Implementing curriculum goals at tertiary institutions is a complex and challenging task. However, by understanding the challenges and complexities involved one can proffer solution to it. Therefore the paper examined the word curriculum, curriculum goals, characterisitics of good curriculum in achieving its goals, which were discussed of a good curriculum, prerequisite for effective curriculum goals, university and its curriculum goals, colleges/institute of education and their curriculum goals, science and technology educational institutions and their curriculum goals. The paper discuses constructive curriculum to attain it curriculum goals, the principles of curriculum goals construction, curriculum implementation were also discussed, the needs for curriculum goals, its implementation for Nigerian Tertiary Institutions, complexity of curriculum goals implementation, challenges of curriculum goals implementation at tertiary institutions and solutions/recommendations of curriculum goals implementation to were proffered like, developing strategies to overcome these obstacles and ensure that their graduate are equipped with the knowledge, skills and attitudes required to succeed in an increasingly complex and rapidly changing world.

Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) has seen a surge in popularity in Kenya, with athletes from various backgrounds participating in the sport. However, with this growth comes an increased risk of performance-enhancing substances (PES) use. The intense physical demands of MMA may drive athletes to seek an edge through these substances, leading to significant concerns about health risks and sports integrity. The aim of this study is to assess the practices regarding PES, traditional herbs (TH), and food supplements (FS) among Kenyan MMA athletes. Additionally, the study explores the sources of PES, the factors motivating their use, and the efficacy of current anti-doping testing practices. To conduct the study, a cross-sectional survey design was employed, sampling 800 athletes from a target population of 4,000 across six MMA federations. Data were collected using structured questionnaires adapted from the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) with pre-testing to ensure reliability. Data analysis involved descriptive statistics and One- and Two-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) using SPSS version 22. The results indicate that the majority of MMA participants are male (79.9%), with a median age of 25 years and a mean age of 26.8±4.1 years. Over half of the athletes perceived PES as a problem, but less than one-third viewed traditional herbs as a concern. Food supplements were used by nearly a fifth of the athletes, with bodybuilders showing the highest usage rate (44.4%). Coaches, team doctors, and physiotherapists were primary sources of these substances, while some athletes reported chemists and medical practitioners as suppliers of PES. The study found that the primary reasons for using PES and FS were to boost economic status through prize money, with additional pressures from coaches, family, and colleagues. Anti-doping testing revealed that 20.6% of athletes had been tested out of competition, while 34.4% believed they could provide a sample that wasn't theirs, indicating flaws in the testing process. The study concludes that while many MMA athletes recognize the risks associated with PES, there is a lack of consistent understanding regarding the risk of taking traditional herbs and food supplements. This inconsistency, combined with external pressures, may lead to risky behavior, compromising the athletes' health and the sport's integrity. To address these issues, the study recommends implementing comprehensive education programs for MMA athletes, coaches, and support personnel to raise awareness of PES risks. Strengthening anti-doping regulations and monitoring sources of PES and FS is also crucial. Additionally, promoting ethical coaching practices and addressing external pressures can foster a safer environment and uphold the values of fair competition in Kenyan MMA.

Background: The use of performance-enhancing substances (PES), food supplements (FS), and traditional herbs (TH) has become increasingly common among athletes worldwide, often leading to inadvertent doping violations and health risks. In Kenya, mixed martial arts (MMA) disciplines such as boxing, wrestling, Taekwondo, karate, weightlifting, and bodybuilding have seen rapid growth. However, limited data exists regarding athletes’ knowledge of PES, FS, and TH and the methods employed in their application. Objective: To investigate the levels of knowledge on performance-enhancing substances, food supplements, traditional herbs, and methods of administration among mixed martial arts athletes in Kenya. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 771 registered MMA athletes across 23 counties in Kenya. Stratified proportionate random sampling was used to select participants from six disciplines. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire with 16 knowledge-related items. Descriptive statistics were computed, and one-way ANOVA and independent samples t-tests were used to examine differences in knowledge levels across sports disciplines and gender. Results: Knowledge scores varied significantly across disciplines (F(5, 765) = 9.87, p < .001). Wrestlers had the highest mean knowledge score (M = 14.05, SD = 2.41), while bodybuilders and Taekwondo athletes recorded the lowest scores (M = 10.93 and 11.10, respectively). Male and female athletes did not differ significantly in knowledge scores. Misconceptions were common, with more than 60% of respondents incorrectly believing that banned substances would be listed on supplement labels and only 37.2% aware that the Anti-Doping Agency of Kenya (ADAK) does not approve nutritional supplements. Conclusion: The study reveals substantial knowledge gaps regarding PES, FS, and TH among Kenyan MMA athletes. While some disciplines demonstrate higher awareness, others remain vulnerable to misinformation and potential doping violations due to limited access to accurate information. Recommendation: Targeted anti-doping education programs should be implemented with an emphasis on disciplines showing low knowledge levels. ADAK and sports federations should develop sport-specific and accessible learning resources and increase the frequency of workshops to improve athletes’ knowledge and safeguard their health and careers.

