The paper investigates the practice of domestic rainwater harvesting by residents of the study area to supplement intermittent water supplies from the public water works. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire in August 2016 and 2017, the peak of the rainy season. Results showed overwhelming percentage of respondents collects rainwater (99%) but do not drink the water collected (96%). The harvested rainwater is used for domestic needs and provides savings in income and time in search of water by residents.

This paper demonstrates the imperativeness of public participation if the people who are entrusted with leadership in a country misgovern amid the watch of constitutionalism. For social justice to occur—for the vast majority of Kenyans to access healthcare, adequate housing, adequate and nutritious food, safe water, social security, education, to ensure their well-being—governance is the sine qua non. It is not governance per se, but governance that is participatory: a type of governance that values the views of the governed. Kenya, with a population of approximately 50 million, has over 45 per cent of its people living below the poverty line or on less than two dollars a day while some citizens have by far more than they need. The East African country is regarded by the World Bank, UNDP and other authorities as one of the most unequal countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Because of this huge divide between the haves and the have-notes, the country is far from attaining social justice. For social justice to be achieved, social problems have to be mitigated. This is only achieved if people have access to the basic needs such as clean water, food, healthcare, and clothing. But then again, social justice cannot be achieved without public participation, accountability, transparency, effectiveness and efficiency, equity and inclusiveness, responsiveness, and the rule of law. Through literature review, it is clear that participatory governance boosts not only equality and equity, but also efficiency and effectiveness in service delivery, alleviation of corruption, ineptitude, laxity and inertia, and empowerment of the people in their quest to expand their choices.

The article established the relationship between youth livelihood program fund and unemployment reduction in relation to gender in western division, Kabarole District. The study adopted an observational, cross-sectional exploration design with both quantitative and qualitative as paradigms in order to describe the data and its characteristics. Questionnaires, interview guides and focused groups discussions were employed to garner information from the respondents. Data was analyzed using frequencies, percentages and bar graphs. The study findings showed that there was a positive correlation between youth livelihood program fund and unemployment reduction in relation to gender. The study findings recommended that training of the youth groups should be handled on a case by case basis depending on the nature of the enterprises specialized in while considering the group dynamics. There should be regular follow up by the relevant offices to save the situation before it runs out of hand, increase the operational (monitoring) funds for the projects across the board. There is need to ensure capacity building of both men and women to improve their financial management and entrepreneurship skills, give males and females equal opportunities and treat them equally and have equal and easy access to the funds, the study also suggested that both males and females should be involved in policy making processes of their own groups so as to feel a sense of belongingness of their own projects.

To assess the anxiety level of patients before, during, and after dental visits and injection of local anesthesia, and to compare the dental anxiety level among different age groups. A total of 296 patients who underwent different dental treatments in Namuthajiya and Muneseya campuses were included in this study. The subjects were divided into four age groups: 10–20-year, 21–30, 31–40, and above 41. Six questions were developed to assess the extent of anxiety levels among dental patients. The questions were “dental patient in relation to open mouth completely by the dentists”, “„patients during different treatments from instruments”, “„during and after local anesthesia injections”, “night before the dental appointments”, and “when the dentist is angry with the nurse”. Significant difference was considered at P<0.05. Patients aged 21–30 had the highest frequency, followed patients aged 31–40 at 28%. The frequency of the relaxed level of anxiety was the highest among most of the questions, at 68%, 44%, 43%, and 33% for questions number 4, 3, 1, and 5, respectively, and significant differences were found (P˂0.050). The anxious level of stress had the highest frequency of 30% in the question “During drilling from instruments”, whereas the frequency of the very anxious level of stress was high at 35% for the question related to “When the dentist is angry with the nurse”. No significant differences were found on both questions, with P values of 0.324 and 0.275. The recorded anxiety levels of patients before dental visits were low but were high during dental visits and treatments. Young and old patients showed increased stress levels during dental procedures.

One area that interests many researchers is the development of nanoparticle synthesis methods. Nanoparticles can occur naturally or through a synthesis process by humans. Nanoparticle synthesis means making particles less than 100 nm in size and simultaneously changing their properties or functions. Durian skin powder nanoparticles were synthesized using the coprecipitation method. Where the coprecipitation method is one method of synthesis of inorganic compounds based on the deposition of more than one substance together when it passes the saturation point. Coprecipitation is a method that processes using low temperatures and is easy to control particle size so that the time needed is relatively shorter. EDTA is used to control the crystal size (diamin tetra acetate ethanol) is a titrating ligand that is widely used in complexometric titration. EDTA added was varied by 10 drops, 15 drops, 20 drops and 25 drops to see the change in crystal size that occurred. This crystal size control aims to obtain maximum electrical performance in durian leather powder. The maximum electrical voltage obtained by adding EDTA little by little is 5.5 Volt with maximum droplets as well and the crystal size is 4.9 nm. The performance of the partners obtained is not that different from the others. So that it can be said that the voltage will continue to increase when the size of the crystal gets smaller and the addition of EDTA increases the droplets increasing the value of the electrical voltage and reducing the size of the crystals of the durian leather powder.

