This study seeks to contribute to the ongoing investigation on the growth effect of foreign direct investment in Nigeria. The study utilized annual time series data for the period 1981-2016 and the OLS estimation technique. Apart from the long-run estimation, the study also captured the short-run dynamics using an error correction model. The findings show that the role of FDI remained muted both in the long-run and short-run. However, the study established that growth in gross fixed capital formation and the dynamics of the naira to U.S. dollar exchange rate play important roles in economic growth in Nigeria, at least in the long-run. The study therefore concludes that there is need for Nigerian government to evolve and implement policies that can drive the inflow of foreign direct investments into the productive sectors of the economy in order to enhance the productive capacity of the economy. Such policies should encourage a stable economic and political environment that will enhance the confidence in foreign investors in the domestic economy

The study assessed the impact of poverty alleviation programme on Agricultural Production and Literacy Among Adults in Damaturu Yobe state. The Objectives of the study is to assess the impact of poverty alleviation on Agricultural production and Literacy among Adults. And the beneficiaries of this study are the Yobe State Agency for Community and Social Development, Ministry of Sport and Youth Empowerment, Non-Governmental Organization Eradicating Poverty, Youths/Adult, Farmers and School Dropout. A survey research design was used for the study. The target population of the study was comprise of 300 beneficiaries of poverty alleviation programmes in Damaturu Local Government Area, one hundred and sixty nine (169) was selected as sample through simple random sampling techniques. The instrument used for this study was questionnaire tagged Assessment of Poverty Alleviation Programmes on Adults Economic in Empowerment in Damaturu, Yobe State (APAPAEED). In analyzing the data descriptive statistics of frequency, percentage, mean and Ranks was used. The study reveals that Poverty Alleviation Programmes has positive impacts on Agricultural Production and Literacy programme in Damaturu, Yobe State, Nigeria.

The fiscal policy reflects the state use of its economic programs, which includes revenues and expenditures in the best way. This is done by directing the state economic plans to determine the sources of income and how to spend them, and what are the most important spending trends such as wages of government employees and various service projects, to achieve the highest levels of economic balance. Economic growth represents the process of increasing real income in a cumulative and continuous manner over a period of time, where this increase must be greater than the rate of population growth. The aim of this paper is to review the research work conducted on fiscal policies and economic growth, noting that there are two types of fiscal policy; the first type is spending, while the second type is taxation. In addition, according to previous research, the relationship between fiscal policy and economic growth is not clear and consistent, where in some cases a positive relationship, while in others it may be a negative relationship. In this paper we will discuss the concept of fiscal policies, economic growth and the relationship between those two variables through some of previous research.

The government provides criminal law policies to someone who wants to be a whistleblower and a justice collaborator of corruption. The criminal law policy is enforced in Law No. 31 of 2014 as a complement to the weaknesses of Law No. 13 of 2006 and several other regulations. Regarding the amount of government appreciation given in the form of protection and appreciation, it is necessary to know how important the role of a whistleblower and justice collaborator is in uncovering the main criminal acts of corruption in assisting the criminal justice system in this country. This paper was carried out at the Witness and Victim Protection Agency. The data obtained are primary data and secondary data. Also, primary data collection techniques are also carried out by interviewing the parties concerned which are then analyzed descriptively. The data obtained is then processed and reviewed based on the formulation of the problem that has been applied so that it is expected to obtain a clear and concrete picture of the objects discussed qualitatively and subsequently presented descriptively namely explaining, elaborating, and describing by the problems closely related to this research. In giving testimony in general, the Justice Collaborator is motivated by a reduction in the period of detention or from his heart. Indeed he intends to repent. However, also in the testimony sometimes a Justice Collaborator is disturbed or hindered by his fellow friends who commit a crime, and this is what every country in the world needs to regulate so that the dismantling of a crime can run optimally. In responding to Corruption cases, countries in the world have reacted with various rules so that they can create a deterrent effect for the perpetrators of the crime, as well as the rules regarding Whistleblowers and Justice Collaborators they have included in their country's Law. However, in Indonesia, the rules regarding witnesses of new perpetrators and reporters are regulated in the 2011 Supreme Court Circular.