This paper examines how linear regression in machine learning enables the prediction of air-ground path loss through environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure measurements. The paper demonstrates that temperature plays the most significant role in determining path loss, while humidity and atmospheric pressure contribute at a lower level. A high level of accuracy defines the linear regression model, which demonstrated efficient path loss prediction through a Mean Absolute Error (MAE) of 0.2995. The model demonstrates effective capabilities for system improvements during changing atmospheric conditions because the trend line shows the smooth progression of predicted and actual values. A hybrid model produced enhanced prediction accuracy when particle swarm optimization and gradient-boosting regressor parameters were optimized to establish the new model system. The optimized model substantially declined MAE to 0.0435, which verified its improved predictive capacity regarding absolute path loss values. A performance-maximized model resulted from tuning relevant parameters to set n_estimators equal to 56, learning rate to 0.1, and max_depth to 9. The optimized model accurately predicts path loss in communication networks, preparing it for on-site deployment. This research serves as a basis for further investigation, integrating other environmental elements, including wind speed, rainfall and elevation levels, and testing alternative state-of-the-art machine learning methods. Future improvements in these procedures can boost the flexibility and reliability of networks with an emphasis on air-ground systems. Research findings indicate that PSO-GBR hybrid models possess a high potential for path loss prediction, creating new possibilities for future air-ground communication systems and emerging technologies such as low-altitude satellites, air taxis, and unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).

Bisection/bicuspidization is the separation of mesial and distal roots of mandibular molars along with its crown portion, where both segments are then retained individually. A multidisciplinary treatment procedure for such clinical situations that includes restorative dentistry, endodontics, periodontics, and prosthodontics is necessary to preserve the teeth in whole or in part. These teeth can act as independent single units of mastication or as abutments in simple fixed bridges. In this case report in contrast to the common option of extracting the natural tooth, an alternative treatment option is selected for molars with extensive decay that threatens tooth loss. Therefore, this option should be discussed with patients when deciding on a course of treatment, and it may be a good substitute for extraction and implant therapy, particularly in cases of advanced endo-perio lesions.

Ectopic varices represent 1–5% of variceal bleeding and carry a high mortality rate. Duodenal varices are more frequent in extrahepatic portal hypertension, often related to prior abdominal surgery. Diagnosis requires high suspicion and use of imaging when endoscopy is inconclusive. Treatment involves endoscopy, interventional radiology, or surgery, depending on the case. We report the case of a 37-year-old woman who presented with upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to ectopic duodenal varices, revealing extrahepatic portal hypertension with a portal cavernoma. Diagnosis was made through endoscopy and imaging. Despite endoscopic and surgical treatment, the outcome was fatal. This case highlights the severity and management challenges of ectopic varices. This case illustrates the severity and diagnostic difficulty of ectopic varices and the need for a multidisciplinary, tailored approach to improve outcomes. Early diagnosis and timely treatment are critical to reduce mortality.

This study evaluates the compressive strength performance of Nipa Palm Fibre Reinforced Concrete (NPFRC) as a sustainable alternative for low- to medium-strength construction. Using Central Composite Design, the research examined how varying fibre content and length influence compressive strength. NPFRC compressive strength ranged from 9.17 to 21.96 MPa, compared to 26.12 MPa for conventional concrete. Higher fibre content and length generally reduced strength due to poor workability, compaction, and increased porosity. Fibre dosage had a more significant impact than fibre length. Interaction plots revealed that fibre content and length had interdependent, not additive, effects on strength. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) optimized the mix design, identifying 0.5% fibre content and 34.25 mm fibre length as ideal, yielding a predicted strength of 20.98 MPa with 92.30% desirability. A confirmatory test recorded 19.87 MPa, a 5.58% deviation from the prediction, within acceptable limits. Although the optimized compressive strength does not meet structural-grade standards (ASTM and EN 206), the results demonstrate NPFRC’s potential for non-load-bearing and light structural applications. The study highlights the importance of fibre treatment, optimal proportioning, and quality control, reinforcing NPFRC’s viability in eco-friendly construction where moderate strength and sustainability are prioritized.

