A blood pressure has caused a lot adverse effect to the body and as a whole society if it remains untreated. Hypertensive state causes increase in left ventricular diameter as well as mass. These two conditions can be also called as LV hypertrophy. Method: 60 male individuals aged from 35 to 45 years enrolled in the study from Dhiraj general hospital after getting ethical approval. Their general examination and history was taken after that blood pressure was recorded. Participants were divided in 4 groups based on JNC guideline. 2 D echocardiography was performed and Left ventricular mass (LVM) recorded. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated after getting body surface area (BSA). Result: Blood pressure changes show marked variation in Left ventricular mass as well as Left ventricular mass index. Pre hypertensive and hypertensive stage 1 and stage 2 shows marked rise in LVM in comparison with normotensive individuals. Blood pressure is positively correlated with left ventricular mass and also with ventricular mass index. Out of all 4 groups Prehypertensive stage shows more risk for LVM and LVMI. Conclusion: There is multifold rise in LVM and LVMI when blood pressure increased from normal range. The left ventricular hypertrophy has one independent factor above other confounding factors.

Introduction: Since the introduction of H2 blockers and PPIs they have become one of the most commonly prescribed classes of medications in the world. These drugs are often misused and overused, which may have significant implications in the elderly. Aim: To study prevalence of irrational use of H2 blockers and PPIs in geriatric population. Methods: A retrospective study over six months period was conducted from February 2017 to Auguest2017 at a tertiary care hospital. The clinical data of total 137 patients admitted for one or more concurrent disease are included in the study. Results: In this study out of 137 patients, 102(74.4%) cases were on H2 receptors antagonist and 34(24.8%) were on PPIs which were irrationally prescribed. Mean age of the patients was 68.9 ±11.9 years. Out of 137 patients 103(75.1%) were male and 34(24.4%) female. Concurrent drugs prescribed were Antiplalets 19(13.8%) cases, CCBs 12(10.4%), ferrous sulphate13 (8.7%), steroids 10(7.2%), Digoxin 4(2.9%), Warfarin 2(1.4%), phenytoin 2 (2.9%). Conclusion: Irrational use of H2 receptor antagonists and PPIs in elderly increased with advanced age, increase in number of medications, multiple diagnoses and increased length of hospitalization. Effects and interactions were commonly encountered in many cases. Acid suppression drugs are initiated or continued for prolonged periods of time, without sufficient evaluation of the need for therapy. Proper Guidelines for physicians and counseling for the patients is required in order to reduce overuse and to prevent long term adverse effects of the drugs

This study represents correlation of five needle aspiration cytology with histopathology at the cytology department of khanpur Kalan Medical college during 3 year period only the cases where subsequent histology diagnosis was available were analyzed. All the aspirations were performed by the pathologists. Out of the total of the 89 cases cytological diagnosis was malignant in 35 cases (39.32%). Two cases were false negative. There were no false positive case in the study. A sensitivity Rate of 94.5% and specificity of rate 100% was obtained for malignancy. Positive and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of malignancy was 100% and 94.7% respectively. accuracy of the test was 97.26%. FNA specific diagnosis showed an overall agreement of 98.5% for malignant lesions. All these result compare favorably with the best reported in literature. All these factors help the clinicians in the management of malignant breast lesions.

This study sought to determine the effect of senior secondary school students’ prior knowledge of instructional objectives on their achievement in chemistry. Three research questions and three null hypotheses guided the study. The design employed was a pretest posttest experimental design. The population was four thousand six hundred and ninety-three (4393) SS2 students who were offering chemistry in all the secondary schools in Awgu Educational Zone. Chemistry achievement test (CAT) developed by the researcher was used to collect relevant data from a sample of 184 senior sec. students selected from single sex schools in Awgu Educational Zone. The CAT was face and content validated by experts in educational measurement and evaluation and chemistry education. Reliability coefficient of 0.80 was obtained for CAT using Kuder Richardson formula -20. Mean and standard deviation scores were used to test the three null hypotheses at an alpha level of 0.05. the study revealed that students taught with prior knowledge of instructional objectives (experimental group or Wipkoiob) achieved better results than students taught without prior knowledge of instructional objective (control group or Wopkoiob) and males achieved better than the females. There is no significant interaction of gender and strategy on students’ chemistry mean achievement. The researcher therefore recommended that chemistry teachers in Nigeria should present instructional objectives in their lesson plans to their students ahead of instruction.