Superficial fungal infections are generally more prevalent in tropical environments because of the enhancement of their growth by the high temperatures and high humidity conditions prevalent in these regions. The aim of this study is to investigate the antifungal potency of herbal ointments formulated with aqueous extract of Cassia alata. The in vitro antifungal activity of crude extract of leaves of Cassia alata as well as herbal ointments were determined against Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophyte, Aspergillus niger and Penicillium using the Agar cup plate method. Herbal ointments were prepared by incorporating the crude extract of Cassia alata (10 % w/w) into ointment bases and evaluated for their in vitro antifungal efficacy. The crude extract showed moderate antifungal activity against Candida albicans, Trichophyton mentagrophyte and Aspergillus niger with zones of inhibition of 23 mm, 21 mm and 19 mm respectively at 200 mg/ml but no activity against Penicillium. The antifungal activity was retained in the herbal ointments with higher zones of inhibition for corresponding concentrations. The formulation containing Cassia alata extract in aqueous cream showed comparatively better antifungal activity. The herbal ointment also compared favourably with a commercial brand of Miconazole cream used as standard. This study shows that Cassia alata possesses antifungal activity and also has high potential as antifungal agent when formulated as ointment for topical use and could therefore explain the successes claimed in the folk use of the plant in the treatment of common skin conditions, hence the need to have herbal topical dosage forms.

In particular there are two social settings in the world namely rural and urban and these two segments are subjected for a precipitate change. Also noticeable that, the media in the world that exposed for globalization performs a considerable task which affects the social environment, attitudes and behavioral conduct of individuals as revealed through investigations on social processes. This study was focused on Madirigiriya village in Polonnaruwa district in the North central province in Sri Lanka in line with a random sampling method having selected 153 informants for the sample. Information collected through a questionnaire with added investigations via focused group discussions (FGDs), and observations, attended in qualitatively and quantitatively. The software titled SPSS, Excel was used to analyze the data. The study revealed that due to the penetration of media, the living fashion had been affected by changing important social elements such as the food consumption pattern, physical environment of the house and the family system, daily routine, educational needs, changed hobbies also to change the political base in the society, awareness on legal framework.

Ectopic pregnancy is an entity which when reports to emergency department requires prompt diagnosis and treatment. Index of suspicion is high in fertile women but it poses challenge and demands knowledge to manage if the woman has history of sterilization where suspicion of pregnancy is far remote. We present one such experience of ruptured ectopic pregnancy in a woman who had history of bilateral tubal sterilization 6 years back.

This paper attempts a reinterpretation of European colonisation of Africa with particular reference to settler and non-settler colonies in Africa. Colonial system whether it is “indirect rule” practiced by the British, the French “assimilation” and “association”, German “paternalism”, Portuguese “Luso-tropicalism” etc have the same motives and tendencies aimed at exploitation, peripherialisation and pauperisation of the African people in all parameters for their material benefits. The methodological approach adopted in this research is “qualitative method”. Secondary source materials have been utilised, which comprised mainly published books that have been critically analysed. In the findings, why some colonies have been inhabited by white settlers while others not and why the settlers did not vacate after independence and the implications of this development in Africa. This paper also attributed most of the present conditions and situations in Africa to be connected to colonial legacies. These include conflicts of different kinds, militancy, social dislocation, complexity in Africa as well as neocolonialism. It has been observed that colonial conquest of Africa resulted in strangulating the African societies and making them dwarf and the bereft of mental initiatives towards societal development.

The study presents a survey designed to measure levels of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in Saudi learners of English in the United Kingdom. As part of the study, a 32-item structured questionnaire and some open-ended questions were administered to a randomly selected sample of 80 Saudi learners who were studying either Academic or General English in various language institutions and universities across the UK. Data collected through the survey were subjected to some basic statistical analyses, such as "mean" and "standard deviation", inferential statistics, such as correlations and ANOVA, and thematic analysis for the open-ended questions. Based on the results from the analysis, a number of generalizations and conclusions were made in relation to the role of motivation in learning English for Saudis temporarily studying in the UK educational setting. In addition, some recommendations are offered, which can help Saudi teachers and learners of English achieve better learning outcomes.

Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is an unusually severe allergic eye disease, occurring mainly in children. Giant papillae are frequently observed on the upper tarsal conjunctiva and expose, sometimes, to severe corneal complications, involving the visual prognosis. Other allergic states, conjunctival staphylococcus aerus and worm intestinal infection, were frequently associated with VKC. We report the case of a 9-year-old girl followed for five years for severe vernal keratoconjunctivitis resistant to treatment with topical corticosteroid. In front of, the high ASLO title, the isolation of pyogenic streptococcus in the throat swab culture, and the presence of a chronic pansinusitis, the diagnosis of a post-streptococcal syndrome was retained. The patient is treated with protected amoxicillin for 12 days. The evolution was spectacular with almost total disappearance of the giant papillae without any recurrence, after 6 months of follow-up. In our knowledge, this case is the first case of vernal keratoconjunctivitis with giant papillae reported as being a post-streptococcal immune complication. Ophthalmologists, confronted to vernal keratoconjunctivitis, should consider post-streptococcal syndrome as a possible cause. The search for an increasing title of ASLO and streptococcal infectious evidence can establishes the association.

Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) in higher learning institutions presents a podium for academic material accessibility that entails creation, evaluation, communication and general course administration with customizable interfaces. Virtual learning environments are online based platforms which are used to ease the student’s course content access and improving learning ability. Virtual learning environments bear features such as collaborative tools, embedded external recourses, detailed reporting logs, roles and permissions and calendars. However without finding out the factors for the low adoption rates, the effort to implement VLE remains in question. This paper discovers the factors that have brought about the low adoption rates of VLE in higher learning institution. The study adopted both qualitative and quantitative case study research approach and a purposive (non-probability) sampling technique where both staff and student respondents were selected from the case study institutions. A survey questionnaire was administered to 22 staff members and 305 students making a total of 327 respondents using Chris Morgan (1999) formula for sample determination. The results indicated power fluctuations, poor internet connections, and luck of management support, slow computers, and skills to access the VLE platforms as the major factors. The research suggests that, institutional readiness assessment, Virtual learning environments implementation framework, implementation policy formulation, training of trainers and improving the infrastructure should be given a high priority if VLE are to be successfully implemented in higher learning institutions.

(3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒ones were reported for enhanced antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and antimalarial activities with aryl and styryl substituents at position two and three respectively. In the present work, synthesis of some newly substituted (3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒ones starting from 2‒aminobenzoic acid and acetic anhydride producing 2‒methyl‒benzoxazin‒4‒one (Step‒I) has been undertaken. Replacement of ring oxygen from benzoxazin‒4‒one (step‒II) with nitrogen atom of 4‒chloro aniline produced first series of title compounds (QIa-QIk). In addition, 2-methyl group of benzoxazin‒4‒one was extended further as ethenyl (‒CH=CH‒) linkage joining to various substituted aldehydes (Step‒III). It has produced sufficient quantity of 2‒styryl‒3‒aryl‒(3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒ones (QIa‒QIk, Scheme I). In obtaining second series compounds (QIl‒QIt), identical approach was followed with replacement of benzoxazin-4-one ring oxygen with nitrogen atom of various substituted amines (Step‒II).There is extension of methyl group of benzoxazin‒4‒one as ethenyl group (‒CH=CH‒) joining 2‒chloro benzaldehyde. It has produced sufficient quantity of 2-[2-(2-Chloro-phenyl)-vinyl]-3-aryl‒(3H)‒quinazolin‒4‒one (QIl‒QIt, Scheme II). Structures of synthesized compounds were established by elemental analysis (C, H, N, O and X=halogen), FT‒IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HR‒MS. In-vitro disk diffusion assay was performed using Gram‒positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis (NCIM2711), Staphylococcus aureus (NCIM2079), Gram‒negative bacteria Kleibsella pneumonia (ATCC 4352), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC27853) and fungi Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger. Ciprofloxacin and Griseofulvin were the positive control standards for bacteria and fungi respectively. Excellent antimicrobial activity (MIC=9.07‒10.54 µM x 10-3) was exhibited by compounds as (QId), (QIf), (QIg), (QIi), (QIj), (QIk), (QIl), (QIm), (QIn), (QIq), (QIr) and (QIs). Present study of (3H)‒quinazoline‒4‒ones will serve as an important path in the development and discovery of newer antimicrobial agents.

Modeling is a good way to solve the reality question. In order to describe the matter of the real system, many models were designed to make deep research. In many models, there is always an idea that characterizes the main line of mathematics. With the main line, the models were derived to rules or regulations complied with the real systems. By the rules, the data processing can be handled by all kinds of algorithms and software or platforms so that they can be processed like a assembly line. By the modeling, many real systems can be demonstrated with visual and vivid methods so that everyone can understand or use. Numerical simulation also a popular way to set up or verify the models complied with mathematical methods.

We had investigated the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity and uric acid lowering effect of newly marketed xanthine oxidase inhibitor, febuxostat and compared its effect with allopurinol in vitro. In hyperuricemic animal model serum uric acid, lowering effect of these drugs was evaluated. Serial dilutions of febuxostat and allopurinol were made, ranging from100 µg/ml to 0.75µg/ml. Xanthine oxidase inhibition was carried out in vitro. Hyperuricemia was induced in Wistar rats by potassium oxonate injection on day 1, 3 and 7. Febuxostat and allopurinol (5mg/kg) once daily was given for 7 days. Serum uric acid was measured on day zero, 1, 3 and 7 by uricase method. Michaelis Menten equation was applied to calculate IC50, Vmax and Km. IC50 of allopurinol and febuxostat were 9.07 and 8.77 µg/ml respectively. Km and Vmax of febuxostat were 8.89 and 107.13 where as allopurinol showed Km 7.77 and Vmax 194.14.Graded dose response was observed for both allopurinol and febuxostat. Hyperuricemia was successfully induced with potassium oxonate. Treatment with allopurinol reduced serum uric acid levels up to 3.21±0.8mg/dl on day 7, but reduction was less than febuxostat 0.81 ± 0.12 mg/dl. From this study, we have concluded that febuxostat is an effective option for cases of hyperuricemia.