Global interests in both pre and post-colonial periods dominate conservation practices in Africa. The argument that human beings and their activities are the drivers of environmental degradation served as a bedrock for the formation of early-protected areas across the continent. Other stakeholders who do not necessarily bear the costs realize the huge benefits of conservation. Equally important is the fact that, in both the colonized and non-colonized geographies, replication of similar, though not identical conservation policies evolved and dominated the biodiversity conservation patterns and the current scene of policies at least in some East African countries. This paper seeks to analyze the historical incidents that triggered these countries, namely (Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya) to adopt Fortress Conservation approach from the outset and unable to change under growing pressures from local and global stakeholders interested in resource use and conservation alike. To that end, the historical survey of literatures devoted to conservation practices and approaches of these countries, comparative analysis of the actual conservation policies at work, and the different interests mobilized by different actors were identified and systematically analyzed.

The idea behind this study is to emphasize the significance of strategic performance management systems that assist managers to build up a proper performance management process in their respective organizations. It examines the purpose of how strategic Performance system can employ to strengthen the different human resource strategies of an organization. In a nutshell, the paper takes a deep insight into the aspects of Strategic Performance Management System (SPMS).The findings obtained from the intense reviews exhibit the main purpose, process and components that the system should execute at its managerial levels for better performance.

The development challenges of Nigeria’s oil-rich region – the Niger Delta – have remained palpable. It has also necessitated many debates from different ideological perspectives. The much attention received stems from the fact that the Niger Delta is a region blessed (cursed) with huge human and natural resources, but has remained perpetually poor. That is the basis for the now-cacophonic paradox in the region: wealthiest but penurious. Many reasons have been adduced for the existence of this paradox but very little attention has been given to the impacts of the character of Nigerian post-colonial state on the development issues of the region. It is against this backdrop that this paper attempted an investigation into the relationship between the nature of Nigerian state, its form of federalism and the demonstrable development challenges of the Niger Delta. In conducting this investigation, Marxian Political Economy Approach was adopted as the theoretical framework in order to historicise the emergence of Nigerian post-colonial state with a view to ascertaining the factors responsible for its characterisation as deformed-capitalist. As a largely desk study, data were mainly obtained from secondary sources which included such documents as journals, textbooks and articles in addition to internet resource materials. Content analysis of the data revealed that the deformed-capitalist nature of Nigerian post-colonial state partly manifests in its distorted federalism which has furthered the development of underdevelopment in the Niger Delta. The paper therefore recommended the restructuring of Nigeria’s federal system, tantamount to the implementation of real fiscal federal principles which are instrumental to the development of federations like United States of America and states like Alaska. In other words, resource control was highly advocated.

This article describes the reconciliation between copyright law and library services. On the face of it, libraries and copyright protection seem to be located at cross-purposes. One seeks to freely disseminate literature, and the other seeks to preserve the exclusivity of the same. However, looking deeper, one can find a basis for reconciliation of the two in that copyright law is aimed at preventing the unfair use of and unlawful gain from another's literature or other creative work, while libraries aim at distributing knowledge from this literature and other creative works. The copyright act makes a sound balancing of the competing interest of the author on the one side and user on the other hand by recognizing library use as a privileged user right while upholding the moral and economic rights of the author. An attempt is made in this paper to examine the nature, extent and scope of this privileged use especially with a comparative analysis of the similar provisions in various national legislations. It’s really interesting that inspite of a series of technological developments and changed perceptions of public interest the legal provision stands as it is without any amendments for the last five decades. So it is right time to look into the efficacy of this legal provision in the context of changed public interest and technological challenges. Suggesting a viable mechanism keeping into account of the fragile social and economic needs of the country is the final aim of this analysis.

The acceptance of antenatal care (ANC) is generally poor and inadequate in many developing countries such as Sudan. The study was aimed to evaluate the attitudes of pregnant women towards antenatal care. Methodology: Quasi-experimental study one group, conducted among 150 pregnant women attending ANC, in Al-Hawata area. Their age ranged between (15 – 49) years, in first and second trimester. The data collected by using self-administered questionnaires for literate subjects and interviewer administered for illiterate. Statistically analyzed used statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Finding: It was found that almost the variables such as education, number of antenatal visits, diet requirement during pregnancy has significant association with women's education, P Value =0.0001. Also the result of this study showed that there was (84 %) of study group changed to positive attitude post intervention with mean score 45.71 to 74.54. From the findings of the study periodic health education for pregnant women to raise awareness on antenatal care and minimize unhealthy cultural practices is recommended.