Helicobacter pylori infection is a widespread problem all over the world. It is the major cause of peptic ulcer disease and gastric carcinomas. Among the various methods available in clinical practice are histopathology, rapid urease test (RUT), cultureand PCR carried on gastric biopsy samples.Non-invasive diagnostics like stool antigen detection are available for rapid diagnosis and treatment follow up. The purpose of the study was to validate antigen detection of H.pylori from stool specimen and also to compare the test with that of rapid urease test and histopathology. This cross sectional case study was conducted on 260 subjects with symptoms of acid peptic disease who underwent endoscopic examination and not on non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or proton pump inhibitors. Gastric biopsy specimen and the stool samples were collected from patients with mucosal changes. Biopsy sample was subjected for Histopathological examination and Rapid urease test. Stool Antigen detection test was performed by immunochromatography method. Among the 260 study subjects stool antigen detection was positive in 184(70.7%) of the study population. H.pylori was detected by Rapid Urease test in 225(86.5%) of the patients while Histopathological examination identified H.pylori in 230(88.46%) by Haematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining and 235(90.38%) by Giemsa staining respectively. The sensitivity, Specificity, Positive predictive value and negative predictive value of Stool antigen detection when compared to Biopsy results were 78.29%, 100%, 100% and 32.89% respectively. The non invasive tests like stool antigen tests for H.pylori could be used as a routine diagnostic tool in the microbiology laboratory. The lower sensitivity of the stool antigen detection in comparison to histopathology and RUT is the drawback that has to be overcome.

The prevalence of Polycystic Ovarian syndrome is very common nowadays. In this syndrome there is marked decrease in the female characters with irregular or no menstruation, excess hairs on face, chest, stomach, thumbs, or toes, decrease in breast size, hair loss, acne, depression, weight gain, pelvic pain and infertility. It affects mainly the females of reproductive age. If left untreated, may result in infertility and even uterine cancer. Very little is known about status of lipid profile in this syndrome so the objective of the study was to compare lipid Profile in women suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome and healthy women. The study comprised of 200 women of same reproductive age. Out of which 100 were healthy women and 100 were women suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome. Lipid Profile was tested on auto analyzer by available commercial kits. Student t test were applied to determine difference between the two. SPSS software 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. We found the women suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome had dyslipidemia as comparison to healthy women. This shows that dyslipidemia can be a risk factor for developing polycystic ovarian syndrome

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is the most common presentation amongst women of all age groups attending the gynecology OPD. The etiology of AUB varies depending on the age group. Histopathological study of endometrial biopsies by light microscope is considered the gold standard for diagnosing the endometrial pathology of AUB. Aims & Objective: The aims and objective of this study is to determine histopathological patterns seen in endometrial biopsies of women who presented with AUB. Material and methods: The study was carried out in the Department of Pathology in Government Medical College Haldwani from January 2008 to January 2018. Biopsy sections underwent proper processing and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and were observed under microscope. Relevant patient details were collected from departmental records. Result: Total of 505 specimens of endometrial biopsies were studied. Maximum (47%) patients were between 36-45 years. Commonest pathology was disordered proliferative phase (20%). 11% showed hormone related changes. Hyperplasia was observed in 7%. Endometrial polyps were seen in 2%, Endometritis was found in 2% which included 2 cases of tubercular pathology. Endometrial carcinoma was seen in 2%. Conclusion: Maximum patients in our study belonged to the perimenopausal age group. Disordered proliferative pattern was the most common pathology observed. Endometrial carcinoma was seen only in post menopausal women. Endometrial biopsy proved to be an effective tool in histopathological characterization of endometrium and can be helpful in avoiding hysterectomy in AUB.

Phosphoric acid etching is the gold standard method of enamel preparation before application of bonding resins for orthodontic brackets. With the recent introduction of erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser in dentistry for the ablation of hard tissues, including enamel and dentin, laser enamel preparation has been proposed as an alternative to phosphoric acid etching. Hence this study was conducted to evaluate the shear bond strength of bracket bonded to teeth etched by Acid, Er:YAG laser. The aim of the study is to “Compare the bond strengths of orthodontic bracket etched by acid, Er: YAG laser, and combined treatment on the enamel surface.” The objective of the study was to investigate methods that could obtain the maximal bond strength and to analyze the fracture mode of each method

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in women worldwide with 85% of cases occurring in developing countries. Endocervical adenocarcinoma is ten times less frequent than squamous cell carcinoma; the most recent literature indicates an increase of three to four times in its incidence over the last few years. The main objective of reporting present case is to draw attention of an unusual presentation of chondroid metaplasia in endocervical adenocarcinoma in a 73 year old post menopausal woman because it is important to recognize the non‑ neoplastic nature of this condition and to differentiate it from malignant counterpart of the tumor. Hence, a careful clinical and histopathological examination is required to avoid the misinterpretation of non‑ tumor cartilaginous foci as a component of malignant neoplasm.