Education intends to promote such values and improve people’s capacity that sustains environment and development issues of any countries. Education helps to create awareness, welfare attitudes, skills and behaviour as well as a sense of ethical responsibilities among the people. Education has different levels such as primary, secondary, higher secondary and university education. Among these, university or higher education is one of the fastest growing parts of the education system. In these contexts, higher education should be standard, welfare and sustainable development oriented. One of the key aims of higher education is to anticipate the needs of the economy and prepare highly skilled workers to make it competitive. This is especially important for a developing country like Bangladesh. Because, it is badly needed to build up our human capital, and higher education can play vital role in this regard that promotes to the growth of economy, achieve and sustain a high-quality workforce. But higher education is now globalized and in many ways commercialized affair. As a result, quality of higher education is ignored, and business attitude prioritized, especially in the context of third world countries. As a developing country, in Bangladesh, this scenario is more vulnerable.

The existence of law enforcement agencies in the Republic is considered not as protectors and protectors, but often backfires and social problems because what is aspired are not by the reality. Nevertheless, the community continues to voice the law as what is desired even though sometimes it is ignored but still struggling. The law desired by society is necessarily a law that lives sociologically. At the level of investigation in the police, even if someone is suspected of having committed a minor criminal offense, the police will still apply the concept of the investigation by the prescribed criminal procedure law. In the current system of investigating criminal cases, the government continues to seek reasoning mediation against the background of thoughts that are associated with the ideas of renewal of criminal law (penal reform) and associated with the problem of pragmatism. The background of the ideas of "reforming reasoning" includes the idea of victim protection, technical ideas, the idea of restorative justice, the idea of overcoming rigidity/formality in the prevailing system, the idea of avoiding the adverse effects of the criminal justice system and the current criminal system, in particular in seeking other alternatives to imprisonment (alternative to imprisonment/alternative to custody). The problem that can be raised from this paper is how the position of a system of reasoning mediation in the police investigation system on objects and how the opportunities and prospects for the implementation of a penal mediation system as an effort to discuss criminal law in Indonesia. This research study is normative juridical research by looking at national criminal law as a rule or norm in the enforcement of criminal law. The researcher will see the principle of legality in national criminal provisions both in principle and in the application of law enforcement. In normative juridical research, the type of data used is secondary data obtained from library data.

Changes in maternal lipids and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity occur during normal pregnancy. There is scarce data in regards to atherogenic indices and relationship of lipids with ALP during pregnancy. The study therefore aimed at determining serum lipid levels, atherogenic indices, and ALP activity as well as their relationship in normal pregnancies. The case-control study compared the parameters of second (n=37) and third (n=40) trimester pregnancies with normal pregnant controls (n=40) aged 18-35 years. Results showed a significant (P<0.0005) rise in the levels of total cholesterol (TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol (nHDL-C) and ALP in the pregnant women compared to anthropometrically matched non-pregnant women. A significant (P<0.02) rise in Castelli’s risk index (CRI-1), atherogenic coefficient (AC), TG/HDL-C, atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) was observed in the pregnant women compared to the matched controls. Pearson correlation showed a positive correlation of gestation age with ALP (r=0.365), TC (r=0.450), HDL-C (r=0.311), VLDL-C (r=0.338), TGs (r=0.338), and nHDL-C (r=0.291). A positive correlation of ALP was observed with TC (r=0.689), LDL-C (r=0.608), VLDL-C (r=0.231), TGs (r=0.231), and nHDL-C (r=0.647). The atherogenic indices neither correlated with gestation age nor ALP. The present study shows that serum lipids increase in association with ALP during normal pregnancy. We recommend further studies in women with complicated pregnancies to gain insights into the patho-physiology of the association

