Endodontic treatment may sometimes fail because morphological features of the tooth adversely affect the treatment procedures. Many investigators have reported the anatomical variations associated with mandibular canines. The majority of mandibular canines have one root and root canal, but 15% may have two canals, and a smaller number may have two distinct roots. The present case describes clinical case of mandibular canine with two roots and two canals.

This study on ABO and Rhesus blood group system in tuberculosis patients aimed at the assessment on prevalence of tuberculosis on human ABO and Rhesus blood group system. ABO blood and Rhesus blood group system antigens are hereditary characters that are the most clinically significant in blood transfusion. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease cause by mycobacterium tuberculosis and treated with antibiotics. The samples were collected, diagnosed and analyzed for reliable results using laboratory standard procedures, the results are represented statistically showing no significant effect(s) of tuberculosis (TB) in ABO and Rhesus blood system. This research was carried out among Igbo tribe at location of Ohaozara in Ebonyi State using two hundred (200) Tuberculosis patients coming for treatment at Tuberculosis/ Leprosy Presbyterian Joint Hospital Uburu (Happy Home) and other patient from the same location while three hundred (300) controls (people free from TB). The ABO blood group and Rhesus systems' result present blood group 0 predominated others and with 48%, followed by A (22%), B (18%) and AB (12%) while the Rhesus blood group system is 90% positive and 10% negative in Juberculosis patients. In comparism, ABO blood groups are; 0 (44%), A (28%), and AB (4%), while the Rhesus blood group system is 94% positive and 6% negative in controls. From the statistics above, among the patients in control from the same geographical location interprets that blood group O has the highest frequency of about 46 percent (46%) followed by group A with 25%, B (21%) and AB (8%) while Rhesus blood group system is 92% Rhesus positive and 8% Rhesus (D) negative in average among population study of the same location (Ohaozara). With the test (blood grouping) conducted among the population, the results show that no particular blood group is susceptible to Tuberculosis and so, Tuberculosis does not have any phynotipic effect(s) on ABO blood group and Rhesus blood group system.

The accuracy of clinical diagnosis and clinical examinations can have a profound impact on the early detection of potentially malignant lesions. Currently, the standard of care is clinical confirmation of the clinical impression for all medical conditions. Although encouraging early diagnosis through examination and prompt treatment to detect cause is important, it can result in an abundance of correct procedures and patient worry. A little discrepancy between clinical diagnoses can lead to the fatality. An improved understanding of the accuracy of medical conditions of patients is necessary to inform evidence-based treatment recommendations for examination and clinical care. In oral and maxillofacial surgery it is very important to understand and diagnose the underlying medical conditions with the patient chief complaint. An overall general and systemic examination is compulsory needed.

Ankyloglossia, or tongue-tie, refers to an abnormally short lingual frenulum, causing difficulty in speech articulation due to limitation in tongue movement. In this article, we report a case of a 16-year-old female with posterior anklyoglossia, and anterior mucosal covering, who complained of difficulty in speech. Following which she underwent frenectomy procedure under local anesthesia without any complications. Finally, she was given speech therapy sessions

Necrotizing fasciitis is an infrequent infection characterized by rapid progression and potential fatal affecting subcutaneous tissue and fascia. The underlying predisposing systemic conditions are diabetes mellitus, old age, chronic renal failure, peripheral vascular disease. Patients associated with these infections often have history of trauma like insect bite, abrasion, burns and it slightly occurs more in male patients. It is one of the most challenging infections encountered by the surgeon. Due to difficulty in diagnosis as it is polymicrobial infection and its late management makes this condition more fatal.

As the war on terrorism moves beyond boundaries, it is clear that the international community focus remains almost entirely on the Middle East. Every group mentioned by the American administrative regarding international terrorism has to do with Arab and Muslim world. And the two Middle Eastern members of the “axis of evil,” Iran and Iraq, were cited for being sponsors of terror, but not for being behind al-Qaida’s operations. Understandably, the horror committed by al-Qaida, and the threat that it still poses, have focused the attention on the Middle East. But it is a mistake to imagine that the global terrorism problem beyond al-Qaida is primarily Middle Eastern. There is too much terrorism in the Middle East and the international community must seek to reduce it, but it must be put in global perspective. In the two decades preceding the tragedy of September 11th, the Middle East was not the leading region in the number of terrorist incidents or in the number of casualties from terrorism. Moreover, while the terrorist trend in the Middle East moved downward every single year, it moved upward in other regions, including Africa, Asia and Latin America. However, this paper is a try to bring about the Arab perspective regarding international terrorism by discussing the main issue around the phenomena.

