Objective: To compare the reliability and efficiency of Down’s and Steiner’s cephalometric analysis between conventional method and digital method using the CephNinja application. Materials and Methods: 50 lateral cephalograms were used. Down’s and Steiner’s cephalometric analyses were carried out using the conventional method and digital method using a mobile application, CephNinja. Values and time taken for the analyses were recorded for both manual and digital methods. Non-parametric test (Wilcoxon matched test) and parametric test (paired t test) were carried out. A correlation between values of manual and digital methods were carried out using Karl Pearson’s correlation method. Results: Comparison of manual and digital methods with parameters related to Down's analysis by paired t / Wilcoxon matched pairs test showed significant differences in interincisal angle, lower incisor to occlusal plane angle and time scores. The mean time taken for manual cephalometric analysis was 4.86 minutes while the digital method took 2.18 minutes. Paired t / Wilcoxon matched pairs test for comparison of manual and digital method in Steiner’s analysis showed significant differences in mandibular plane angle, linear measurement for upper incisor position, S-line to upper lip, and time scores. The mean time taken for manual took 4.1 minutes and CephNinja was 2.14 minutes. Significant correlation using Karl Pearson’s method was seen between manual and digital methods except in the values of Y-axis and S-line to upper lip. Conclusion: CephNinja app is as reliable as the conventional method and significantly reduces the time taken for carrying out Down’s and Steiner’s analyses.

Objective: Mandibular fractures are one of the most frequent facial injuries treated in trauma centres, and its resultant functional and cosmetic deformities affecting the victims of such maxillo-facial injuries, has continued to generate a lot of discussion among researchers all over the world. The present study aims at describing the, etiology and pattern of mandibular fractures and its treatment at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital. Methodology: This is a retrospective study conducted at Lagos State university teaching Hospital Of medicine between January 2016 to December 2018. The current study included one hundred and eighteen (118) patients who were diagnosed with mandibular fractures. Data were collected regarding patient’s age, gender, etiology, site of fracture, patterns and treatment modalities and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Result: A total of 142 cases of mandibular fractures were diagnosed in 118 patients .The patients’ ages ranges between 2 to 83 years (Mean±SD=31.25±12.5). The majority of fractures occurred amongst the 21-30 years of age group (33.9%). There were 91males and 27 females with male to female ratio of 1:5.6. The major causes of fracture were RTA (Road Traffic Accidents) representing 79 (66.9%), followed by Assault 27 (22.9%), then Fall 8 (6.8%), and Sports injury respectively. The most injured sites were in decreasing order body 40 (28.2) followed by angle of mandible 26 (18.3), then parasymphysis 25 (17.6), condyle, symphysis, dentoalveolar, coronoid process and ramus of mandible (Figure-2). Majority (72.0%) of the cases were treated by closed reduction. Conclusion: This study revealed Road traffic accidents (RTA) as the major etiological factor of maxillo-facial injuries, with young adult males as the main victims. The most frequent technique used was closed reduction. It is therefore recommended that there should be improved enforcement of traffic laws on motorist particularly among the young population so as to curb reckless driving and over-speeding. There should also be provision of better roads and affordable health care by the various layers of government

This case report describes an unusual morphology of seven root canals in maxillary first molar tooth. The maxillary right first molar of a young male patient was treated endodontically, the second visit, the seven canals (MB1, MB2 and MB3, 2 Palatal and DB1 and DB2) was easily identified at high magnification under an operating microscope. The canals were then instrumented and obturated. It should be acknowledged that all molar teeth have more than the traditionally expected three canals. The location of root canals should be identified at high magnification under the microscope. Careful radiographic re-examination of the fillings should be done in order to identify possibly missed canals.

Background: Obesity affects life span of an individual by increasing morbidity and mortality. Obese individuals usually affected by lipid abnormalities which serve as risk factors for complications like cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus etc. The study aimed to evaluate lipid profile and blood pressure in obese and non-obese. Materials and Methods: Study was carried out at Department of Medicine, GG Hospital, Jamnagar over a period of one year. Total 105 subjects were enrolled in this cross sectional study after informed consent. Body Mass Index (BMI) and blood pressure were recorded by standard protocol. Based on BMI, subjects were divided into three groups: Group I - Normal weight (18.5 to 24.9 kg/m2) , Group II - Overweight (25 to 29.9 kg/m2) Group III - Obese (more than 30 kg/m2). Overnight fasting blood samples were collected and were analyzed for parameters like serum cholesterol, serum triglycerides, serum HDL, serum LDL & serum VLDL. Results: Blood pressure was elevated in Gr-III as compared to Gr-I+II (p<0.001). Serum Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL were elevated in Gr-III as compared to Gr-I+II (p<0.001). HDL was decreased in Gr-III compared Gr-I+II (P<0.001). Conclusion: Obese subjects showed lipid abnormalities like elevated Cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL levels and decreased HDL level. Elevated blood pressure is also associated with Obesity.

