The head and neck area is the most complex area of the human body, with its most physical connections to the outside environment. So it plays host to a variety of infections. Sinonasal tract fungal infections are not uncommon and the surgical pathologist is concerned with establishing a correct etiological diagnosis because many of the infectious fungal masses are confused with neoplasms both clinically and radiologically. So this study was aimed to identify the histomorphological type of fungal infections in the sinonasal tract and their prevalence according to various clinical parameters. This was a retrospective study carried out in the Department of Pathology, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences for a period of 3 years (Feb 2016 to Feb 2019) and all the Sinonasal tract lesions morphologically diagnosed to have fungal infections were included in this study. During the study period, Out of 11,301 total histopathology specimens received, 40 cases were diagnosed with sinonasal fungal infections (0.35%). Of these, 77.5% were males, 22.5% were females with male preponderance. The most common type of fungal infection was Aspergillosis (14 cases), followed by Mucormycosis (11cases). The most common site of infection in the sinonasal tract was Maxillary sinus. In this study, we attempted to determine the etiological diagnosis of sinonasal fungal infections and the Histopathological examination can render efficient identification of infectious fungal organisms and remains the only feasible and rapid means to identify fungal organisms for starting appropriate therapy for patients.

Background: Twin is a form of multiple birth in which the mother gives birth to two offspring from the same pregnancy. Twins can either be Monozygotic or dizygotic. In this research, lip print as a means of identification in human was studied using 80 individuals (40 pairs- 25 pairs of non-identical and 15pairs of identical twins) of the Yoruba tribe of Nigeria (ranging between of ages of 5- 66 years) residing in Igbo-Ora community of Oyo state in Western Nigeria. The lips of the subjects were properly cleaned and a red lipstick was applied on it. After which, the lip print impression was made on a white plane sheet. Cellophane tape was then struck on it for permanent record. The obtained lip print was studied using a magnifying lens. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the lip print pattern is unique to individuals and there were no two similar patterns even among identical twins and twins of the same parents and tribe. The most distributed lip patterns were type II in both non-identical and identical twin (26.5% and 31.7% respectively). The least distributed pattern in non-identical twin was type V (5.5%), type I’ (8.3%) and type V (8.3%) was the least distributed in identical twin. In total, the most distributed lip pattern in non-identical and identical twin was type II (28.4%) while the least was type V (6.7%). Conclusion: The study has revealed that the most distributed lip pattern in non-identical and identical twin was type II (28.4%) while the least was type V (6.7%). By implication amongst twins whether identical or non-identical, in a random selection there is a greater probability of picking someone who has a type II pattern as the most frequent pattern type. This information could aid in a forensic study and serve as a strong means of identification when the identity was not established beforehand.

Hepatitis B infection is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped DNA virus belonging to family Hepadnaviridae that infects the liver and causes hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation which are serious public health problem worldwide. The Present study was conducted in the department of microbiology on 456 female patients. The serums were obtained by centrifugation & test was done. The Hepatitis B surface Ag was detected by using HEPACARDS kit. In our current study on 456 female patients were screened for HBsAg and we found that 5.3% female patients were reactive with HBsAg in serum and 94.7% were Non reactive with HBsAg out of 456 female patients. Higher prevalence of HBsAg was reported in most sexually active age group.i.e.21-40 years (57.5%) and least in age group 81-100 (0.4%). In the light of current study, it can be concluded that the Hepatitis B contributes significantly to chronic liver diseases in India and being transmitted through parenteral, sexual or perinatal mode. The study revealed high prevalence rate of HBV among female patients (5.3%).

