Any uterine bleeding outside the normal volume , duration, regularity or frequency is considered Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).AUB is the most common and distressing gynaecological complaint of women attending gynaecological consultation.It is used to classify AUB on the basis of etiology-Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy, Coagulopathy, Hyperplasia, Ovulatory dysfunction, Endometrial, Iatrogenic and Not yet classified .Primary disorders of the endometrium are common causes of AUB in both perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. The histopathology pattern of endometrium include proliferative pattern, secretory pattern, simple hyperplasia, complex hyperplasia, atrophic endometrium and disordered proliferation. Endometrial carcinoma is one of the common cause of postmenopausal bleeding. The endometrium is evaluated by Trans Vaginal ultrasound (TVS), Hysteroscopy and endometrial biopsy. Endometrial sample is obtained by fractional curettage and office endometrial biopsy using Pipelles’ aspirator. The present study is designed to evaluate the endometrial pattern on histopathology and to correlate the endometrial thickness by Transvaginal Ultrasound and endometrial pattern in perimenopausal women with AUB. This is a retrospective study conducted in Annapoorana Medical College and Hospital, Salem from December 2016 to November 2018. Women presenting with Abnormal uterine bleeding who underwent Endometrial sampling and Trans Vaginal Ultrasound as initial part of management is taken for the study. Endometrial sampling was obtained either by fractional curettage or office endometrial biopsy in our institution. Endometrial thickness was obtained by transvaginal ultrasound using 7.5 MHZ transvaginal transducer before obtaining endometrial sampling. Observations were made and the results were analysed to find the correlation between endometrial thickness and study the endometrial pattern

Globally, the changing demands of society require that learners be trained with innovation and creativity in mind. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 2030, specifically SDG4, aim to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and the promotion of lifelong learning opportunities for all students. The technical model of education has been known to stifle learning opportunities for students and promote inequality. In keeping with the world wide mandate for inclusive education that values that right of all students to meaningful education, what is taught and valued as outcomes for all students is an important consideration of the education system. Curricula should be seen as having a positive effect as levers for the sustainable, inclusive, fair and cohesive development of a country. This position paper focuses on current practice in Trinidad and Tobago‟s school system and describes how it is lacking with regard to the flexibility of the curriculum that is needed for inclusive education implementation. The paper gives a brief overview of the technical and post-modern perspectives of curriculum and aims to justify how a shift to the post-modern perspective might be better suited for our present time. Implications for practice relating to teacher practice, curriculum content and student outcomes, which will all result from increasing the relevance and applicability of our curriculum, are also presented

Infertility affects about 10-15% of reproductive age couples globally. WHO estimates 60-80 million couples worldwide. WHO estimates the overall prevalence of infertility to be between 3.9 to 16.8% (WHO estimate 2004) [2]. Diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy is an effective modality for evaluation of tubal and peritoneal pathologies, endometriois, pelvic adhesions and intra uterine pathologies, which are not identified with other imaging modalities and routine pelvic examinations. Tubal patency is evaluated simultaneously by direct visualization of spillage of dye through the tubes. This retrospective study is undertaken to evaluate the effectiveness of diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy in infertility workup. Results were analyzed and the abnormal pathologies were categorized. Safety and advantages of Diagnostic hysterolaparoscopy procedure was observed

