Asymptomatic bacteriuria spans all age groups from neonates to elderly. It is much more common in boys during first three months often in association with urologic abnormalities. During preschool years it is common in girls than boys. Presence of bacteriuria in childhood defines a population at higher risk for development of bacteria in adulthood [1]. The present study was carried out in Department of Microbiology, in a tertiary care hospital, over a period of one year from Jan 2016 – Dec 2016. A total of 100 childrens of all age groups and both sexes were selected for this study. In the present study sample size was equally divided among male and female. ABU +ve came in 7 male children’s, out of which 3 cases were belongs to 6-10 years age group, 4 cases belongs to 11-18 years of age group. ABU +ve came in 11 female children’s, out of which 6 cases were belongs to 6-10 years age group, 5 cases belongs to 11-18 years of age group. Recent advances in research support considering ABU a separate entity from symptomatic UTI. Furthermore, in contrast to historical recommendations, recent evidence demonstrates there is minimal benefit and potential harm associated with the treatment of ABU. The current recommendation is not to treat ABU in the pediatric population, with the exception of renal transplant recipients and children undergoing urologic procedures.

Prevention of diabetes and its associated burden has become a major health issue worldwide. The present study was undertaken to assess the changes in insulin sensitivity and endothelial dysfunction well before the onset of diabetes in population with positive family history for diabetes. The objectives of the study is to estimate the levels of serum Adiponectin, Visfatin, Insulin, HOMA IR and platelet derived microparticles P-selectin levels in offspring of type 2 Diabetes mellitus. The healthy volunteers who are aged between 18- 22 years of either sex, were selected based on their family history of diabetes. The study showed a significant decrease in serum Adiponectin and increase in serum Visfatin, Insulin, HOMA IR & P-selectin levels in the offspring of type 2diabetes. The Adiponectin showed a negative correlation with Visfatin, P selectin, Insulin & HOMA IR. Genetic predisposition for diabetes may influence adipocytokine levels which might play a key role in developing diabetes in near future.

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical cause of acute abdomen with life time risk of 7%. A 5-year study was conducted and it comprised of all the surgically resected appendices submitted to department of pathology, AlAmeen medical college, Bijapur. The study analysed various histopathological diagnoses, demographic profile and the rates of negative appendectomy. Total 777 cases were analysed, among them 392 were females and 385 were male, highest number of cases were seen in first and second decades of the life. It was found that acute appendicitis was more common in females and incidence of recurrent appendicitis is slightly higher in males. 18% of acute suppurative appendicitis was seen and 23 cases of acute eosinophilic appendicitis was noted. In present study, 25.7% of cases with faecolith in the lumen of appendix was noted. Parasitic infestation can cause blockade of the lumen leading to appendicitis. In our study only 2 (0.26%) cases had a parasitic infestation and enterobius vermicularis was the parasite identified in both the cases. The percentage of negative appendicectomy in our study was 5.15%. Negative appendicectomy was higher in females (62.5%) compared to males. Thus, in present study recurrent appendicitis was more common than the acute appendicitis, maximum number of cases were in the age group of first and second decades of the life, faecoliths considered very common cause of appendicitis was noted only in 25.7% and negative appendicectomy was more common among the females.

Children represent proof of manhood or womanhood in the society. The right of the child to birth registration is a prerequisite obligation any parents owe to the child after birth. Birth registration of a child is a fundamental right recognized under international law as well as domestic legislations in most civilized nations under pain of sanctions for non-compliance. The paper took an eagle eye view on the child rights to birth registration in the Cameroonian legal system. The paper also examines the need for birth registration and the socio-legal implications for non registration of child birth in Cameroon and concludes with some robust recommendations for policy formulation which it effectively implemented, will go a mile stone to guarantee the protection of birth registration of a child in Cameroon.

