Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) are scantly reported with poor contribution by healthcare professionals worldwide and in particular in developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge and awareness of ADRs reporting and pharmacovigilance system among doctors and nurses in KLEs Tertiary care hospital Belagavi. A questionnaire was designed addressing; awareness of ADRs, knowledge of pharmacovigilance system, availability of ADRs reporting system. The questionnaire was distribute to doctors (n=160) and nurses (n=140) working in hospital. Completed questionnaires were collected, data were analyzed and data were expressed in number as well as percentage. Of the 300 questionnaires circulated, a total of 107 doctors and 107 nurses responded. The percent of the respondents who accepted to enroll in the study was 66.8% of doctors and 76.4% of nurses. Most of the respondents were unable to correctly define the pharmacovigilance term, but they were aware of ADRs. The awareness of the national pharmacovigilance system among doctors was 32.5% and nurses were 37.9%. (42.5%) doctors and (54.3%) nurses follow the reporting system to pharmagovigilance center. Our study has demonstrated a lack of knowledge and awareness of pharmacovigilance and ADRs reporting among healthcare professionals in hospitals. The poor knowledge of ADRs reporting emphasized the urgent need to implement the appropriate strategies to improve the awareness ofpharmacovigilance practices and ADRs reporting in our hospitals

The present study investigates the comparison of hand hygienic practices in nurses of neonate and pediatric unit allied hospital and DHQ hospital Faisalabad. Hand hygiene is a primary measure to reduce infection in neonates. Hand hygiene is a simple procedure. That can help in reducing morbidity and mortality rate. The purpose of this study is to comparison of hand hygienic practices in nurses of neonate and pediatric unit Allied hospital and DHQ hospital Faisalabad. To assess nurses compliance of hand hygiene related to new born care. To assess association between hand hygiene training and hand washing practice. The study’s methodology involved descriptive quantitative study design. Sample size was 180. Questionnaires were distributed to the nurses of two hospitals. 150 questionnaires returned back. Questionnaire was containing in 3 sections. The data analysis was done using SPSS software version 21. Results describes about I receive formal training for hand hygiene. Results indicate that 100% respondents were Agree with the statement. The mean is 1.0000 with .00000 standard deviation. Results describes about There is a relationship between good hand hygiene practice and hospital acquired infections. Results indicate that 88.0% respondents were strongly agree, 12.0% agree with the statement. The mean is 1.1200 with .32605 standard deviation. Results describes my clinical nursing instructor consistently performs HH when necessary. Results indicate that 65.3% respondents were strongly agree, 28.0% Agree and the UN decided 6.7% with the statement. Hand washing is a primary measure to reduce infection and prevent spread of health care associated infection. Descriptive quantitative design used for this study. Data was collected through adopted questionnaire Descriptive statistics was used for analyzing date.

Paederus dermatitis is a type of irritant contact dermatitis caused by beetles of the Paederus species. The objectives of this study were to know the incidence, clinical varieties, histopathological changes, and microbiological findings. Methods: 100 patients of Paederus dermatitis were considered, a detailed history was taken and a general examination was done. Skin biopsy and skin swabs were taken from all the patients and findings were noted. Follow-up was done to know the prognosis of the patients. Results: The study showed that males were more frequently affected than females with a ratio of 3:2, most prevalent in the months of March and September. Itching and burning were common symptoms with the majority of the lesions appearing on uncovered areas of the body. The most common lesions seen were erythema, vesicles, and erosions. Different stages of the lesions showed different histopathological changes with epidermal necrosis, dermal edema, and lymphocytic infiltrate being most common. Hyperpigmentation was a common complication which could be avoided if treatment is taken in the early stages. Conclusion: Pruritus was the predominant complaint in the patients with burning sensation being present in almost equal numbers. Hyperpigmentation was the main complication which was long-standing if the patients did not initiate treatment in the early stages of the disease. Use of preventive measures against the beetles along with prompt treatment reduces the complications and improves the quality of life for the patient.