Background: Hemoglobinopathies including Thalassemia with an estimated 10,000 live births each year and Sickle cell disease (SCD) with an estimated 5,200 live births each year, are a major public health problem in India specially in scheduled tribes, who have a high prevalence of socio-economic disadvantage and are frequently medically underserved [1]. In Bastar, the land of tribes as about 70% of population comprises of tribals, which is 26.76% of the total tribal population of Chhattisgarh [2]. Hence this work was an attempt to compare anthropometrically between Sickling and Non-Sickling individuals of tribal population of Bastar Division, Chhattisgarh. Aims & Objectives: To compare anthropometrically between sickling and non-sickling individuals of tribal population of Bastar division, Chhattisgarh. Material and methods: An observational case-control study of 138 sickle cell disease patients with electrophoresis/sickle solubility test positive, aged 5yrs to 30yrs and 138 sickle solubility negative age and sex matched controls was done. Anthropometrical parameters like height, weight, upper and lower limb lengths were statistically compared. Results: In males, in the age group of 5-14yrs, the parameters that were statistically significant were of axial skeleton and limb lengths. This suggests that it is the most vulnerable group. In the age group of 20-30yrs the parameters that were statistically significant were hemoglobin concentration (p<0.0001), weight (p=0.004), maximum calf circumference (p=0.02) and BMI (p=0.02). In females, statistically significant difference for hemoglobin concentration between the cases and controls in all three age groups was seen i.e.,5-14yrs(p=0.05), 15-19yrs(0.001), 20-30yrs (p<0.0001) and in the age group of 15-20yrs, t-test for weight between cases and controls in female group showed significant difference (p= 0.01). Conclusions: From the above results and low SES, it may be stated that the poor growth status of the cases may be due to the SCD and poor socio-economic conditions.

Introduction: Rudimentary horn is a developmental anomaly of the uterus. Pregnancy in a rudimentary horn is rare. The Diagnosis of the rudimentary horn pregnancy is very difficult and needs high index of suspicion. Case: We present a case of pregnancy in a non-communicating rudimentary horn that was difficult to diagnosis in the 1st presentation. The diagnosis was suspected when the case did not respond to the medical termination of pregnancy by misoprostol; and also by mechanical methods. Following that a suspicion of an abnormally located pregnancy was made and confirmed by radiology modalities. Patient had surgical resection of the rudimentary horn. Conclusion: Despite recent advances in ultrasound, the diagnosis of pregnancy in the rudimentary horn remains difficult, and high index of suspicion is needed in these cases.

The present project constitutes an investigation about the factors that intervene in first semester students when choosing a university. The study employs 95% reliability for students in the first semester of the Computer Systems Engineering degree. The results obtained were that the factor that most influences students is the consideration factor of the university, other factors that also take into account are: geographical location and social consideration.

This study explored whether there were correlations among internal and external control personality traits, fashion anxiety, online word of mouth, the Bandwagon effect, and consumer involvement. The online questionnaire was adopted in this study, with online consumers who used new shopping websites as sample sources. After deleting invalid questionnaires, there were 265 valid samples. The analysis results show that: (1) Consumers with the fashion anxiety characteristic care more about others and are subject to external influence. Therefore, internal and external control personality traits have a significant positive impact on fashion anxiety; (2) Consumers with external control personality traits are more likely to believe others or the external environment, leading to greater likelihood for the Bandwagon effect to result. Therefore, the internal and external control personality traits produce a positive impact on the Bandwagon effect; (3) Internal and external control personality traits produce a significant positive impact on online word of mouth; (4) Consumer involvement varies with different personality traits. Therefore, internal and external control personality traits produce a significant positive impact on consumer involvement; (5) Consumers with fashion anxiety characteristic are likely to follow others. Therefore, fashion anxiety produces a significant positive impact on the Bandwagon effect; (6) The results on the interaction between consumers’ Bandwagon effect and online word of mouth show that the Bandwagon effect and online word of mouth have a reciprocal effect; (7) Consumer involvement produces a significant positive impact on the Bandwagon effect; (8) compared to consumers with higher involvement, consumers with lower involvement trust online word of mouth more. Therefore, consumer involvement produces a significant positive impact online word of mouth.