The liver is the largest abdominal visceral organ, occupying a substantial portion of the upper abdominal cavity. The liver has four lobes, Caudate lobe is a separate and distinct liver lobe. It is located on liver at the posterior surface. The caudate lobe has two portions joined by a narrow parenchymal bridge that is called the caudate isthmus. Caudate lobe also has its separate blood supply and biliary drainage. The complexity of liver function and its importance in body homeostasis has encouraged this study of morphology and variations of caudate lobe to better the diagnosis and analysis of clinicopathological conditions. For present study 100 cadaveric livers were obtained. Caudate lobe was studied on various parameters such as shape, size and dimensions. Various measurements were taken and data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and relational statistics. ‘Z’ test was computed to find out the association between the parameters of the present study and the studies of similar background. It was found that majority of the caudate lobes in all livers are rectangular 67 (67%) in shape followed by pyriform 21 (21%) and irregular 12 (12%) shaped. The average transverse diameter of caudate was measured 28.69 ± 7.73.The average longitudinal diameter of caudate lobe was measured 54.67 ± 10.73. A sound knowledge of the normal and variant liver anatomy is a prerequisite to having a favorable surgical outcome and commonly occurring variations assumes even more significance in the era of diagnostic imaging and minimally invasive surgical approaches.

Background: It is a known universal fact that oral health is general health. The awareness among the population should be given form the stages of development and so school going children are the best to evaluate oral health status. This will help us to understand the socioeconomic and health status by which we can cure and also give preventive measures to them and their family. Material & Methods: The study was carried out to assess oral health status of the students of 29 Rural School in Central India. The epidemiological study was conducted between Jan 2015 to Nov 2016. Epidemiological assessment was conducted on 1106 children of age group 5-15 years to evaluate the decay missed filled index, oral hygiene index and fluorosis index. Results: 1035 (93.86 %) of the study participants were caries free (dmft/DMFT= 0) and 71 (6.14%) had caries (dmft/DMFT>0). The mean def (t) among boys (3.26+3.115) was high as compared to girls (2.41+2.697). The mean DMF (T) score of girls (0.95+1.697) was higher as compared to boys (0.79+1.352). Percentage of school children with good oral hygiene was higher among the 9-10 years school children (84.5%) compared to 14-15 years school children. Among the participants, out of 1106, in 89 children (8.1%) fluorosis was present and 1017 children (91.9%) fluorosis was absent. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the prevalence of dental caries was more in private school students, but the resultant was statistically insignificant. The mean DMFT score of 9-10 years school children was the lowest whereas the DMFT score of 14-15 years was the highest and was statistically significant. Oral hygiene among government school students and private school students were comparable and statistically insignificant. Percentage of school children, who had dental fluorosis, was high among government school as compared to private school.

Introduction: Identification of human being is always a problem for scientists and is based upon scientific principles. Finger prints, dental data, anthropometry & DNA analysis are the tools used for identification purposes. The new arriving tool in the field of personal identity is cheiloscopy i.e. study of lip prints which are unique for every individual and behold the potential for identification purpose. If lip prints are found at scene of crime, the presence or absence of a person can be ruled out from the scene of crime. Aim: The objective of the study was to check for any peculiar lip patterns in relation to the sex of the individual and determine the most common lip patterns by using Suzuki &Tsushihashi’s classification. Materials and methods: A study group of 100 undergraduate students (50 males and 50 females) in the age group 18-23 years were chosen randomly from our institute. Non-glossed lip stick color, white bond paper, cellophane tape, scissors, and magnifying lens were used to obtain lip prints and analyzed with the help of a personal computer and Adobe photoshop software. The lip print pattern of middle part of lower lip was considered, as it is visible in almost all the prints. Result: Majority of the study group (28 people -28%) belonged to Type IV and 6 people (6%) belonged to Type V group. The most common pattern found in female was II, while type IV was predominant among males. Conclusion: Studies show lip prints have great potential to establish individuality, show gender variation and remain unchanged forever.

Urban transformation, after as one of the century's greatest disaster for Turkey called 17 August 1999 Marmara and 12 November 1999 earthquake in Duzce occupies places of the country's agenda. These earthquakes have shown that the majority of structures are in danger. In this context; with the idea that it would be difficult to demolish and rebuild each building individually, some regulations were adopted from time to time in the country and field based transformation studies were encouraged. However, in one of the most important metropolises of the world such as Istanbul, to make a transformation process in accordance with international standards; due to the city's history, crowdedness, the bad urbanization made up to now for individual earnings, does not seem easy. In this study, information about the urban transformation studies have been performed until recently in Turkey are given. By evaluating the results, suggestions have been made on how to make a transformation planning.

Reading habits continue to attract the interest of researchers who are trying to assess causes for either decline of the interest in reading or encouragement means to raise the awareness of the importance of developing a reading habit. This study aims to identify the reading habits among the Lebanese residents in general and the educated populace in particular. A quantitative research approach is adopted, relying on a survey questionnaire administered to a sample of 3997 persons, selected conveniently based on their willingness to participate; they belong to different age categories and sexes. Results show that Lebanon has the lowest average reading time among all the countries considered. Findings show that Lebanese dedicate 0.75 hours of reading time. Lebanon is among the countries which are suffering from a decline in reading habits, where a Lebanese reads an average of 5 books per year. Results of this study may help add scope and direction to policy makers in the Ministry of Education and Higher Education, to universities and other teaching and learning institutions and the non-government organizations who are concerned in raising the populace interest in reading.

