This project work evaluated the strip (rapid diagnostic test) method and microscopic method in the identification of malaria parasites. To evaluate the suitability of both methods and also to find the advantage and disadvantage of both methods. Two ml (2ml) blood sample was collected with a total number of 100 samples from children between the age of 5-14years presented with fever attending Federal Teaching Hospital Abakaliki, haematology/blood group serology unit into EDTA container in the basis of first come first serve were used. Out of the 100 patients under present study, 71% turned out to be positive as overall. Out of these, 59% were positive for strip method whereas 71% were positive for microscopic method (thick film). Both methods showed that the most pathogenic and predominant species in Abakaliki is plasmodium falciparum. Thick film was made in a clean grease free slide immediately after collection and allowed to air dry and stained with Giemsa stain diluted with buffered water (pH 7.2) for 20 minutes and the stained slide was viewed microscopically by focusing with XI0 and examine with XI00 objective (oil in immersion). Strip method (rapid diagnostic test) used is manufactured from standard diagnostics, INC. (SD). The test device was removed from the foil pouch, placed on a flat, dry surface. With the aid of a 5ul capillary pipette provided, draw whole blood to a black line and then transfer the drawn whole blood into the round sample well. Four drops of assay diluents was added vertically into the square assay diluent well. Result was read after 15 minutes, one line (control line) indicate negative result while two lines test and control line indicate positive result. Both methods are good in the identification of malaria parasites, but microscopy is the “gold standard”. Microscopic method requires high skill manpower, a lot of training/expertise and are not encouraged in rural area with low/no power supply. Strip method is rapid, does not requires expertise/training and it does not consume time, but it is just a screening test, if used should be confirmed with the microscopic method.

In order to know the prevalence of rubella among pregnant women and, if possible, to introduce the rubella test in the antenatal check-up to improve the follow-up of pregnant women, we studied the seroprevalence of rubella among women pregnant who came to antenatal care in the third health district of the city of Lome. The objective of this study was to study the immune status of pregnant women against rubella and, more specifically, to assess their level of knowledge about this viral disease, which is considered infrequent in developing countries. We conducted a prospective cross-sectional study that allowed us to randomize 150 pregnant women. The data was analyzed with the Epi-Info version 6 software. With 150 women who participated in the survey, the results showed us a prevalence rate as follows: immunoglobulin G +, immunoglobulin M- (66.7%); Immunoglobulin G-, Immunoglobulin M- (25, 3%) with a suspicious population of 8%. In knowledge of the disease, only 26% of pregnant women had knowledge of the disease. None of the 150 women have been vaccinated against rubella. In view of the possible congenital consequences of rubella, the authors recommend systematic screening of pregnant women for prenatal consultation

The successful treatment of periapical inflammatory lesion depends on the reduction and removal of the offending organism. Periapical surgery is one of the alternative treatment, includes the curettage of all periapical soft tissues and sometimes application of different biomaterials to improve the new bone formation in the defect site. This case report present the management of the periapical inflammatory lesion using platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) which acts as a source of growth factors at the healing site. PRF is now becoming grippingly popular regenerative procedure either used alone or in addition with other regenerative materials. Besides being rich in platelet concentration, it is also a reservoir of many growth factors that promotes successful hard and soft tissue healing.

Background: The coexistence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and thyroid disease (TD) is a well-known entity. The aim of our study is to report our experience, to evaluate the prevalence of this association with review of the literature. Methods: We retrospectively examined the operative database over the past 03 years. We looked for patients who underwent parathyroid surgery. All patients underwent preoperative neck US and Tc99m sestamibi scintigraphy and /or CT scan or MRI. Results: Among the 43 patients who underwent a parathyroidectomy. Preoperative thyroid US revealed that 62, 79 % of patients with PHPT had thyroid abnormalities. 58, 14 % patients underwent parathyroidectomy, whereas 41, 86 % patients underwent both parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy. Postoperative histopathology results showed that 62.96% of patients had benign thyroid disease and 3.70 % of patients had malignant thyroid disease. Conclusion: In our study, we found a high prevalence of concomitant thyroid disease and PHP T. however, one patient had a micro papillary carcinoma and that emphasize the importance of careful judgment to avoid over-treatment