Introduction: The styloid process is a cylindrical bony projection extending from petrous part of temporal bone. It lies in front of the stylomastoid foramen and projects downwards, forwards, and slightly towards the medial side. Many important neurovascular structures are adjacent to it. Due to morphological variations of styloid process these structures may be compressed. Abnormal elongation of styloid process may pose threat to anaesthetist while performing intubation. Methods: Study was carried out on 100 (65 males, 35 females) adult dry skulls. The measurements taken ie. styloid process length, and interstyloid distance of the skull between the tip and base. All the parameters were measured using a digital Vernier caliper in millimetres on both the sides. Results: We found mean length of styloid process in males on right side 22.70 mm and on left 22.16 mm. In females, it was 22.30 mm on right and 21.28 mm on left side. The interstyloid distances of skull at the base and the tip of the styloid processes were noted. The mean distances at the base and the tip were 75.26 ± 0.3752 mm and 69.14 ± 0.3493 mm respectively in male, those in female were 72.15 ± 0.6525 mm and 67.00 ± 0.5043 mm respectively. The differences between male and female were statistically significant at the base (P<0.05) and at the tip (P<0.05). Although no statistically significant difference was found in length of styloid process between males and females. The occurrence of elongated styloid process was not associated with the gender. By this study it can be said that the styloid process can be utilised for the sex identification by measuring the interstyloid distance at the base or the tip of these processes. Conclusions: The results of this study suggested that the styloid process can be utilised for sex identification by measuring the interstyloid distance at both the base and the tip of these processes. Neurovascular structures which lie within the territory of styloid process may be compressed due to its anatomical variation. This data may be useful for clinicians, surgeons, radiologists, anaesthetists and anatomists as an academic interest.

Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is a rare form of oral leukoplakia, which was first described in 1985 by Hansen et al. Since then, various published case series have presented PVL as a disease with aggressive biological behavior due to its high probability of recurrence and a high rate of malignant transformation, usually higher than 70%. PVL is a long-term progressive condition, which is observed more frequently in elderly women, over 60 years at the time of diagnosis. We here by present a case of oral proliferative verrucous leukoplakia of retromolar triangle including gingivobuccal sulcus where nasolabial flap was used for reconstruction of the defect

Condylar hyperplasia (CH) is a rare disorder characterized by excessive growth of the mandibular condyle in the horizontal and/or vertical dimensions. It usually presents unilaterally and can result in facial asymmetry, malocclusion and temporomandibular joint disorders. The etio-pathogenesis of CH is uncertain and has been associated with hormonal factors, trauma, heredity, hypervascularity, aberrant growth factors, infection and neoplasia. A variety of specialized nuclear medicine studies (e.g. scintigraphy, PET-CT and SPECT) are utilized to determine if there is pathological growth activity in the suspected condyle. It is essential to identify the condition as mis-diagnosis can lead to unexpected adverse growth even after the surgical correction of facial asymmetry. The authors report a case in a 16-year-old male subject who developed facial asymmetry (due to unilateral active CH) while undergoing routine orthodontic treatment for maxillary dento-alveolar protrusion. The patient was treated by high condylectomy and has been followed up for 1 year without signs of active growth. This paper also provides a mini-review of the recent literature on the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, classification, and surgical treatments of CH.

Introduction: Variation in posterior arch of atlas are very rare. Variation is due to developmental anomaly, its detection is icidentaly while investigation for head and neck region. Our aim is determine the variation in posterior arch of atlas. Materials and methods: 50 dried atlases of unknown sex used for the study from department of Anatomy of medical college of Gujarat. Results and observation: 3 atlases showed absence of median part of posterior arch out of 50 vertebrae. Conclusion: Such variations must be noted by surgeons and radiologist.

