Introduction: Carcinoma cervix is the most common preventable cancer in women. Every year 122,844 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer in India, and 67,477 cases die from the disease. Secondary prevention includes screening for precancerous lesions and treating them. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear has become the standard screening test for cervical cancer and premalignant lesions globally. Material and method: In our prospective study, the results of Pap smears obtained from 680 women were analyzed, which had been examined in between March 2013 and October 2018. The pregnancy, known and treated case of cancer cervix, woman who used local douche or antiseptic cream and woman with history of Pap smear testing was excluded from the study. The patient was placed in lithotomy position. A Cusco's bivalve speculum was introduced through the vagina. The cervix was visualized. The longer projection of the Ayre's spatula was placed in the cervix near squamocolumnar junction and rotated through 360°. An average of two smears was collected for each case. The examination results were reported according to the Bethesda III Classification System (2001). Result: Cytological examination was done in all the 680 women, 100 (14.7%) smears were reported as negative for intraepithelial lesions or malignancy (NILM), 428 (62.9%) were reported as inflammatory smear, 8 (1.1%) were reported as Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 8 (1.1%) were reported as High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), atypical finding in 68 (10%) bacterial vaginosis in 32(4.7%) and candidiasis in 8(1.1%). Conclusion: Pap smear testing is very safe, easy to perform, non-invasive and effective test for detecting premalignant lesions of carcinoma cervix. Thus, it helps to decrease morbidity and mortality from carcinoma cervix by treating it at early stage.

Background: Twin is a form of multiple birth in which the mother gives birth to two offspring from the same pregnancy. Twins can either be Monozygotic or dizygotic. In this research, lip print as a means of identification in human was studied using 80 individuals (40 pairs- 25 pairs of non-identical and 15pairs of identical twins) of the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria (ranging between of ages of 5- 66 years) residing in Igbo-Ora community of Oyo state in Western Nigeria. The lips of the subjects were properly cleaned and a red lipstick was applied on it. After which, the lip print impression was made on a white plane sheet. Cellophane tape was then struck on it for permanent record. The obtained lip print was studied using a magnifying lens. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the lip print pattern is unique to individuals and there were no two similar patterns even among identical twins and twins of the same parents and tribe. The most distributed lip patterns were type II in both non-identical and identical twin (26.5% and 31.7% respectively). The least distributed pattern in non-identical twin was type V (5.5%), type I’ (8.3%) and type V (8.3%) was the least distributed in identical twin. In total, the most distributed lip pattern in non-identical and identical twin was type II (28.4%) while the least was type V (6.7%). Conclusion: The study has revealed that the most distributed lip pattern in non-identical and identical twin was type II (28.4%) while the least was type V (6.7%). By implication amongst twins whether identical or non-identical, in a random selection there is a greater probability of picking someone who has a type II pattern as the most frequent pattern type. This information could aid in a forensic study and serve as a strong means of identification when the identity was not established beforehand.

The Micronuclei frequency in tobacco chewers seem to increase steadily as the genotoxic damage increases and progresses from premalignant to malignant oral lesions. This can be easily evaluated in exfoliated oral epithelial cells and helps in assessing the severity. This study was taken up with the objective to assess the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in buccal smear of tobacco chewers with healthy mucosa, premalignant and malignant oral lesions and compare all these cases with that of healthy individuals. The study subjects were divided into four groups each consisting of 20 individuals. The groups were cases with healthy oral mucosa, second group with premalignant oral lesions, third with malignant oral lesions in tobacco chewers and last group with normal controls. The exfoliative cytological smears were stained with Papanicolaou stain. The micronuclei frequency was identified using Tolbert’s criteria. The micronuclei were found to increase in frequency in cases as compared with controls. There was a significant increase from apparently healthy tobacco chewers to premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Hence, micronuclei can be used as a screening tool in tobacco chewers to assess the potentiality of carcinoma and thus a useful diagnostic as well as prognostic indicator.

This article presents an analysis using a literature review of 50 published articles on the determinants of success in Business Management. To increase their productivity, companies need to know and implement the determining factors in business management. The present study resulted in the following factors: social responsibility, innovation and knowledge management

The study examined the impact of the external sector aggregates on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1980- 2016. The external sector aggregates used were external debt, exchange rate and export. A combination of correlation analysis and Error correction mechanism was employed in this study. Pre-estimation tests showed no evidence of multicollinearity and all the variables were integrated of order one, I (1). Johansens cointegration test showed four cointegrating equations indicating the existence a long-run relationship which provides a reason for error correction modeling. The error correction results showed that EXR had a negative and significant impact on economic growth while external debt (EXD) and export (EPP) had positive and significant impact on GDP, respectively. The ECM term had the hypothesized negative sign and was statistically significant at 5% level. Economic growth adjusts to long-run at the speed of 29.98% per annum. There was no serial correlation problem. Results are therefore appropriatre for policy analysis. The study concluded that external sector aggregates have significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria but the impact could be positive or negative depending on the variable of interest. Among other things the study recommended that there should be promotion of the country’s export trade and stimulation of domestic production.