Anatomy and Physiology taught in 1st MBBS, form the basic foundation to learn the art of medicine. The teaching learning methods followed in the present curriculum can be best judged by the feedback from the students. Good feedback is the key to improvement. 93 medical students (46 boys, 47 girls) participated in the study after taking an informed consent. A self developed questionnaire based on the previous studies and validated by experts was circulated. They were asked to fill it appropriately and to give their suggestions, if any. Questions were asked on teaching methods, teaching aids, timings regarding duration of theory class, dissection, duration of 1st MBBS course, teacher’s qualities and question paper pattern. Questionnaire with a 5 point Likert scale was given which included interest to do dissection, advantages of dissection and replacement for dissection. The results were motivational as most of the students opted small group teaching as the best teaching method. A combination of the audio visual aids were preferred to single. Majority of the students selected 40 min duration for theory class and dissection timings from 9-11am. Large group of students were not interested in the study hours after the college hours. Many students preferred the option “ability to teach” for the teacher’s qualities, though few opted for “personality of the teacher”. Most of them preferred 1 essay+ 6shorts+5 very shorts pattern of question paper in their final examinations. Except 2, remaining students were interested to do cadaveric dissection which is an encouraging sign. Many students agreed for advantages of cadaveric dissection. On the other hand, many disagreed for the dissection to be replaced by prosections or anatomage or 3d models. To conclude, students’ feedback is encouraging for the small group teaching using a combination of audio visual aids. They preferred to learn the art of medicine through cadaveric dissection rather than replacing it with artificial methods.

Out of their homes, Saudi women are imposed to be accompanied by their male guardians. Therefore, they suffer to complete their education. To overcome this obstacle, they currently use mobile learning (mLearning) – in the form of social networking apps such as WhatsApp or Twitter – to keep in touch with their instructors. Being specified for educational purposes, the present study used ClassDojo and Edmodo as alternatives to these apps for unlocking the potentials of mLearning for female education in KSA. Employing a quantitative, one-group design, a questionnaire was conducted for collecting data during the 2nd Semester of the academic year 2017/2018. It aimed at determining the positive perceptions of 15 Saudi female students enrolled in the last level of a teacher education programme towards mLearning.

In this article, an Intelligent Decision System (IDS) is proposed for reducing block call rate in Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA). Firstly, the network environment was characterized and parameters that impact on network accessibility studied. From the characterization result, the software related causes of block calls were studied and grouped into cases. We further developed an IDS model that links the various network states and generate an output under a transfer function. The IDS uses cases from previous experience to predict and resolve the network snags that led to block calls. Also, the system performance was validated by comparing the data obtained from real life network with that of simulation and the result shows a great improvement on the system. The novel aspect of our research are the development of a model linking all the network parameters and developing an intelligent decision system that reduces block call in a WCDMA network.

This study aims to examine the effect of audit quality and corporate governance on tax evasion practices. The sample used are State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) listed in Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) period 2013-2016. Sampling method use purposive sampling with 80 sample observations. The analysis tool used is SMARTPLS 3.0. The result shows that audit quality has no significant effect on tax evasion practices in SOEs in Indonesia, while corporate governance has a significant effect on tax evasion practices in SOEs in Indonesia.

Introduction: It’s not unusual that many nurses in hospitals continue to promote obsolete care practices which are handed down and applied by tradition and custom prove to be ineffective and unnecessary, in some cases even dangerous. The expression "sacred cows" appears in America in the 19th century and in Hinduism it refers to the honored state attributed to these animals, a symbol of God's generosity for humanity: it figuratively refers to people or things treated with absolute respect, immune from any criticism or dispute, particularly to old habits and routine care practices based on tradition rather than science. These "sacred monsters" have the absolute respect and therefore it is difficult to get rid of them. Methods: To detect the persistence of sacred care cows not only in a hospital setting but also at university- level and based on an American online study, a survey was carried out using a nursing practice questionnaire with "true-false" closed-ended questions: respondents were hospital and new-graduate nurses and students of central Italy. Results: The percentage of incorrect answers shows the persistence of “non-evidence-based” practices at operative and training level. Overall, findings are consistent with those obtained by the American survey, carried out on a larger sample. Conclusions: Ritual practices, not supported by scientific evidences, are still anchored in nursing, firmly rooted in cultural background of undergraduates, skilled and experienced nurses. Training and work environments fostering the "evidence-based" culture are the greatest weapon that can make nursing free from useless, ineffective if not damaging, traditional practices.

The application of this light energy results in the modification or removal of tissue. Various parameters such as laser wavelength, energy level, mode of application and tissue characteristics will influence the effect of a particular laser on the tissue. With the advent of new technology lasers have taken the sheen away from scalpel particularly in most oral surgical procedures. The advantages of using the laser, however, are balanced by several significant disadvantages. However, if used safely and properly it can be a great tool to provide a modern and advanced oral health care. This article emphasizes on the principles of laser science, tissue interaction, types of lasers and their numerous clinical applications in the oral cavity.