This is a cross sectional survey study of reward structure management and Employee Commitment of banking employees in Rivers State, Nigeria. The concern of the study is focussed on employees loafing and banking sector crises that has become an occurring decimal in Nigeria. A sampled population of 200 principal officers of selected banks under study was determined using Taro Yamane sample determination formula. Structured closed ended questionnaire was constructed to extract testable responses. The data gathered were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation coefficient statistics. The result of the analyses showed that there is a significant relationship between Reward Structure Management and Employee Commitment in Commercial Banks in Port Harcourt, Rivers State. It is concluded that better Reward Structure Management is one best approach to ensuring Employees Commitment in the banking sector. It is therefore recommended that for effectiveness and sustainable banking operations, the banking system actors should design a good Reward Structure Management that takes cognizance of team collaboration, goal achievement, profit sharing and organisational citizenship. These attributes, the study has shown portend greater employees‟ commitment that can give rise to innovativeness and loyalty in the banking sector.

Introduction: The anterior ethmoidal artery (AEA) is an anatomical landmark; its position is important for recognizing structures of difficult access (frontal sinus) and to define skull base in surgery. The anterior ethmoidal artery crosses three cavities: the orbit, the ethmoid labyrinth and the anterior fossa of the skull. The aims and objectives of the study are to determine the course of the AEA and the distance of the AEA from the base skull. Material and Methods: A surveying radiological study was carried out on 100 coronal CT images from subjects who were exposed to paranasal CT imaging during a period April-July 2018 in a tertiary hospital. All CT images, along with indication of sinusitis were encompassed in the examination. The elimination being changed skull base anatomy due to earlier surgical interference, injury or tumour and age <18 years. Result: Among the coronal CT images analyzed, the male and female were noted to be 60 and 20 respectively. Out of 160 sides, AEA was identified in all the images studied (100%). The AEA was found below SB in 134 out of 160 (83.8%). On measuring the distance between the AEA and SB majority belonged to Group A (74 out of 134) in comparison to Group B (40 out of 134) and Group C (20 out of 134). The mean distance was found to be 1.43 mm, 3.8 mm, 5.72 mm in Group A, Group B and Group C respectively. The overall mean distance between the AEA and the SB was 3.65 mm. Discussion: The AEA is an anato-radiologic keystone for paranasal sinus and anterior skull base endoscopic operations. The presence of AEA in all of the pictures examined in this investigation is consistent with the reported range of 92-100 percent. In the ethmoidal air sinus, AEA was found to have a varied path. Conclusion: Due to differences in the length of the lateral lamella of the cribriform fossa, the distance between AEA and SB differs. The structure of the olfactory fossa varies. Despite the statistical limitations, the positional association between AEA and the depth of the olfactory fossa is noteworthy.

The advent of Islam in the sixth century resulted in the formation of a new empire and a world civilization. With the rise of Islam, Muslims had made immense leaps forward in the area of Science and Technology. The Contribution of Islamic Civilization to Science and Technology from the 8th to 16th century is a noteworthy expansion in human antiquity. The Muslim Scientists not only conserved the ancient knowledge, but also transformed it into major new contributions to the basic science and technology. Muslim Scientists significantly contributed to human knowledge in various fields through their innovations. This contribution was so great that Islamic civilization has been the pioneer of the scientific, intellectual and cultural genius for a long period of time. This paper, therefore analyses the contributions of Islamic Civilization with particular references to sciences. It affirms that Islam is beyond only the religion of prayers and rituals. This paper will also try to shed a light on few works that have been carried out by the Muslim Scientists with a brief explanation on their work on applied sciences like Mathematics, Astronomy, Chemistry, Physics, Medicine and other branches of modern science.