Youngsters are the future of the world, but their growth is affected by various social trends of thought and new media. Destructive Cults use the "broken windows theory" to do great harm to teenagers. In this paper, through the analysis of the realistic challenges of youth education, destructive cults use "broken windows effect" poisoning youngsters and so on, to illustrate its huge harm and adverse effects of destructive cults; based on the "broken windows theory" destructive cults prevention and control, the researchers put forward corresponding countermeasures and suggestions from the national social level and the individual level of young people, especially for youth training, education and guidance.

Prevalence of malaria parasiteamia among pregnant women (age range 20-50years) that attended mile four maternity hospital and Federal Teaching Hospital Abakiliki was analysed using standard laboratory procedure. The subjects were grouped based on age bracket, place of residence (rural, urban, and semi), occupation and prophylactic antimalaria drugs used. Thick film and giemsa staning was used for the malaria parasite identification and malaria parasite density calculation. Out of the 98 antenatal pregnant women blood sample analysed, 22(22%) of the blood film was positive for malaria parasite. Highest prevalence was seen in age group20-25years of age range 5(5.1%) followed by26-30yearsof age range 9(9.2%)and 31-40years of age range 5(5.1%). with the least prevalence in 41-50years of age range 3(3.1%).At 95% confidence interval. X: cal 1.48 < X2tab7.815. P= 0.6869. By conventional criteria, the difference is considered not to be statistically significant. Parasite densitycount was done in all positive samples, which is compared and categorized according to settlement ranged from 01 to 400 parasite/ul. The highest parasite density was recorded among rural dwellers 3(01-100) parasite/ul. 2(101-200) parasite/ul 3(201-300) parasite/ul, 2(301-400) parasite/ul. this is followed by urban dwellers 1(01-100) parasite/ul. 1(101-200) parasite/ul 4(201-300) parasite/ul. 1(301-400) parasite/ul, with least occurrence among semi urban dwellers 1(01-100) parasite/ul, 2(101-200) parasite/ul and 3(301-400) parasite/ul respectively. Prevalence of malaria parasite based on socio demographic profiles, analysis of occupational based prevalence showed highest prevalence among farmers 7(30.4%). followed by unskilled labourer 8(25.8%). then civil servants 4(23.5%) with least occurrence among skilled labourers. Malaria parasite prevalence based on settlement indicated highest occurrence among rural dwellers 11(27.5%), followed by urban dwellers 5(20.8%) with least occurrence among semi urban dwellers 6(17.6%). Analysis of prophylaxis based parameter indicated a prevalence of 14(25.0%) (Those who are not on prophylaxis) compared to a prevalence of 6(19.0%) among those not on prophylaxis

The water forms an important component of our body and is essential for life. Water is involved in every bodily function from digestion and circulation through to the control of body temperature and the excretion of waste products. It plays an important role in body homeostasis. If there is an excess loss of water then it adversely affects various oral and surrounding structures. Water loss is temporary and can be easily replenished.