Worldwide, retention of skilled employees has been of serious concern to managers in the face of ever increasing high rate of employee turnover. Excessively high and low turnover rates, both have a negative consequence on the success and productivity of the sector. The focus of the study is to investigate the influence of non-monetary factors on employee’s satisfaction and retention in Nigeria organizations. A survey of 60 full- time employees selected through stratified sampling techniques in Edo and Taraba state reveals that age of the firm, autonomy in work place; training, internal career opportunity, reward and recognition have positive significant relationship with employee’s retention. However, the study recommends that organizations should emphasize on the extrinsic factors like attractive salary package and also should give additional benefit for the good performances of the employees. Finally, organizations should adopt adequate and competitive monetary policy strategies that will discourage employee turnover. Keywords: Employees Satisfaction, Employees Retention, Non-Monetary

Background: The presence of a mass in head, neck and face region often pose a challenging diagnostic problem to the clinician who is confronted with a maze of possibilities. The routine work up comprises of clinical history, clinical examination and other diagnostic aids like radiology which often fail to resolve the vexing problem regarding the nature of the mass. An early recognition and categorization of lesions is essential for treatment. Aim of the Study: To assess the utility of FNAC as an initial diagnostic modality in patients with swellings in the head, neck and face region. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of General Pathology of D.Y. Patil Medical College. The ethical clearance for study protocol was obtained from ethical committee of the institution. The present study emphasizes on the diagnostic utility of the fine needle aspiration of head, neck and face swellings. This study is undertaken from February 2015- June 2016. All the patients referred to the department of pathology for FNAC of swellings in the region of head, neck and face, were analysed. A total number of 484 FNAC cases are analysed in this study.

This paper attempts to discuss the need for fostering 21st century skills in schools, especially in English Language classrooms. Our school systems need to respond to the changing world. The new generation is to be prepared for the new careers, by connecting their learning with real life. Schools should build the young generation for the future. This is possible only when the curricula incorporate the 21st century skills to frame the syllabi to meet the changing needs. The teaching- learning process should be made challenging, inspiring, interesting and effective. Language classroom can contribute much to this effect by connecting physical and virtual environment that can connect the learners with a “variety of learning resources, and with people of different cultural backgrounds.” This may enhance learning experiences and individual development. The present century is technology rich and immensely complex. Learners in the present century need abundant opportunities to participate in connected learning environments that can ensure perfect learner engagement. Classroom environment should provide the learners with the opportunities to acquire the skills like critical thinking, problem solving, creativity, innovation, celebration, team work, leadership, cross-cultural understanding, etc. This can equip the learners with the ability to face the challenges of the modern society. Learning is a lifelong process .So the learners must get chances to update themselves with the latest trends and information. English is the ideal context for introducing and building 21st century skills

The automated hematology analyzer providing CBC has become the keystone of modern hematology laboratories and has replaced the traditional manual methods. Morphological typing of anemia is routinely done based on RBC indices like MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW and also by peripheral smear examination. In this study morphological typing of different types of anemia were done by indices obtained from automated analyzer and by peripheral smear and were compared.400 cases of anemia were analyzed by sysmex XT 1800i analyzer and results compared and correlated. Out of 400 cases 351 cases showed a concordant typing and 49 cases showed a non-concordant typing and 12.25% of cases required a peripheral smear review for the correct typing of anemia. The sensitivity and specificity of the sysmex XT 1800i analyzer were calculated as 97% and 91% respectively for the detection of microcytes, 96.5% and 97.5% respectively for the detection of macrocytes and 91% and 90.5% respectively for the detection of normocytes. Most of the non-concordant cases belonged to the category of normocytic normochromic anemia with raised RDW. Morphological typing of anemia from the RBC indices and RDW showed a high sensitivity and specificity, except for some cases with a raised RDW which required an additional peripheral smear examination for the correct typing. So manual peripheral smear examination still holds important role in the modern laboratory practice as it provides us with many information for the proper diagnosis and management.