Over the years, the issue of SBA in Malaysia continues to gain attention. The issue that highlighted in this study is the reliability and validity of SBA as an assessment system. It is an unquestionable fact that teachers are given power to assess their students; however, due to lack of information, training, materials, guidelines and infrastructure in executing the SBA, it has led to a subjective evaluation. Thus this article intend to examine teachers‟ perception on the effectiveness of SBA practiced in secondary schools. The researcher investigated teachers‟ perceptions of the role of SBA in teaching and learning mathematics. The nature of the study will be a quantitative approach. A questionnaire with three different parts was designed to collect the data. The descriptive statistics, logistic regression analysis and Pearson correlation were used to answer all respective research questions in this quantitative study. Results and findings led to the conclusion that the teachers who responded “SBA is effective” have a higher probability to have a positive perception on the students‟ achievement in Mathematics.

There have been conflicting reports by researchers on the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum (OG) on haematological parameters This study was carried out to evaluate the dose-dependent effect of OG leaf extract on some haematological parameters in wistar rats. Twenty-four male rats were randomly assigned into four groups of six rats each. Group 1 was a control while groups 2, 3 and 4 were test groups (T1 – T3) and were given 450mg/kg, 800mg/kg and 1800mg/kg respectively of OG leaf extract daily for 30 days. All rats had free access to water and rat chow. Results showed a significantly decreased RBC count in T2 (p<0.05) and T3 (p<0.01) compared with control. Platelet count and PCV were significantly decreased in T3 (p<0.05) compared with control. A significant increase in total WBC count was observed in T1 (p<0.05) and T2 (p<0.01) when compared with control. A significant reduction in neutrophil count in T1 (p<0.05), T2 (p< 0.05) and T3 (p<0.01) compared with control was observed. Lymphocyte count was significantly increased in T1 (p<0.05), T2 (p<0.01) and T3 (p<0.01) compared with control. There was no significant difference in MCV, MCH and MCHC in the different groups. In conclusion, aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum caused reduction in RBC count, PCV, platelet count and neutrophil count but caused increases in total WBC count and lymphocyte count

The study examined the attitudes of nomadic parents to girl-child education in nomadic schools in Mubi Educational Zone. It also investigated the nature of educational provisions for the nomads. The study employed survey research design. The population of the study consists of all the 20 nomadic primary schools in the five local governments in the educational zone. The sample size of 120 nomadic teachers was chosen from ten nomadic primary schools in all the five local governments through stratified sampling technique using class, sex and locality as strata. The research instrument for this study titled “Attitudes of Nomadic Parents towards the Education of Girl-Child” (ANPEG) was self-developed by the researchers. The face and content validity of the instrument was established by two experts both in Counselling Psychology and Test and Measurement in the Department of Science Education, Adamawa State University Mubi. The reliability test was carried out in a nomadic primary school in Gombi Local Government Area of Adamawa State using test re-test method, and the reliability coefficient was 0.89.

Ridge density means the number of ridges present in a specified area of a fingerprint and several researches have been carried out on this aspect of fingerprints. This study was conducted with an aim to establish a relationship between sex and fingerprint ridge density. The fingerprints were taken from 100 subjects (50 males and 50 females) in the age group of 18-25 years. After taking fingerprints, the ridges were counted in the upper portion of the radial border of each print for all ten fingers and mean value was calculated. The results have shown that a the ridge density ranges from 7-16 ridges/25mm2 in male and 11-17 ridges/25mm2 in females. It has been successful to support the hypothesis that women tend to have a statistically significant greater ridge density than men

The study investigated perception of teachers on indiscipline among secondary school students in Gombi Eduucational Zone of Adamawa State. The study adopted survey research design. The population of the study was 7,468. A sample size of 120 was drawn through stratified sampling technique was drawn through stratified sampling technique. A research instrument titled „Perception of Teachers on Indiscipline among Secondary School Students (PTISSS) was adapted from Olaitan, Mohammed and Ajibola (2013). The validity of the research instrument was carried out by two experts both in Counselling Psychology and Test and Measurement. Test re-test method was used to carry out the reliability of the instrument and the reliability coefficient was 0.84. The results revealed that students‟ misbehaviour is a prevailing problem affecting schools in Gombi Educational Zone. It was also revealed that indiscipline of students is as a result of poor seating arrangement with no locker and chairs, overcrowded population of students and imitating the unruly behaviour of colleagues. In conclusion, students‟ misconduct in the classroom interferes with teaching and learning and this could be precursor to school dropout and similar negative social outcomes. Therefore it was recommended that all members of the staff, including the principals and vice principals should exhibit the spirit of teamwork in order to energize morale and enhance staff motivation and also Government should provide conducive learning environment for learners in secondary schools in order to help minimize indiscipline among students.