Introduction: The term behaviour encompasses other aspects outside the actions of the human mind and conscious behaviour. 1 There is a major departure from the usual in the pattern of behaviour that individuals exhibit. There are a variety of things that might have an impact on a child, including physical sickness, changes in the educational environment, changes in the family circle, peer pressure, and socioeconomic situation. In today's complicated culture, the family unit is the most important institution. The development of a child & social intelligence is significantly influenced by the members of the child's family. Aim: The study compares the behavioral patterns of single children and children with siblings aged 6-12 years in selected areas of Mohali, Punjab. Methodology: The research involved 120 children selected through disproportionate stratified random sampling. A modified Child Behavioral Rating Scale was utilized. Results: The study compared behavioural patterns of 50 single-child women and 50 children with siblings. Among single children, 41 (82%) showed an average level of behaviour, 6 (12%) good, and 3 (6%) poor. Similarly, 41 (82%) children with siblings had an average level, 5 (10%) good, and 3 (6%) poor. An unpaired ‘t’ test compared behavioural scores between the two groups in the 6–12 years age group. The mean score for children with siblings was 30.36 ± 7.179, while for single children it was 28.74 ± 7.464. The p-value was 0.271, indicating no significant difference between the two groups.

This research examines the structural integrity of asphalt pavements in urban areas of Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) cities—Riyadh, Dammam, and Dubai—through Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) testing. The study shows a general under-design of base layers with average back-calculated moduli ranging from 200–300 MPa, which is lower than the design standard of 400 MPa. A strong reverse correlation is found between Equivalent Single Axle Loads (ESALs) and asphalt modulus; with every increase of 1 million ESALs, there is a decrease of 10% in modulus. Moreover, ambient temperatures above 45 °C are responsible for a 15% reduction in asphalt stiffness, adding to fatigue and rutting hazards. For solution of these requirements, the paper suggests modified FWD thresholds within the climatic conditions of the Gulf: central deflection (D₀) below 120 µm and Surface Curvature Index (SCI) higher than 0.7. The approach covers a quantitative, non-destructive experimental framework by utilizing FWD surveys in shortlisted urban road corridors with a high volume of traffic. Data analysis entails back-calculation of layer moduli and statistical modeling to determine the effect of traffic loading and temperature fluctuations. The results highlight the need for region-specific pavement design and maintenance practices, incorporating FWD data into Pavement Management Systems (PMS) to improve infrastructure resilience and performance in the GCC region.

The exponential growth of academic literature presents significant challenges for researchers in conducting comprehensive literature reviews and maintaining current knowledge in their fields. Traditional research methodologies often prove inadequate for processing the vast volumes of information available across multiple databases and repositories (Chen et al., 2024; Rodriguez & Kim, 2023). This study introduces a novel agentic artificial intelligence framework designed to enhance research productivity through intelligent automation of literature discovery and report generation processes. The proposed system employs a dual-agent architecture comprising a specialized Search Agent responsible for multi-database literature discovery and source quality assessment, and a Drafting Agent focused on content analysis, synthesis, and coherent report generation (Thompson & Williams, 2024). Through empirical evaluation involving 150 research tasks across 15 academic domains, our framework demonstrated substantial improvements over traditional research methods: 55% reduction in time requirements (from 18.7 to 8.3 days average), 23% improvement in source coverage (from 77% to 100%), 60% reduction in cost per literature review (from ,847 to ,139), and 28% increase in user satisfaction scores (from 3.2 to 4.1 out of 5.0). The system maintains high quality standards with an average quality score of 4.2/5.0 compared to 3.9/5.0 for traditional methods (Anderson et al., 2024). Domain-specific analysis reveals varying effectiveness, with interdisciplinary research showing the highest performance gains (68% time savings, 91% user satisfaction), followed by STEM disciplines (62% time savings, 94% satisfaction). The framework addresses critical challenges in academic research including information overload, source verification, and synthesis complexity while maintaining scholarly rigor and citation accuracy (Martinez & Lee, 2023). Implementation results demonstrate the practical viability of agentic AI systems in academic research contexts, providing a scalable solution for institutions seeking to enhance research productivity and quality.

There is a trio of behaviors in the first 1000 days of life & the relation of this trio in the formation of deciduous teeth. Technically, the first behavioral component is Early Initiation of Breast Feeding (EIBF) followed by Exclusive Breast Feeding (EBF) & the next is the Infant & Young Child Feeding (IYCF). One can surely ponder what role does the Colostrum rich milk has which only flows for the first five days of life has in the formation of deciduous teeth. The next question is to elicit the role of Mature Breast Milk (MBM) in the development of deciduous teeth. Finally, the question arises about the role of Complementary Feeding (CF) or IYCF has in the development of the deciduous teeth. This article focuses on the burden of the issue of deciduous teeth development through the above- mentioned indicators. Thereafter through literature reviews, it delineates the role of these trio behaviors. The article also delves into the literature regarding the deciduous teeth before entering the domain of the behavior trios. In nutshell, the trio of behaviors such as EIBF, EBF & IYCF in the first 1000 days life is the independent variable of this article & the development of deciduous teeth is the dependent variable. As these behaviors are proven & effective interventions/strategies, the linear correlation that emerges among both the variables is ‘behaviors like EIBF, EBF & IYCF positively impact the development of deciduous teeth’.