The glucose tolerance signifies the ability of the body to dispose off an additional load of glucose given. This test is useful in distinguishing a person with a normal glucose tolerance from people who have increased tolerance in disease conditions. Aim of the study to study on glucose tolerance test. Approximately 40% of subjects who will develop type 2 diabetes are within the NGT range at OGTT, indicating that there is a large number of NGT subjects who constitute the larger reservoir of future type 2 diabetes. OGTT detects diabetes more efficiently than FPG as it recognizes altered post-prandial metabolism.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to perform clinico-histopathological correlation of skin lesions in all patients with a clinical suspicion of Hansen’s disease. Materials and Methods: A 3 year retrospective study from 2016-2018 was carried out with all the clinically suspected cases of Hansen’s disease along with histopathological examination of skin biopsies. Results: Out of the 60 cases diagnosed as Hansen’s disease, majority belonged to age goup 31-40 years with a male preponderance. Most number of cases diagnosed were of Borderline tuberculoid type (24/60). Overall clinicohistopathological correlation was 58.3%. Maximum correlation was evident at the polar ends of the spectrum with a slightly better correlation for lepromatous leprosy (75%). Conclusion: Correlation between clinical and histopathological features is required for accurate classification of Hansen’s disease. Clinical detection and histopathological diagnosis of borderline lesions remains challenging and hence the need for interpretation along with the clinical findings.

Background: Anaemia is reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood, due to reduced RBC mass and/or haemoglobin concentration [1]. Causes of anaemia include nutritional deficiencies, inherited genetic defects, medication-related side effects and chronic diseases. We had studied patients attending our tertiary care centre to determine aetiology of anaemia and its different clinical aspects during period of July 2012 to March 2014. Methods: A total 100 patients having anaemia were enrolled in the study and detailed clinical examination and relevant laboratory investigations were performed. Results: Out of 100 patients 55 were females and 45 were males. In present study 45 females fall in age between 12-40 years and 29 males were in the similar age group. Most common presenting symptoms were generalised weakness and easy fatigability. Pallor was noted in 94 patients. Severe anaemia (Hb <7 g/dl) were seen in 89% of the cases. 34% of the patients had subnormal serum iron levels and 45 patients were having low serum vit. B12 level (<187 pg/dl). Among other causes, 7 patients had anaemia of chronic disease, 4 had malabsorption and 2 had drug toxicity. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 deficiency in association with iron deficiency was found to be the commonest cause for anaemia in the study group. Haemolytic anaemia was more common in males in thid study

Introduction – With the coming of adjuvant hormonal therapy, evaluation of hormone receptors now plays a pivotal role in the therapeutic management in breast carcinoma. HER2/neu positive tumors are resistant to tamoxifen based therapies. With the advent of Trastuzumab, the prognosis of this subset of tumors has improved. In this bewildering array of prognostic factors, the conventional prognostic histological features seem to have lost their importance. Material and methods- Fifty cases of mastectomy performed for breast carcinoma were taken in the study. Immunohistochemistry was performed for ER, PR and HER2/neu. Correlation between them and the conventional histological prognostic features was studied. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis. Results- ER, PR showed a statistically significant positive correlation with each other. PR & HER2/neu showed no correlation with tumor size whereas ER showed a statistically negative correlation with size of the tumor. An inverse correlation was seen between tumor grades, mitotic count and ER, PR. HER2/neu showed no correlation with either grade or mitotic count though a significant positive correlation was seen with nuclear pleomorphism. Neither the hormone receptors not HER2/neu showed any correlation with lymph node status. Conclusion- Histological features are still valuable in judging the prognosis of breast carcinoma. Triple negative and ER+PR- tumors are unresponsive to systemic adjuvant hormone therapy. In addition cost and availability can be limiting factors in applicability of these tests especially in low socioeconomic conditions and resource limited centers.