Introduction: The increasing proportion of the elderly among the populations of almost all countries is presenting them and their societies with specific challenges. This rise in aged population would create new problems and challenges, requiring changes in the organization of our society. For these people, oral health promotion and protection is very essential to improve the quality of life, both physically and mentally [3]. Oral health is always an inseparable part of general health and awareness plays a vital role in determining the oral health of an individual [4]. Aim: The present study was conducted to assess the prevalence of edentulousness, the prosthetic status and prosthetic need in the population of Madhuban, Bihar, India. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the population of Madhuban, Bihar. The sample size included 460 subjects. Belonging to an age group of 25 years and above. Result: After the examination of 460 patients. It was seen that the total of 285 were edentulous, which included partially edentulous to be 279 (60.00%) and completely edentulous to be 6(4.75 %). The data from the survey revealed the high occurrence of fixed partial denture treated patient, which was amounting to 57 out of 285, the second most prevalent were the removable partial denture which were 27 out of 285 and the least were Complete denture which were 6 out of 285. The rest of the patients without any treatment for edentulism were found to be 175. The rate of edentulism in male was more as compared to female. Conclusion: India, being an agrarian society, 72% of its total population and 80% of its geriatric population reside in rural areas [13]. In contrast, 80% of the trained dental manpower is concentrated in urban areas [14].

Introduction: Fusion of the vertebrae known as vertebral synostosis or vertebral block. It is a interest of the anatomist but also to surgeons, neurologist, orthopedician, radiologist, anaesthetics and for forensic medicine also. Any defect in the development causes anomalies and neurological sign and symptoms. Various vertebral anomalies have been reported by different authors such as Sacralisation, Lumbarisation, Occipitalisation, absence of posterior elements of vertebral arch and vertebral synostosis. Methods: The present study was conducted on 400 dry adult human vertebrae of unknown age & sex obtained from department of Anatomy of medical college of Gujarat. Result: Fusion of the first right rib with the first thoracic vertebrae. Axis vertebrae fuse with the third cervical vertebrae. Five Thoracic vertebrae in one thoracic spines,were fuseb along with one right rib and four left rib fused with thoracic vertebrae. Two typical thoracic vertebrae fuse in one thoracic spine. Seven vertebrae fuse with each other, lower thoracic and upper lumber vertebrae fuse with each other. Twelth rib fuse with the twelth thoracic vertebrae in one spine. Sacralisation of L5was observed in one spine. Conclusions: Knowledge about any deviation from the normal anatomy of vertebral column can lead to major or minor complications affecting the different system of the body. Fused vertebrae limit movements and cause signs of nerve or spinal cord compression. This variation must be noted by surgeons, neurologist, orthopedician, radiologist, anaesthetics.

Cleft lip and cleft palate are common congenital craniofacial anomalies ranging between 1:600 and 1:1000 live births respectively. It is a birth defect that occurs due to arrest of development or failure of fusion of components taking part in the formation of face and palate. Most clefts of the lip and palate result from multiple factors, which includes genetic and non-genetic causes. Studies of twins and familial incidence indicate the importance genetic factors. The aim of this chromosomal study is to determine the types of chromosomal abnormalities that play a major role in the causation of cleft lip and cleft palate and also in subsequent management and carrier detection. The early investigation to detect genetic abnormality gives better understanding about prognosis of the disease for timely intervention and management and also risks involved in transmission of abnormality to subsequent generations. For present study 25 clinically diagnosed cases of cleft lip and cleft palate were selected and their karyotypes were prepared and studied for chromosomal abnormalities.The numerical chromosomal abnormality was found in the form of Trisomy 21 of Down’s syndrome in 1 (4%) case and 19 (76%) cases had normal karyotypes and in 5 (20%) cases metaphase were not detected. It was also found that 6 (24%) cases had associated congenital heart disease and 1 (4%) case was of Down’s syndrome with Congenital Heart defects.The karyotype study in cases of cleft lip and cleft palate helps to confirm the diagnosis, to predict severity of the condition and to counsel the families for the recurrence risk with greater accuracy.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze whether there is a consistent relationship between the interalar distance, intercommissural distance and intercanine distance. Materials and Methods: Forty individuals were selected who satisfied the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Three parameters such as interalar width, intercanine distance, intercommissural width were measured. The data obtained were statistically analyzed. Result: There was significant relation between interalar and intercanine width. There was no significant relation between intercommissural width and intercanine distance. Conclusion: Interalar width can be used as a preliminary method for determining the width of the maxillary anterior teeth for edentulous patients.