The purpose of this study to determine how much influence the quality control of products and control of production machinery quality to the operational performance Types of causal associative research. The sampling technique used is probability sampling, which is a sampling technique that provides equal opportunity for each element of the population member to be selected as a sample member. The data used are primary data from questionnaires distributed to production employees from manager level to operator level. Total 150 sample members. Data analysis technique using Structural Equation Model (SEM) method of AMOS. Testing data consist of test of validity and reliability test. Test the classical assumption of normality test, Multicollinearity and Singularity test. Hypothesis Testing and Evaluation of Criteria Goodness of Fit. The test results show that there is an influence between the quality control of the product on the operational performance of the company. Estimate value 0.917 means that each increase of one unit of product quality control will improve the company's operational performance of 0.917. And there is an influence between controlling the quality of production machinery on the performance of the Company's Operations. Estimate value 0.374 means that each increase of one unit of production quality control machine will improve the company's operational performance of 0.374.

The rural milieu of Cameroon is lagging in development infrastructures. Local stake holders via local development committees invest in those areas to uplift the living standards of the populations. It is against this backdrop that this paper aims at making a comparative analysis of the actions of development committees in the Bangang Chientaincy (Bamboutos) since 1977 and in the township of Meskine (Diamare) since 1993, in order to evaluate the level of participation of local stake holders in the development of their land. Primary and secondary data have enabled us to analyze the actions of the development committee of Bangang (including its three subcommittees) with those of the Meskine central committee (including one subcommittee). The evaluation results situate respectively in Bangang and Meskine at 68% against 64% the rate of public actions accomplished by the committees, at 28% against 35% the rate of social actions, and at 4% against 1% the rate of economic actions.

Increased feminine entrepreneurial activity heralds a progress for women’s rights and improvement of their economic and social living index. Ladies entrepreneurship is synonymous with ladies authorisation. Parallel to the male counterparts, feminine entrepreneur’s area unit chemical process in job creation, innovation and over tangible contribution to the value of the country. Associate in nursing economy thrives once ladies get a level enjoying field as men. Innovation works as a catalyst or associate in nursing instrument for entrepreneurship. Indian ladies, despite all the social hurdles stand tall from the remainder of the group and area unit applauded for his or her achievements in their individual field. The transformation of social cloth of the Indian society, in terms of inflated academic standing of ladies and varied aspirations for higher living, necessitated a modification within the life type of Indian ladies. This paper endeavours to explore studies associated with ladies entrepreneurship and innovation in republic of India. Few examples from Rajasthan, republic of India are taken to grasp the study in a very higher means

In equality in girl’s education has been a subject for many developing countries. The Kenyan government developed the policy of the re-entry of the teenage mothers to school in 2001. The policy allows teenage mothers to re-enter schools after delivery. Despite the policy being in place, very few teenage mothers have been returning to school. This study sought to find out the cultural aspects that affects the implementation of the re-entry policy of teenage mothers to school in Bungoma County. The main objective of the study was to find out the various aspects of culture that affected the re-entry policy of teenage mother to schools in Bungoma County. The critical theory by Habernes was adopted as the theoretical framework. The convergent parallel mixed method research design was used. The research population comprised of teenage mothers, student girls, head teachers, principals, Guiding and Counselling teachers, Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers. The main data collection instruments were Questionnaires and Interview schedules. Questionnaires were administered to the Teenage mothers, school girls, Guidance and counselling teachers, while the interview schedule were administered to Sub County Quality Assurance and Standards Officers and head teachers. Pilot study was carried out in Trans Nzoia County. Reliability index of 0.79 was obtained. Quantitative data was coded and presented using tables and analyzed through frequency distribution and percentages. Qualitative data was organized and broken into themes synthesized to search for patterns and meaning. This study was significant for it identified various cultural factors that affected the implementation of the re-entry policy. The study revealed various cultural factors that hindered the effective implementation of the policy included, attitudes, prejudice, gender discrimination and traditional customs. There is therefore a need to address these cultural factors so as to enable these teenage mothers to reenter school.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) sector plays a significant role in fostering entrepreneurial talent and distribution of income & wealth at grassroots level. It contributes immensely in manufacturing output, exports, generation of employment and gross domestic product. The contribution of female entrepreneurs cannot be ignored in this sector, especially in rural areas where they have strengthen the rural economy by generating employment in micro enterprises. But the growth of the female entrepreneurship has been slow owing to social attitudinal and practical problems. This paper focuses on the status of female entrepreneurs in regard to analysis of the findings of the NSS 73rd Round of NSSO, related to female entrepreneurs. It examines the obstacles of women entrepreneurs and the initiatives taken for the growth and development of women entrepreneurship. Finally suggestions have been specified for obliterating the hindrances and creating better environment for nurturing female entrepreneurship.