Neonatal thrombocytopenia is one of the most common hematological problems encountered in the NICU. We designed a study to determine the frequency, etiological profile, predisposing factors of thrombocytopenia in our NICU. The clinical impact of thrombocytopenia and its influence on the neonate's outcome were also studied. Methods: 179 consecutive NICU admissions in a 6 month period were included in our study. The subjects were grouped into 3 cohorts based on their platelet counts and their association with various variables was studied. The efficacy of the treatment protocol practiced for thrombocytopenia was evaluated. The neonates were followed up over a period of 6 months. To assess the prognostic value of severe thrombocytopenia; 12 variables that were significantly associated with poor outcome in the univariate analysis including low platelet count, along with other variables that are known to be associated with a poor outcome in NICU graduates, were subjected to multiple logistic regression using SPSS 13.0. Results: The prevalence of thrombocytopenia in our NICU was 39%. Septicemia was the common etiology. Maternal PIH, age at presentation, NEC, DIC, candiduria and assisted ventilation were identified as the predisposing factors. Severe thrombocytopenia was independently associated with a poor outcome based on multiple logistic regressions. Conclusion: Neonatal thrombocytopenia is far more common in our NICU as compared to that of the western studies. Septicemia is the most common cause. There are various predisposing factors for neonatal thrombocytopenia. Severe thrombocytopenic neonates are more likely to bleed and have a prolonged clinical course. Severe thrombocytopenia can be used as a prognostic indicator in sick NICU graduates. Fresh whole blood transfusion is a good alternative to platelet concentrates in the treatment of severe thrombocytopenia

In the face of the rising cost of secondary education, the concept of unit cost of secondary education is gaining great importance. This study analyzed Unit Cost of Day and Boarding secondary schools in Nandi County, Kenya. Specifically the study sought; to establish variable cost, to determine unit cost, to compare unit cost and government fees limits and to compare unit cost of Day and Boarding secondary schools. This study was guided by Cost Function derived from the Education Production Function theory. The study employed survey as a research strategy; targeted all the principals in 186 public secondary schools, It employed stratified random sampling and then systematic random sampling. A pilot study was used in determining the reliability where Pearson Product Moment Coefficient (r) of 0.807 was obtained. For Validity of the research tools, experienced team of supervisors carefully and critically examined the instruments. Data was analyzed using means, percentages and ttest. The findings revealed that, Variable cost for the period (2012-2015) in Day and Boarding schools was Ksh.1.2 billion and Ksh.1.7 billion respectively. It was found out that, average unit cost for the period 2012-2015 was Ksh. 22,263 and Ksh. 54,828 for Day and Boarding schools respectively. This study found out that, majority (70%) of the Boarding schools spent within the set government fees limit while majority (76%) of the Day schools in this study spent beyond the set limit; there was a significant difference in unit cost between Boarding and Day secondary schools. (t(121) = 31.516, p = 0.000); The findings of this study will generate ideas for better and more ingenious cost management. To manage unit cost of secondary education, there is need to; appreciate the concept of cost unit cost, improve effectiveness of school management, effectively utilize monetary resource and practice prudence in financial management.