Children involved in criminal acts, the first thing that should not be forgotten is to see their position as children with all their particular characteristics and characteristics. Thus, their orientation is based on the concept of child protection in their handling process so that this will rest on the concept of prosperity children and children's interests. Providing protection and a sense of justice given that children must get protection, then in violations committed by the child still and must be considered and considered the background and causes of violations committed by the child so that the child will not lose hope to look at the future. Legal problems seem to be one of the phenomena that have never subsided in the life of society, nation, and state. As the phenomenon of legal problems increases, legal studies are also increasing, which aim to explore various problems from the perspective of existing law and legislation. Penal punishment is not merely revenge but an aim to influence human behavior by legal rules. Child protection is all efforts made to create conditions so that each child can exercise his rights and obligations for the development and growth of children in a reasonable manner both physically, mentally and socially. Child protection is an embodiment of the existence of justice in a society. Thus, protection of children is cultivated in various fields of life and state of society.

Ectopic pancreas is an abnormal condition of embryological origin. The relationship of ectopic pancreatic tissue associated with choledochal cyst is extremely rare condition. The most commonly reported cases of ectopic pancreatic tissue are located in the upper GI (gastrointestinal) tract with most frequent site is stomach, followed by the duodenum and the jejunum. The clinical implication of the presence of ectopic pancreas in the choledochal cyst is remain unclear but it’s predicted risk for developing futher complications, especially pancreatic malignancy should always be considered. Ectopic pancreatic tissue can be diagnosed at all ages, males are frequently associated but a higher incidence of ectopic pancreas in the gallbladder is found in females and most incidence lies between the thirty to sixty years of life. The purpose of the present case is to present the clinical, and histopathological features of ectopic pancreatic tissue associated with choledochal cyst of 21 years old female. However, the basic concept of occurrence of ectopic pancreatic tissue is contentious. To conclude, the ectopic pancreatic tissue associated with choledochal cyst may be an evidence of its embryological association and it’s greater risk for development of further complications, especially development of pancreatic malignancy. The present case should be considered for long term follow up as only doing cystectomy will not provide full protection against the development of pancreatic malignancy.

In cardiovascular pathology, cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) has emerged over time as a test with single potential. This non-invasive, non-irradiating, with few contraindications, and economically reasoned examination, finds all its interest in aeronautical expertise of flight crew, in addition to first-line examinations, including electrocardiogram and echocardiography, which do not always allow to decide on the absence of underlying cardiac disease, which would have a consequent impact on the decision of aptitude either in admission or revisional visit. Through this work, we will focus on the technical aspects of CMR namely: different sequences, safety, physical principles, then its main indications according to international learned societies, and finally its interest in aeronautical expertise

Extraskeletal Myxoid Chondrosarcoma (EMC) is a rare soft tissue sarcoma of uncertain differentiation characterized by abundant myxoid matrix located in the soft tissues. It affects mainly the soft tissues of the proximal end of long bones. EMC has a male preference, and this occurs in soft tissue area in patients who are more than 40 years old. The present case was 63 year old female with diagnostic findings on histopathological examination with immuno–histochemical confirmation. EMC is a rare tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of myxoid soft tissue neoplasm. Therefore, a multi-modal approach, having distinct clinical, cytological, histo-pathological, immunohistochemical features and cytogenetics analysis, must be necessary in establishing a more definitive diagnosis, which may finally lead to a more targeted and specific treatment for patients.

A novel family of macrocyclic complexes with tetra aza macro cyclic ligand and (X=Cl- , NO3-) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, electronic, and EPR spectral studies. The molar conductance measurements of the complex in Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO)/dimethyl form amide corresponds to non-electrolytes for all the Mn(II) complexes except the complex with ligand LA which are 1:2 electrolyte. The spectra are consistent with the formula [MnLx2] and [Mn (LA) (H2O) 2] X2 and distorted octahedral geometry. The biological activity of these complexes was evaluated against different species of bacteria and plant pathogenic fungi and compared with different ligands.

Distilled water is not supposed to contain > 5μg of chlorides and if it does, distillation is unsuccessful, and a repeat is needed. The quantification of chlorides post purification of reagent grade water though serves to illustrate the success of purification, has also been used in this study to illustrate nearness to success. A total of 50 registered Clinical Chemistry Laboratories in Lagos Mainland of Lagos Nigeria were recruited in this cross sectional study, their reagent grade water sampled and tested for chlorides using spectrophotometric technique. A questionnaire was also administered to ascertain the Laboratories’ headship. In this study, significant amount of chloride was detected in all reagent water tested with concentration range of 0.055mg/L - 38.760mg/L. Comparing the pathologists-headed laboratories with Scientists-headed laboratories shows that there is no statistically significant difference in the outcome of water purification at 95% confidence interval, p = 0.05, calculated t = 0.499, and critical value = 2.000. There is no significant influence on the outcome of reagent water purification by the headship of Clinical Chemistry laboratories.