The present study tries to examine the key factors that determine money demand in India over the period from 1996 to 2020. The Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model is applied to capture both short-run and long-run dynamics. The long run results show that income, interest rate, and foreign exchange reserves have a significant impact on money demand, while the exchange rate appears statistically insignificant. The error correction term indicates that short-run disequilibrium adjusts toward equilibrium at a rate of 32 percent annually. Overall, the findings show the importance of broad money (M3) as a useful indicator to assess output gaps and inflation expectations, and highlight its role in the formulation of India’s inflation-targeted monetary policy.

Hydroxyapatite (HAp), a calcium phosphate compound, is essential in biomedical and environmental applications due to its biocompatibility and adsorptive properties. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the compositional and structural integrity of hydroxyapatite extracted from cow femur, ribs, and skull bones by calcining the bones and analysing the resulting HAp powders using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) techniques. FTIR analysis verified the presence of distinctive phosphate and hydroxyl functional groups in all samples, indicating successful conversion to HAp. SEM micrographs showed porous, uneven surface morphologies appropriate for biointegration. XRF verified calcium and phosphorus as dominating components. The oxide composition was further confirmed by XRF analysis, which showed that the most prevalent components were calcium oxide (CaO) and phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅), but with slightly different relative proportions across bone sources. The rib sample showed a higher magnesium oxide level, whereas the skull bone sample had the greatest CaO concentration. The concentrations of the different elements in the samples were not significantly different (p>0.05). XRD analysis confirmed phase-pure nanocrystalline hydroxyapatite with the main (211) peak at 31.8° and crystallite sizes between 60–70 nm, indicating high crystallinity and structural consistency. These nanoscale features enhance similarity to natural bone and bioactivity. The findings show that bovine-derived HAp maintains key structural and compositional characteristics across anatomical sources, making it a practical and affordable substitute for synthetic hydroxyapatite in biomedical and environmental applications such as contaminant remediation and bone restoration.

Ali ibn Isa Al-Kahhal, a medieval Muslim ophthalmologist, remains an underappreciated yet pivotal figure in medical history. His seminal treatise, Tadhkirat al-Kahhalin (The Notebook of the Oculists), is one of the earliest and most comprehensive works on ophthalmology, detailing ocular anatomy, pathology, and surgical techniques. This paper critically examines existing literature on Ali ibn Isa, analyzing his contributions, methodological approaches, and the factors contributing to his relative obscurity in modern historiography. The review highlights his systematic classification of over 130 eye diseases, including pioneering descriptions of cataracts, trachoma, and optic nerve disorders. His surgical innovations, such as the couching technique for cataract removal, were groundbreaking for their time and laid the foundation for future advancements. Moreover, his emphasis on empirical observation and case-based diagnosis anticipated modern clinical methodologies. Despite these achievements, Ali ibn Isa’s legacy has been largely overshadowed by figures like Ibn Sina and Al-Razi. His limited recognition stems from Eurocentric biases in medical history, the fragmentation of Arabic medical manuscripts, and the specialized nature of his work, which may have constrained its broader impact. By re-evaluating his contributions, this study underscores the necessity of integrating non-Western medical traditions into global medical historiography. This paper argues that Ali ibn Isa’s work deserves greater scholarly attention for its historical significance and role in transmitting medical knowledge across cultures and periods. A more inclusive reassessment of medical history offers a richer understanding of the diverse intellectual traditions that have shaped contemporary medical practice.

This project presents the development of AI-based facial recognition smart glasses designed to assist visually challenged individuals in identifying people around them. The smart glasses integrate a compact camera with an AI-powered facial recognition system to detect and recognize faces in real time. The recognized faces are then conveyed to the user via an audio output system, enabling seamless interaction in social environments. The system utilizes machine learning algorithms to enhance accuracy and adaptability, allowing users to register and recall known faces. The proposed solution aims to improve the independence and confidence of visually impaired individuals by providing an accessible and user-friendly assistive technology. Through rigorous testing and optimization, the smart glasses demonstrate significant potential in enhancing the daily lives of visually challenged users.