The primary function of a temporary filling material is to prevent the contamination of the root canal system by fluids, organic debris, and bacteria from the oral cavity in multiple-appointment root canal treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of a new temporary filling material Orafil LC compared with Cavit G and IRM using a dye penetration test. Standard endodontic access cavities were prepared in 24 human premolars. The teeth were divided into three groups (n = 8 for each group). Samples are de-coronated at the level of CEJ, 4mm of obturated material was removed from the coronal portion and were sealed with one of the three temporary restorative material. Samples were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 3 days. The teeth were then rinsed, dried, sectioned in bucco‑lingual direction and evaluated under a stereomicroscope for dye penetration. Data were analysed. The dye penetration was observed in all experimental groups. The lowest mean leakage was in Cavit G followed by (in ascending order of dye penetration) IRM, Orafil LC. Dye penetration was observed in all the samples. Cavit G exhibited minimal dye penetration when compared to IRM and Orafil LC. Within the limitation of the present study Cavit G is considered to be a promising option for the provisional restoration of endodontically treated teeth

The purpose of this study was to find out and test whether wages affect regional investment, whether inflation affects regional investment, whether exchange rates affect regional investment, and which between wages, inflation, and exchange rates are very dominant influence on regional investment. This study uses a quantitative approach, while the object of research is all labor in Malang. And researchers took data from the Central Bureau of Statistics in the city of Malang which numbered 1,273,579 workers. The results of data analysis using multiple linear regressions with the help of SPSS version 20.0 and the discussion that has been done, all variables affect regional investment.

Female genital mutilation (FGM) also known as female genital cutting (FGC), female circumcision, or female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C), is defined by the World Health Organization as all procedures that involve partial or total removal of the external female genitalia, or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons

Background: Obesity has become a leading global public health problem and termed as millennium disease with worldwide spread. Obesity may be a modifiable risk factor for older adult impairment which needs to be completely addressed Aimed to: assess obesity and the functional impairment of older women. Design: Case control design was used. Setting: The present study was done at Kafar Mosa Amran, Zagazig District, Sharkia Governorate. Subjects and methods: 150 older women were selected for the study (75 older women case, 75 older women control) by multistage cluster sampling technique. Tools of data collection: Three categories of tools: the first tool for measuring socio demographic data, BMI, health characteristics of older women, practicing exercises and perception of physical fitness, the second tool was functional impairment questionnaire; the third tool was Lawton instrumental activities of daily livings to assess dependency of older women. Results: 98.7% of study group compare to 64.0% in the control group were impaired and unable to function with statistically significance(X2=29.68 and P=<0.001). 13.5% of the study groups were independent in activities of daily living compared to 42.7% in the control group. Additionally, the study revealed that age and BMI were risk factors for functional impairment. Conclusions: Obesity in women aged 65 or older is associated with greater risk of impaired physical function with greater dependency level on others. Recommendation: Health education campaigns appear to be the most effective interventions to increase awareness of older women concerning obesity related health risks. Experimental study is suggested to manage obesity burden, and the study can also be replicated in urban areas or on larger samples.

Grab is a ride-hailing platform that offers booking service for taxis, private cars, and motorbikes in South East Asia, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, Grab was ranked second largest, after Go-Jek. Both of them experience very tight company competition, both in offering affordable prices and offering the latest services and features. This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of service quality (reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles) and price on customer satisfaction of online transportation Grab. The research was designed by using a conclusive experiment, in causal research type, using quantitative and survey methods. The data was taken by providing a questionnaire to 406 respondents using a non-probability sampling method which is an accidental sampling and judgmental sampling method. Analysis method used in the research is Multiple Regression Linear. The result shows that the variable such as reliability, responsiveness, empathy, tangibles significantly gave impact to customer satisfaction. In other hands, assurance did not significantly give impact. The future research in the same topic can use probability sampling method, especially stratified random sampling so that all the consumer population characteristics of Grab which are heterogeneous from various cities will be covered.