The present project constitutes an investigation about the factors that intervene in first semester students when choosing a university. The study employs a 95% reliability in the first semester of the Engineering in Business Management degree. The results obtained in this research were various factors that are involved in the choice of a university environment such as family, economic or skills

Although there are several reports on the prevalence of HBsAg in Nigeria, there is paucity of data on the prevalence of HBsAg and HBAb among motor park workers in the country. Objective: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors among commercial Motor park workers in Jos, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and thirty one (131) commercially motor park Workers who consented to take part in this study were recruited. Aseptically, 5ml of venous blood was collected from each participant and screened for HBsAg and HBAbs markers using one step, rapid chromatographic immunoassay and associated risk factors using structured questionnaire which was voluntarily completed by the participants and the data were thereafter analysed. Results: Of the 131 participants, 105 were males and 26 females with age range between 16-75 years. An overall HBsAg seropositivity of 16.8% and HBAbs positivity of 74.8% were observed. On multivariate analysis, factors such as multiple sexual partners: HBsAg (35.0%), anti-HBs (10.0%), anti-HBe (20.0%) and anti-HBc (35.0%); history of surgery: HBsAg (64.3%), anti-HBs (21.4%), anti-HBe (7.1%) and anti-HBc (7.1); lack of condom usage: HBsAg (15.7%) anti-HBs (28.7%), anti-HBe (18.3%) and anti-HBc (27.8%) were among some determinants of HBV infection in this study. Conclusion: The data results suggest high prevalence of HBV among this mobile group of people;, and with the increasing number of individuals and corporate bodies engaged in one or more activities at motor parks, there is the need for deliberate efforts for preventive measures.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) refers to a group of common metabolic disorders that share the phenotype of hyperglycemia. Depending on the etiology of the DM, factors contributing to hyperglycemia include reduced insulin secretion, decreased glucose utilization, and increased glucose production [1]. Aims and Objective: To evaluate the performance of Enzymatic and HPLC assay systems for determination of HbA1c. Material and Methods: This study was conducted from November, 2016 to December, 2017. The subjects under the study were enrolled from outpatient department of Medicine after obtaining written informed consent in bilingual languages from all the 100 subjects after describing all pros and cons. Fasting Plasma glucose and HbA1c were estimated in Department of Biochemistry, SRMS IMS. Result and Discussion: Maximum percentages of patients were in age 51 to 60 years (32%) while the least percentage of patients was from the age group 21 to 30 years (2%). Present study comprising 38% females and 62% males. HbA1c distribution in subjects by Enzymatic method in Mean ± SD (8.598 ± 2.29) with minimum of 6.2% and maximum 20.4%. The FPG distribution in Subjects 154.37 ± 40.13 (Mean ± SD) with minimum FPG of 96 mg/dl and maximum 289 mg/dl. Conclusion: HbA1c has come to play an integral role in the management of diabetes, one of the world’s most prevalent non-communicable diseases. HbA1c defines an end point as the fuel of diabetic therapy and provides a powerful stimulus to the patients to improve their compliance. HbA1c remains the gold standard in the assessment of glycemic control with availability of standardize methods.

Higher morbidity and mortality is seen with bacteraemia caused by Biliary tract infection. Due to the presence of biliary sphincter, bile remains sterile despite presence of high concentration of bacteria in duodenum. Increased ductal pressure due to obstruction in biliary tree, can result in biliary stasis and bacterial multiplication resulting in cholangitis. 16% to 85% of bacteriobilia have been reported in various studies worldwide in patients of biliary tract infection. Govind Ballabh Pant institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (GIPMER) is a super speciality hospital providing care to patients from all over India. This study was performed to identify the bacteria causing Biliary tract infection and study their resistant pattern. A total of 229 intraoperative bile aspirates from gastrointestinal surgery department were received in microbiology department of GIPMER and analysed. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as per standard techniques. Bacterial growth was seen in 166(72.48%) out of 229 patients. Polymicrobial cultures 27(16.27%) were less frequent in comparison with Monomicrobial growth 139(83.73%). Commonest isolate was Escherichia coli (47.94%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (17.53%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.49%), and Enterococcus spp. (11.34%). High resistance was observed against routinely used antibiotics by Gram negative bacteria, such as ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam, and low resistance was observed against carbapenems and colistin. The study shows that analysis of bile can be valuable in preparing a better treatment strategy in biliary tract infection. Rapid development of multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria causing biliary tract infections remains the cause of concern.