They were evaluated for serum LDH levels. All enrolled women were followed till delivery and their course of pregnancy and fetal outcome were noted. Mean value of LDH in the control group was 395.16+ 92.54IU/L. The LDH level in non severe type of preeclampsia was 566+ 219IU/L and in severe type of preeclampsia was >600 IU/L where it was highly significant (p<0.001). Antenatal complications and neonatal complications were 25% more in severe preeclampsia where serum LDH levels were >800IU/L. The severity of maternal and fetal complications was correlated well with increased LDH levels in preeclampsia.

Chikungunya Fever is one of the most important arboviral infections of medical significance. It is characterized by an abrupt onset of fever with severe arthralgia followed by constitutional symptoms and rash lasting for 1-7 days. The disease is almost self-limiting and rarely fatal. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a RNA virus belonging to the family Togaviridae, Genus Alpha virus. Aim of the study is to know the seroprevalence of Chikungunya infection in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India. A retrospective study was conducted at a Microbiology Department, Shree M.P. Shah Govt. Medical College, Jamnagar, Gujarat. Serum samples were collected from 382 suspected cases of Chikungunya fever and tested for Chikungunya IgM antibodies by ELISA over a 1 year period from July 2017 to June 2018. Of the 382 serum samples tested, 67 (17.54%) were positive for Chikungunya IgM antibodies. Out of these 67 positive samples, males were 30 (44.78%) and females were 37 (55.22%). The most affected age group was 31 to 45 years 22 (32.84%), followed by 16 to 30 years 17 (25.36%). From the present study it can be concluded that the Chikungunya cases are on rise. Hence, Chikungunya has become a major public health problem in India. Favorable mosquitogenic condition during monsoon period is primarily responsible for the rapid spread of Chikungunya. This requires continuous monitoring of the viral circulation in both endemic and nonendemic areas and rapid implementation of Chikungunya control programme. For these infections early detection and access to proper medical care will cause lower fatality rate.

Our aim was to formulation development and evaluation of herbal face pack without adding any preservatives. Face pack was formulated with different natural ingredients (sandal wood powder, multani mitti, china rose flower powder, turmeric, rose water) which are rich sources of vitamins and minerals that are essential for the health and glow of the skin. Evaluation methods were organoleptic, physico-chemical, rheological parameters and stability along with irritancy test. All prepared formulations were standardized by different parameters. Organoleptic parameters showed that the pack was smooth and rheological findings proved the flow properties of the pack as it was found to be free flowing and non-sticky in nature. The results showed that the formulation was stable on all aspects. Stability tests performed revealed the inert nature of the pack. Irritancy test was showed that no irritancy after use. Face packs are generally used to increase the fairness, glow and smoothness of the skin. They are non-toxic, non-allergic and having lesser side effects. Thus in the present work, it was a very good attempt to formulate and evaluate the herbal face pack containing natural herbal ingredients.

Temporomandibular ankylosis is defined as a permanent constriction of the temporomandibular joint. It can be an articular or juxta-articular origin, and includes various pathologies. We report here an unusual cause of temporo mandibular ankylosis which is an osteochondroma diagnosed by an anatomopathological study of the bone block. A 16-year-old patient who consults for a difficulty in opening the mouth. The clinical examination was without particularities. The cranian scan revealed the presence of a bony block at the right temporo mandibular joint with almost complete disappearance of the joint space.It was the histological examination of the osseous block that led to the diagnosis of osteochondroma.

Cutaneous larva migrans (CLM) is a tropical and subtropical parasitic infection caused by hookworm infection which inhabit in domestic pets such as cats and dogs. Larva found in infected soil, accidently penetrates the intact skin and causes lesions which are an erythematous, serpiginous, and extremely itchy. The reported case was clinically diagnosed as CLM had multiple lesions without complications and successfully treated with albendazole.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is caused by lymphotropic retrovirus which was first recognised in 1981 and subsequently HIV was discovered in 1983. HIV infection causes derangement in hematopoietic system which directly results in lymphopenia with the progression of disease and leads to decrease in CD4 lymphocytes, which is directly related to prognosis of disease. It is said that other blood cells may also be deranged due to HIV infection leading to anemia, neutropenia or thrombocytopenia. The purpose of this study was to assess various haematological various haematological changes in HIV patients and to correlate the finding with CD4 counts. A total of 50 seropositive patients were studied over a period of 1 year. All patients diagnosed as HIV 1 and 2 were included in the study. Patients with no haematological study or CD4 count were excluded from the study. The hematological parameters included under this study were – Hemoglobin, Total Leucocyte count, Absolute Lymphocyte count, Platelet count, Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) and CD4 count. In this study 26 (52%) were male and 24 (48%) were females. Majority of cases (50%) were between the age of 30 – 44 years. Decrease in CD4 count correlated with lymphopenia with CD4 count less than 500/µl in majority (88%). Anemia was the commonest abnormality (62%), predominantly normocytic normochromic type. Thrombocytopenia was the least noted (14%). This study reiterated that absolute lymphocyte count is the best correlated parameter with CD4 count in seropositive patients.

Abstract: Polyhydramnios is an important obstetric complication with increased maternal morbidity. Undoubtedly, ultrasound is the best means to diagnose polyhydramnios USG has revolutionized the process of assessment of amniotic fluid thus becoming an integral part of fetal surveillance. In a low resource health facility as India with poor coverage of antenatal care and malnutrition it still becomes more important to screen pregnancies for such high risk factors. To determine the incidence and to assess the maternal outcome in patients diagnosed to have polyhydramnios in singleton pregnancies. The present study was conducted in Guahati Medical College for a period of one year from July 2017 to June 2018. All the patients were identified as having polyhydramnios using Largest pocket diameter method. The incidence of polyhydramnios in singleton pregnancy during the study period was 1.04 %. Majority of cases (76.61%) were mild, 14.03% moderate and 9.36 % severe polyhydramnios. Most common etiology was found to be idiopathic 69% followed by congenital anomalies19.8% and Diabetes Mellitus 10.52% Out of 171cases, 9 case was an abortion out of which 8 was induced due to fetal anomaly, 37 cases had preterm vaginal deliveries, 59 cases had full term vaginal deliveries, 66 cases had cesarean section. The most common maternal complication encountered was preterm labour and the most common malpresentations was breech. The study gives us the understanding of the impact of polyhydramnios on maternal outcome.