Abstract: The objective of this study is to explain the importance of use of AFOs and exercise in children with toe walking due to calf muscle tightness, to provide advance rehabilitation techniques that can reduce the effects of progressive contractures, postural deformities and imbalance and to explain the best treatment and guidelines to parents to make the child maximum independent. This is an experimental based study in which participants are randomly selected. Fifty male and female participants (children) of age between 03 yrs –12 yrs are selected who presents with toe walking due to tightness in Achilles tendon. All participants are assessed prior to treatment and then reassessed after three month of therapy. Data was collected through an assessment form. Data was analyzed by the paired T-test statistics .The result shows a significant difference (p=0.00) in the variables of cadence, pain (VAS), ankle dorsiflexion & planter flexion range (p<0.005).The mean result for pre and post cadence is (-5.820), post treatment cadence improved because of achieving improved ankle dorsiflexion range. The study demonstrated that use of AFOS and exercises can achieve good ankle function and range of motion can be improved .The study shows that children with Toe walking due to Achilles tendon tightness can improve their walking pattern and ADLs by the use of AFOS & exercises.

Headlines remain the most significant part in news reports, for which they provide readers with the major information. Meanwhile, pragmatic presupposition focuses on the study of the relationships between utterances, context and participants in communication, thus being widely used in the design of news headlines. So this paper mainly analyzes English news headlines selected from China Daily from the perspective of pragmatic presupposition to explore how readers can quickly correlate news headlines with the news. The results confirm the functions of presupposition to provide worthwhile information and attract readers’ attention. Through the study, it’s intended to enable the readers with a better understanding of news headlines behind presupposition and help the news editors create more attractive headlines.

Abstract: The socio-economic status of the family affects the offspring’s participation in physical activities and sports in school or outside the school. The current study aimed to assess the effect of socio-economic status determined by family income, parental education and parental occupation on the sports participations and the perception about participation barriers among sports and non-sports participants in higher education in the UAE. The study demonstrated a higher prevalence of female students among non-participants and a trend of lower participation among students from low income, parents’ education and occupation. The socioeconomic status components showed influences on the students’ perception on barriers of sports participation. Low parents’ education was related to more significant perception of peer pressure barrier among participants. Similarly, low income and parents’ education were related to considering sociocultural barrier as an important barrier among non-participants. Unexpectedly, high income and parents’ education were related consider low priority and lack of interest as significant barriers among participants. The study re-emphasizes the effect of the socioeconomic status on sports participation and the university students’ perception for participation.

Chronic myeloid leukemia is a malignant clonal expansion of hemato¬poietic progenitor cells causally linked to a specific chromosomal abnormality, the Philadelphia chromosome. It occurs uncommonly in childhood, accounting for only 2 to 5% of all pediatric leukaemias with an annual incidence of about 1 per million in this age range. We describe one such case of chronic myeloid leukemia in an 11 year old boy, who presented with massive splenomegaly and hyperleukocytosis. The diagnosis was made from peripheral blood smear examination, supported by karyotypic study. Because of the infrequency of its occurrence, it was thought of interest to report this case of CML and to review certain interesting features of this entity in the pediatric population

Abstract: Pain in the neck can be more than just a hassle. The objectives of this study were to determine and compare the role of Maitland mobilization and stretching exercises along hot pack therapy in both groups. Total 30 subjects were selected and divided into group A & B sample was collected through simple random sampling with chronic cervical pain and fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The treatment was gives as: Group A: Maitland mobilization of cervical spine along with hot pack. Group B: Cervical stretching exercises along with hot pack. This study was a comparative experimental study and it used assessment form, consent form, examination couch, Goniometer, Visual Analogue Scale, Neck Disability Index Scale and Hot pack. Patients were evaluated for their pain profile using VAS, their ROM using the Goniometer and neck disability using NDIS. Time Frame for this study and data collection was one year and the source of data was Liaquat National Hospital Physiotherapy Out Patients Department, Karachi, Pakistan. Pre and post treatment parameters were collected on assessment form and later evaluated further on SPSS 21 through independent sample T-test. The results indicated that both techniques produced a hypoalgesic effect as revealed by improved NDIS and decreased VAS. Both the techniques when compared with each other with respect to post treatment NDIS, VAS and ROM, showed significance difference (VAS P= 0.012, NDIS P= 0.042, Cervical Ranges < 0.05).The combination of all findings has supported the use of Maitland technique in chronic cervical pain.