The purpose of this research is: 1) To know and analyze Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), BOPO, and SIZE, partially and simultaneously to Return on Assets (ROA) at Conventional Rural Bank in Indonesia; 2) To know and analyze the influence of Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR), Loan to Deposit Ratio (LDR), Non-Performing Loan (NPL), BOPO, and SIZE, partially and simultaneously to Return on Assets (ROA) at Conventional Rural Bank in Indonesia. The population in this studies all credit banks in Indonesia period 2008-2016. This research is explanatory. The type of data is secondary data (publication of Central Financial Services Authority, Central Bank Indonesia, and other relevant publications), analytical tools using multiple regression. The results showed: 1). CAR tends to be higher in the healthy predicate, LDR is in the category of the healthy category, NPL is still in the predicate category, but the trend is getting worse, BOPO is still controlled and categorized as the healthy category, and Size shows growing trend positive; 2). partially CAR and NPL, negatively significant is not significant, LDR has a positive effect is not significant, while BOPO and size have a significant negative effect on Return on Asset; simultaneously tested that CAR, LDR, NPL, BOPO, and SIZE have a significant effect on Return on Assets.

Given the rising cost of secondary education, leading to allocation of large amount of resources to secondary education, students’ academic performance is expected to be better. This study analyzed the influence of Unit Cost on learners’ academic performance in Day and Boarding secondary school in Nandi County, Kenya. The study was guided by Cost Function derived from the Education Production Function theory; it employed a survey as a research strategy. The study targeted all the principals in 186 public secondary schools in the Nandi County. It employed stratified random sampling and then systematic random sampling. Questionnaire and document analysis were for data collection. A pilot study was used to determine the reliability of the instruments. For validity of the research tool, experienced team of supervisors carefully and critically examined the instruments. Data was analyzed using means, percentages and linear regression analysis. It was found out that, average unit cost Ksh. 22,263 and Ksh. 54,828 for Day and Boarding secondary schools respectively. Furthermore, the findings revealed that, academic performance for the period (2012- 2015), recorded an average mean of 7.1184 and 4.7391 for Boarding and Day secondary schools respectively. From the study, there was a positive significant (p=0.000) relationship between academic performance and unit cost in Boarding schools t(28) = 4.192, p<0.05. Similarly, there was a positive significant (p=0.014) relationship between academic performance and unit cost in Day schools, t(91) = 2.503, p<0.05. The recommendations are; there is need to priorities expenditure for acquisition of teaching and learning resources and thus enhance learner achievements. The Ministry of Education to explore cost effective measures to reduce unit cost of secondary education so as to improve access and performance. The findings generate ideas for better and more resourceful cost management in secondary schools, which is useful for policy makers and managers in education sector.

Abstract: The discovery of precancerous breast lesions has increased considerably with the generalization of screening. There are several classifications, the most used is that of Tavassoli and Al (adopted by WHO) which classifies intra-lobular breast neoplasia into three grades: LIN1, LIN2, LIN3. Lobular neoplasias are considered indicators of risk of invasive cancer. Progress in immunohistochemistry, cytogenetics and molecular biology, made it possible to better understand these lesions separating lesions that can be considered as simple breast cancer risk markers (LIN 1, LIN 2, LIN 3 type I) from those that correspond to true precursors of breast cancer (LIN 3 types II and III ). The management varies according to the histological type. The early diagnosis of these lesions thanks to the screening as well as a good management could help reduce the incidence of breast cancer.

Pastoralists are members of the human race who occupy extremely disadvantaged regions of the world. The environmental conditions in these regions make this group of people very harsh and cruel. They practice weird cultural practices which derail the efforts of the government towards attainment of universal primary education. This paper examines how the social cultural practices of this group of people influence the implementation of Free Primary Education in West Pokot County, Kenya. The findings are a result of a study which adopted a descriptive research design and was based on the Action Reaction Theory. Data was collected by use of questionnaires from 300 pupils randomly selected from primary schools in the entire West Pokot County. 50 parents, 50 head teachers and 1 Director of Education were purposively selected to participate in the study. Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed in data analysis. Findings highlighted in this paper will help in formulating policies which are suited for pastoralists to widen and broaden their quest for education.

Abstract: The obesity, factor of morbidity and mortality, is considered as a real health public problem. In gynecology, its consequences on the fertility and the contraception are severing and the obesity is at the origin of important obstetric complications that must make consider these pregnancies as at risk. Our practices have to take into account these complications by assuring an adapted and premature care to improve the maternal and neonatal outcomes.