Shared decision-making (SDM) is a process where clinicians and patients communicate and share evidence, giving patients an informed, active role in healthcare decisions.1 This paper addresses SDM in a local setting in the kingdom of Bahrain. Participants filled a questionnaire with two decisional-role outcome measures. Dependent variables were patient role preference pre- and post-consultation. McNamar-Bowker’s test was used to assess deviations in patient preferences pre- and post-consultation. A total (n=566) filled the questionnaire; 2.3% (95% CI; 1.2 - 3.9) preferred an active role while the majority preferred a collaborative role (43%, 95% CI; 39.0- 47.2) before their encounter with the doctor. Post-consultation, 7% of the participants had a less active role, and 31% a less collaborative role in comparison with their preference, whereas the passive role increased from 49% to 62.0% in relation to expressed preferences. It is apparent that the results lack symmetry (McNemar-Bowker S=38.5; DF=3; P= 0.001). Patients aged 36-49 years are less “collaborative” (33.1%) and more “passive” (57.5%) than younger and older age groups (p < 0.028). Higher educational meant more preference for the collaborative or active role (p < 0.01). Primary healthcare attendees prefer a passive role in SDM. Nevertheless, healthcare providers should not assume patient passivity in SDM, but must assess and treat each patient individually

A geriatric patient is prone to a number of oral health problems like loss of teeth, xerostomia, mucosal alterations and others. The oral functions need to be restored. Prosthesis like RPD, FPD, CD can be used for restoring oral functions. However, all these require maintenance and care. This article deals with various techniques for oral health care in elderly and also emphasizes on the need for oral health education to the elderly population.

The need for Nigerian organizations to pay attention to cross-cultural management practices have become necessary following the challenges posed by cultural diversity and tribal sentiment in many states of the country. These barriers add to the usual challenges that entrepreneurs face with regard to capacity, financing, and market access. This study accesses Cross Cultural Management and Entrepreneurial Environment in Nigeria using intercultural communication and entrepreneurial mobility as proxies of study. The specific objectives of the study are to determine the factors affecting cross cultural management in Nigeria and to ascertain the behavioral aspect of managers in managing cross cultural business in Nigeria. The study revealed that the understanding of some basic cultural differences can help foster the movement of various entrepreneurial resources from one place to another without any form of barrier and cultural shock. The study concludes that Cross cultural management expands the mobility of pool of potential entrepreneurs, builds incentives for entrepreneurship, eases the costs of doing business, helps industrialize local communities and generates healthy competition. The study recommends that policymakers should create proactive cross-cultural communication education and entrepreneurs should understand cultural sensitivities, avoid conflict and appreciate how words, tonality, and body language vary with every culture

This study focused on the efficacy of the rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy in ameliorating the incidence of youth restiveness and militancy in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria. This study adopted the quasi-experimental research design. The participants of the study were thirty-five year two students from an intact two hundred level (200L) class as the experimental group and another thirty from year three hundred level students of an intact class, as the control group, from Niger Delta University, Bayelsa State of Nigeria. The treatment in the study has two levels, pre-treatment and posttreatment. Validated and reliable instrument called „Rational Emotive Inventory was used for data collection. This study has one research question and two null hypotheses to guide it. The mean, standard deviation and z-test statistics were used to analyse data in this study. The results of the study revealed a significant effect of the Rational Emotive Therapy on the experimental group, unlike the control group that received an inert treatment. From the study, the use of Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy in the Universities of the Niger Delia area was recommended to work on the mindset of the student‟s restiveness and militancy in this country.

Background: Histoid leprosy (HL) cases are a reservoir of disease as it is a rare variant of lepromatous leprosy lead to further spread of leprosy. Therefore, early diagnosis and management of these cases needed to edadicate leprosy. The main objective of our present case series is to show different clinical features, histology findings and bacteriological findings in patients who attended tertiary care hospital outpatient department over last 6 years. Methods: It is a retrospective 6 year study (January 2014-January 2019). Particular of patients were obtained and clinical findings are noted in histoid leprosy patients in Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan (India). Results: In this study, there were 7 cases of HL. All cases were males in the age group ranging from 30 to 65 years with shorter duration of illness. 3 patients (42.80%) were de novo cases of HL. Nodule (71.5%) were the commonest skin lesions while arm (78%) were the most common sites involved.Earlobe infiltration was seen in 2 cases (28.5%). Lepra reactions were seen in one (14.2%) cases. No Deformity/disability were noted. Most common nerve involved was ulnar nerve. The bacteriological index (B.I) of Histoid leprosy, +3/ +4 were mainly seen in borderline leprosy (BB, BL), B.I +1/ +2 mainly in borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy. Conclusion: In this study majority of cases were de novo three out of seven.It also develop in patient who took inadequate or irregular treatment. So, early detection of Histoid Hansen is needed for awareness and to eradicate leprosy