The present study has been carried out to determine the number of the nutrient foramina in adult human forearm bones. The nutrient foramina are cavities that conduct the nutrient arteries and the peripheral nerves. The nutrient artery provides the main source of blood supply to the long bones. The present study was done on 114 adult humen forearm bones comprising 57 radii and 57 ulnae to observe number of nutrient foramina and our result shows out of 114 forearm bones 105 bones (92.10%) had single nutrient foramina and 8 bones had double nutrient foramina and 1 bone had no nutrient foramina. We can conclude from the result both Forearm bones possess a nutrient foramina which enlightening to the resection in orthopedics and also for the bone grafting.

The present study has been carried out to determine the direction of the nutrient foramina in adult human forearm bones. The nutrient foramina are cavities that conduct the nutrient arteries and the peripheral nerves. The nutrient artery provides the main source of blood supply to the long bones. The present study was done on 114 adult human forearm bones comprising 57 radii and 57 ulnae to observe direction of nutrient foramina and our result shows that 100% of nutrient foramina in radii and ulnae directed away from growing end. We can conclude from the result the nutrient foramen is directed towards the upper end of forearm bones.

Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder char¬acterized by the presence of chronic hyperglycemia ac¬companied by alterations in the carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolisms. It has become a global epidemic, the complications of which have a significant bearing on the quality of life and longevity of an individual. Long standing hyperglycemia which is unattended can results in widespread multisystem damage in the form of retinopathy, neuropathy, nephropathy, macrovasular disease, and delayed wound healing. This article intends to put forth a complete review on the oral manifestations as a sequle of diabetes mellitus

Using the precipitation data of the sixteen stations in the south of the Yangtze River from 1955 to 2009, this paper calculated the drought index of each month and analyzed the change characteristics of the Station Proportion of Drought Frequency and the Drought Intensity based on the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI). The results have shown that the drought tendency increased at different degrees in annual scale, and the main drought types are Spring Drought and Autumn Drought with the increasing trends on season scale. Meantime, the Summer Drought trend decreased, and the Winter Drought was considerable variation. As far as the space variation characteristics are concerned, the southwest region is the worst drought area, the southern region comes second, and the central and the eastern part are not so severe. As a drought index, SPI can well reflect a Regional Drought feature.

Mandibular high condylar fracture is still challenging task for oral maxillofacial surgeon to go for open reduction and internal fixation. Due to the complex anatomy of temporomandibular joint. Most surgeon prefer closed reduction for such fractures. However, some prefer opening and fixing it in correct form and position to achieve appropriate function. Some cases require fixation of the fracture segment outside the socket and refixation with the rest segment which is termed as extracorporeal fixation. Hereby we present a similar case report of 21-year-old male with difficulty in opening and closing mouth and DE arranged occlusion following road traffic accident. On radiographic investigation medially displaced right high condyle and left sub condylar fracture was detected and open reduction and internal fixation was done by extracorporeal fixation of right segment and normal fixation of left segment. extracorporeal fixation is an effective method for management of displaced and dislocated condylar fracture to achieve proper form and function