Hydatid disease is a global parasitic zoonosis with a very low incidence of 1 in 30,000 during pregnancy, with liver as the main organ to occur in it. Their diagnosis would depend on their clinical or radiological presentation, but the main problem during pregnancy would be their management. Here in, we present our case of accidently discovered liver hydatid cyst during pregnancy that was managed by albendazole therapy

The flexure of a clamped uniformly-loaded thin isotropic rectangular plate is herein analysed. The deflected surface was approximated using a grid work of beams. Coordinate polynomial deflection function satisfying the geometric boundary conditions was derived. Furthermore, different approximations of the derived polynomial function were developed for the clamped rectangular plate corresponding to the first, second and third approximations. The unknown deflection coefficients of the different deflection functions were obtained using Galerkin method, for different aspect ratios ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 for the different approximations. The numerical values of the computed coefficients were compared with the results from previous works and the degree and pattern of convergence observed. The convergence to the results of the classical solution increased as the number of approximations increased from first to third approximation such that the average percentage difference came to 1.98 %, for maximum deflection and 1.96 % for the maximum span moment of the principal axis in the third approximation. This clearly shows that the present study closely compares with the results of classical solution.

Using the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum as model we aimed to investigate the anthelmintic activity of goat’s milk in vitro by describing in detail the nature of damage taking place cross sectionally in the worm cuticle after exposure to goat’s milk through careful observation by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Adult worms were obtained from routine culling of unwanted dogs from Selayang Municipal Council (MPS) animal detention center, Rawang, Malaysia. Fresh raw goat’s milk was used. Worms were cut into 1mm3 slices, fixed in 4% glutaraldehyde, washed with 0.1sodium cacodylate buffer, post fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide, washed again in 1%sodium cacodylate buffer, dehydrated in acetone, embedded in resin, polymerized, ultrathin cross section cut and stained with uranyl acetate before being viewed under transmission electron microscope. Goat’s milk resulted in worm cuticular damage in the form of irregularity and significant thinning similarly seen with cysteine proteinases mediated damage. Internal hypodermic changes were also observed in the form of mitochondrial degeneration which appeared as large vacuoles similarly seen in albendazole affected worms. Understanding anthelmintic mechanism through transmission electron micrography has provided critical information in developing novel therapies from natural products. It also provides basis for the consumption of goat’s milk as functional food for parasitic worm control.

One of the catastrophic aftermath effects of the Structural Adjustment Program is the continuous fluctuations in exchange rate in Nigeria. The possible spillover effects of exchange rate fluctuations on trade balance in the country have generated a serious concern among scholars in the recent time. However, mixed results have been observed from the past studies which created a vacuum in the literature in which this study would fill. Consequently, this paper employed Cointegration, Granger Causality and Fully Modified Least Squares (FMOLS) approach to address the objective of the study. The findings that originated from this study are as follows; the exchange rate fluctuations have a negative impact on imports in Nigeria, though not statistically significant. Meanwhile, the impact of exchange rate is positive on exports though not significant in Nigeria as well. Also, economic growth and exchange rate have an inverse relationship in the country. In the same vein, exchange rate has a negative impact on trade balance. Similarly, there is a unidirectional causal relationship between imports and exports in one hand, and exchange rate and economic growth on the other hand in Nigeria. This implies that exchange rate fluctuations have not been favourable to balance of trade and economic growth in Nigeria. Moreover, on the basis of the findings above, it is paramount this paper recommends the following; firstly, the policy makers in Nigeria should embark on policy measures that will ensure the stability of the country`s exchange rate. Also, the Nigerian government should put appropriate mechanism that will ensure the competitiveness of the locally made products both in Nigerian and the world markets. The government should have a political will to embark upon aggressive exports promotion of the locally produced goods in the country.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of work discipline and training on employee performance. This type of research is quantitative associative. Population in this research is all employees of production section totaling 61 people. Method of data analysis in this research is multiple linear regression model. In the data processing process, the author used Statistical software Product and Service Solution (SPSS). The finding of the results are work discipline has a significant effect on employee performance; training has a significant effect on employee performance. Research has proven work discipline, and training simultaneously have a significant effect on employee performance. Employment discipline will increase if the written framework, work standards, monitoring and the provision of material and non-material compensation are evaluated and the company applies. The authors recommend that the company enable written and clear job descriptions, written work standards, improve monitoring and provide material and non-material compensation, to increase employee performance. Companies should increase the intensity of employee training, the skills, the productivity of the employees are constantly growing