Scientific knowledge is one of the expected direct impacts in the Scientific Inquiry learning model (Joyce, 2009), which means that Scientific Knowledge is the learning outcome that is to be achieved in learning. Scientific knowledge is the result of student physics learning that is concerned with strengthening cognitive structures in understanding, mastering and applying physics concepts so students can solve physics problems from simple to complex. As for the purpose of this study are: 1. To know whether or not there are differences Scientific Knowledge of Physics between students taught using the Scientific Inquiry learning model and conventional learning 2. To find out whether or not there are differences in Scientific Knowledge of Physics caused by students 'Formal Reasoning 3. To find out the interaction between the learning model and Formal Reasoning in increasing students' Scientific Knowledge? As for research design in this study using different analysis for the two dependent variables. Variables are bound to Scientific Knowledge using analysis of variance or 2x2 ANOVA. The research instrument used was in the form of a description for the scientific knowledge test, and multiple choice forms on the students' formal reasoning test. The conclusion of this study was 1. The ability of scientific knowledge of students to use scientific inquiring learning was better than the scientific knowledge ability of students using expository learning models, The ability of scientific knowledge of students in the formal reasoning group is above average better than the scientific knowledge ability of students in the formal reasoning group below the average, 3. There is an interaction between the learning model and formal reasoning in improving students' scientific knowledge. The scientific knowledge learning outcomes of students taught through the scientific learning model in the formal reasoning group above average and formal reasoning are below the higher average compared to the results of scientific knowledge learning students taught through conventional learning in the formal reasoning group above average and in the formal reasoning group below average.

A Pandemic of Influenza A (H1N1), caused by a new strain of the Virus started in Mexico in 2009. The first case in India was seen at Hyderabad in June 2009. Influenza A H1N1 2009 is transmitted by airborne droplet infection. The disease was initially known as Swine Flu, but now called as Seasonal Flu. The study has been carried out at M. P. Shah Government Medical College and Guru Gobind Singh Hospital, Jamnagar Gujarat. As per Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Government of India guidelines, Category C Seasonal Flu patients were admitted in the Hospital. Out of 178 samples sent, 99 samples tested positive. 26 patients succumbed to the illness. Retrospective analysis of the Fatal cases were done with respect to various parameters. Maximum number of patients were in the age group above 60years. More number of fatal cases were in the age group of 40 to 49 years. Mortality was more in males although incidence was almost same in both sex. Presence of Co-Morbid illness was high amongst fatal cases. All fatal cases had low Oxygen saturation on presentation and were late in starting Oseltamivir after onset of symptoms. Even after 10 years Seasonal Influenza caused by H1N1 Virus carries significant mortality

The current study aimed to identify the negative effects of using the social network (Facebook) on the students of the secondary level and their differences according to the variables of gender and stream. The sample of the study consisted of (224) secondary students: 91 males and 133 females who were intentionally selected from the secondary schools in AlYarmouk area of Bani Kinana in Northern Jordan. The questionnaire was adopted in the process of data collection. The results showed that the mean of the negative effects of using the Social Network (Facebook) on the secondary students as a whole was (2.98) by a medium degree. The descending order of the fields of the tool is: (Social effects, health effects, academic effects, behavioral effects, and emotional and psychological effects). The results also showed that there were no statistical differences in the negative effects of using the social network (Facebook) on the secondary students due to the impact of the variables of gender and stream. The study recommended the need that the Ministry of Education adopts a national training project to help students cope with the negative effects of using the Facebook.