During 5th & 6th century BC, sweet taste of urine in polyuric patient was described in Sanskrit (Indian) literature by Susruta, charaka, Vagbhata and the disease was named “Madhumeha”. They described that the urine of these patients tasted like honey (madhu), sticky to touch and Ants were strongly attracted to it. To correlate the blood sugar level with clinical manifestation of diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. The study includes all type 2 diabetic patients who attended the department of medicine, ADICHUNCHANAGIRI INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES. This study period was from JANUARY 2016 to DECEMBER 2016 with 100 sample size. Majority of patients were in the age group > 70years. Out of 100 patients studied, 50 patients were male and 50 patients were females. Peripheral neuropathy was more commonly seen in male (42 cases) compared to female (37 cases). Increased duration of diabetes had significant relation to Neuropathy. Out of the 100 diabetic neuropathy patients 18 patients had good control (18%) and 28 patients had fair control (28%) and 54 patient had poor control of blood sugars (54%). Symptoms pertaining to the involvement of the nervous system due to diabetes mellitus were further analyzed in all 100 cases. Sensory involvements were seen in 72 cases and motor involvement in 31 cases. Diabetic neuropathy is common complication of Diabetes mellitus. It is generally considered to be related to duration and severity of hyperglycemia, usually more than 50% of patients with the duration of diabetes of 25yrs or more are affected, making it as the most common disease of Nervous system. It is well known that Diabetes mellitus is rising in an epidemic proportion in Indian subcontinent, prevalence of Diabetic Neuropathy in type -2DM of this country was reported to be 17 to 19% and that of Automatic Neuropathy of 35% of peripheral neuropathy cases.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in adults all over the world. While other major causes of non-cancer mortality such as coronary artery disease and stroke have shown a consistent downward trend, COPD is the only one that continues to increase [1]. In the present study, Majority of patients were in the age group 61-70years. Out of 50 patients studied, 34 patients were male and 16 patients were females. Most of the patients are farmers by occupation followed by beedi worker and factory worker. Cough was present in 92% of patients, sputum production in 96% of patients, breathlessness in 88% of patients, weakness and fatigue was present in 54 % of patients and swelling of lower limbs in 30% of patients. Among 50 patients, 64% of patients were smokers and 36% were non-smokers. 82% of patients had use of accessory muscles of respiration, 52% patients had barrel shaped chest, chest movements were found to be minimal in 64% patients, rhonchi was present in 62% patients, crepitations were heard in 90% patients and clinical signs of pulmonary hypertension were present only in 36% patients.70% patients were found to have severe pulmonary hypertension, 28% had moderate pulmonary hypertension and mild pulmonary hypertension was present in 2%patients. Diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in patients with COPD is difficult because patients diagnosed with COPD, and are stable, do not routinely undergo right heart catheterization – which makes PH more difficult to detect. In addition, the symptoms of both diseases are easily mistaken as the. While it is difficult to determine the prevalence of COPD with pulmonary hypertension, early detection can improve treatment and quality of life

Concrete, the most common construction material which has less tension capacity. And, a light weight concrete has many application in construction industry now a days due to its provision of less dead load, improvement for seismic structural response, suitability for transporting, and handling economically. Reinforcing material such as natural fiber, can be used to increase crack control and ductility by reducing the tendency of brittleness of concrete. The objective of this study was to evaluate the density, and tensile strength with its correlation with compressive strength of normal weight and lightweight concrete produced when incorporating with sugarcane bagasse fiber. The study has great significance in developing new advanced concrete product which has reduced density and high ductility with reduced crack. Furthermore, the usage of sugarcane in construction can reduce of environmental pollution. Sugarcane fibers extracted from bagasse by manually was used in volume fraction of 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% in terms of weight of cement in mix with average fiber length of 25mm. In this study, lightweight aggregate (scoria) was used by replacing the normal weight aggregate by 50% and semi-lightweight concrete achieved. In order to obtain the output of the objective of the study, total of 48 cubes, 48 beams, and 48 cylinder specimens was prepared, and the tests performed on 7th and 28th days curing period. As result of the testing showed that the increase of fiber decreased the unit weight of concrete with light weight aggregate, but it is not uniform for normal weight concrete. The optimum value containing addition of sugarcane bagasse fiber is 0.5% due to flexural and split tensile strength with a little impact on compressive strength. Therefore, the use of sugarcane fiber in concrete is suitable for addition that do not exceed 0.5% of the concrete mixture.

This study was conducted to determine the physical characteristics of the hazelnut in two forms and to evaluate the impact of cooking on the physicochemical properties. The results showed that the weight of the African hazelnuts ranged from 5.03±0.81 to 22.15±3.93 g, lengths ranging from 2.0±0.07 to 3.56±0.15 cm, widths from 3.29±0.31 to 3.29±0.31 cm. Lengths and widths of whole fruits and seeds showed no significant differences (p <0.05). The most dominant parameters are carbohydrates, fats and proteins. Fat (33.92±6.02-31.73±3.08), protein (11.29±2.15-10.20±2.28), fiber (2.37±0.67-1.45±0.05) and dry matter (94.92±0.47-93.63±1.91) contents (%) decreased significantly (p <0.05) after cooking, while carbohydrates (52.15±4.37-55.75± 5.62) reducing sugars (1.25±0.11-2.08±0.35) and total sugars (5.58 ± 0.87 -6.15±1.3) contents increased. Mineral composition of African hazelnut flours is dominated by potassium, magnesium, phosphorus and calcium. The potassium (5582.15±58-5314.65±204 mg/Kg), magnesium (5243.8±226 -4003.8±177 mg/Kg), manganese (31.53±0.8 -30.93±0.7 mg/Kg), iron (30.33±0.45-26.25±0.32 mg/Kg), calcium (1925±63-1167.7 ±18 mg/Kg) and sodium (255±3.54-241.7±1.92 mg/Kg) contents decreased after cooking while zinc content (21.47±1.27-241.7 ± 1.92 mg/Kg) increased.