Background: The examination of the lip print is known as Cheiloscopy. This is the method of identification of a person based on characteristic arrangement of lines appearing on the red part of the lips. Aim and Objective: This study was aimed at investigating gender variation in lip print pattern distribution of identical and non-identical twins. Methods: the study comprised 80 individuals (40 pairs- 25 pairs of non-identical and 15pairs of identical twins) of the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria (ranging between of ages of 5- 66 years) residing in Igbo-Ora community of Oyo state in Western Nigeria. The lips of the subjects were properly cleaned and a red lipstick was applied on it. After which, the lip print impression was made on a white plane sheet. Cellophane tape was then struck on it for permanent record. The obtained lip print was studied using a magnifying lens. Results and Discussion: The following were the results in identical twins, type I males (16.7%), females (12.5%); type I’ males and females 8.3%, type II males 33.3%, females 30.5%; type III males 18.8%, females 20.8%; type IV males I6.7%, females 18.1%; type V males and females 8.3%. whereas for the non-identical twins, type I males (18.8%), females (18.4%); type I’ males 7.8%, females 15.4%, type II males 31.2%, females 24.3%; type III males 21.9%, females 23.5%; type IV males I2.5%, females 14.0%; type V males 7.8% and females 4.4%. Conclusion: It is suggestive that certain pattern types have affinity for a particular gender probably due to hormonal interplay which ultimately results in variations in their distribution.

By Far the most defining feature of the 21st century, the Internet, has become an integral part of our daily lives. So much so, that many of us have become pathologically addicted to its use. This cross sectional study attempts to examine the existence and possible effects of Internet addiction among medical trainees in the Kingdom of Bahrain. A total of 291 medical doctors were asked to fill the “Internet Addiction Diagnostic Questionnaire” developed by Dr. Kimberly Young. The prevalence of Internet addiction was found to be quite significant, proving that medical trainees are among high-risk pathological Internet use groups because they use the Internet for both educational purposes and non-educational purposes as found in the results. The Majority of the participants frequently stayed online longer than they intended. It was also found that many of the participants frequently neglected their household chores to spend more time online, blocked out disturbing thoughts about life with soothing thoughts of the Internet, found themselves anticipating when they would go online again, feared that life without Internet would be boring, empty and joyless and tried to cut down the amount of time they spent online but failed

This project work evaluated the strip (rapid diagnostic test) method and microscopic method in the identification of malaria parasites. To evaluate the suitability of both methods and also to find the advantage and disadvantage of both methods. Two ml (2ml) blood sample was collected with a total number of 100 samples from children between the age of 5-14years presented with fever attending Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, haematology/blood group serology unit into EDTA container in the basis of first come first serve were used. Out of the 100 patients under present study, 71% turned out to be positive as overall. Out of these, 59% were positive for strip method whereas 71% were positive for microscopic method (thick film). Both methods showed that the most pathogenic and predominant species in Abakaliki is plasmodium falciparum. Thick film was made in a clean grease free slide immediately after collection and allowed to air dry and stained with Giemsa stain diluted with buffered water (pH 7.2) for 20 minutes and the stained slide was viewed microscopically by focusing with XI0 and examine with XI00 objective (oil in immersion). Strip method (rapid diagnostic test) used is manufactured from standard diagnostics, INC. (SD). The test device was removed from the foil pouch, placed on a flat, dry surface. With the aid of a 5ul capillary pipette provided, draw whole blood to a black line and then transfer the drawn whole blood into the round sample well. Four drops of assay diluents was added vertically into the square assay diluent well. Result was read after 15 minutes, one line (control line) indicate negative result while two lines test and control line indicate positive result. Both methods are good in the identification of malaria parasites, but microscopy is the “gold standard”. Microscopic method requires high skill manpower, a lot of training/expertise and are not encouraged in rural area with low/no power supply. Strip method is rapid, does not requires expertise/training and it does not consume time, but it is just a screening test, if used should be confirmed with the microscopic method.

In order to know the prevalence of rubella among pregnant women and, if possible, to introduce the rubella test in the antenatal check-up to improve the follow-up of pregnant women, we studied the seroprevalence of rubella among women pregnant who came to antenatal care in the third health district of the city of Lome. The objective of this study was to study the immune status of pregnant women against rubella and, more specifically, to assess their level of knowledge about this viral disease, which is considered infrequent in developing countries. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study that allowed us to randomize 150 pregnant women. The data was analyzed with the Epi-Info version 6 software. With 150 women who participated in the survey, the results showed us a prevalence rate as follows: immunoglobulin G +, immunoglobulin M- (66.7%); Immunoglobulin G-, Immunoglobulin M- (25, 3%) with a suspicious population of 8%. In knowledge of the disease, only 26% of pregnant women had knowledge of the disease. None of the 150 women have been vaccinated against rubella. In view of the possible congenital consequences of rubella, the authors recommend systematic screening of pregnant women for prenatal consultation

The successful treatment of periapical inflammatory lesion depends on the reduction and removal of the offending organism. Periapical surgery is one of the alternative treatment, includes the curettage of all periapical soft tissues and sometimes application of different biomaterials to improve the new bone formation in the defect site. This case report present the management of the periapical inflammatory lesion using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) which acts as a source of growth factors at the healing site. PRF is now becoming grippingly popular regenerative procedure either used alone or in addition with other regenerative materials. Besides being rich in platelet concentration, it is also a reservoir of many growth factors that promotes successful hard and soft tissue healing.