The essential step in the assessment of patients for a probable bleeding disorder is to evaluate the severity of bleeding symptoms. To improve the compilation and precision of the patients with history of bleeding symptoms, several Bleeding Assessment Tools (BAT) have been anticipated. A structured questionnaire was approved by the ISTH/SSC-BAT together in year 2010. In our study, data from 99 normal adults (42 females and 57 males) from Uttarakhand were analysed this score (ISTH/SSC- BAT). Mean age of the adult population was 29 year. Normal range obtained were 0–3, 0–5 for males and female respectively after removing the outliers. The median BAT score was 0 in adult males and 1 in adult females. This information may now be used to evaluate the history of bleeding symptoms as a normal or abnormal in the state of Uttarakhand. We aim to standardize this score system in the population of Uttarakhand in our study and improve diagnostic accuracy at a low cost and grass root level.

Background: Prevalence of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) in younger age is increasing in worldwide and it has been reported that 60% of AMI in young age is due to genetic causes. SNP inPAI-1 4G/5G plays major role and there is a need to authenticate its effectiveness and sensitivity. The aim of this study is to ascertain SNP in PAI-1 (4G/5G) as an independent biochemical marker for the South Indian young AMI patient’s less than 45 yearsand to find its association with other risk factors of AMI. Methodology: This cross sectional study subjects includes40 Patients aged less than 45 years with AMI withtypical chest pain, ST Elevation in ECG and a rise in serum CK-MB, without any other known risk factorsand age and sex matched 40 control. ARMS-PCR was done with separated DNA. Remaining Serum was used to analyze Urea, HDL, CK-MB and other factors. Finally statistical analysisis done using SPSS-20.0. Result: Statistical analysis showed significant variation of SNP inPAI-1(P ≤ 0.001) between patients and controls. Further, positive significant changeswere observed between patients and controls in Serum Urea: P ≤ 0.001, Serum Glucose: P ≤ 0.04, Serum AST: P ≤ 0.001, Serum CK-MB: P ≤ 0. 001. A significant inverse association was observed in SNP of PAI-1 and Serum HDL. Conclusion: This study confirms the independent association between STEMI and the 4G/5G allele polymorphism among South Indian euthenics and an inverse association of 4G/5G polymorphism with Serum HDL-cholesterol levels.

Frozen section provides a rapid diagnosis intra or perioperatively that guides the surgeon to make a therapeutic decision for the patient’s health benefit. The comparison between the frozen section diagnosis and permanent section diagnosis is an integral part of quality assurance in surgical pathology. This study was performed to assess the diagnostic accuracy of frozen section at different anatomic sites assuming histopathology as a gold standard. This prospective cross sectional study was performed in the Pathology laboratory adjoining the operation theatre and Department of Pathology S.M.S Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, during a period of 2 years from January 2017 to December 2018. The results of 170 cases of frozen section were compared with their permanent section diagnosis and analysed. A total of 224 frozen section specimens from 170 cases were studied. The diagnoses were deferred in 4 (1.79%) specimens. Out of remaining 220 specimens, the concordant and discordant diagnostic frequencies were 215 (95.98%) and 5 (2.23%) respectively. Discrepancies were mainly related to misinterpretation, sampling and technical errors. The overall diagnostic accuracy was 97.73%. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 92.68%, 98.88%, 95% and 98.33% respectively. The average turn-around time calculated was 20 minutes. Our study concurred that the frozen section is a rapid, reliable and an accurate technique to guide the surgeons in deciding the best therapeutic approach for the patients. The accuracy rate can be further improved by regular monitoring of frozen section performance.

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the broad ligament is an extremely rare tumor with very few cases reported in literature. We herein report a case of postmenopausal lady, diagnosed pre-operatively on ultrasound and CT as a degenerated fibroid/ ovarian tumor. Post operatively histopathological diagnosis proved to be a leiomyosarcoma. The patient was treated with adjuvant radiotherapy with a dose schedule of 50 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks. Patient is on monthly follow up since 6 months with no complaints

Remittance is one of the key locomotives of economic growth and poverty reduction in developing countries because it serves as development finance needed for investment purposes. This study sheds new light on this question by examining the impact of remittances on private investment in Nigeria. Data on remittance inflow in Nigeria was retrieved from World Development indicator. Error correction and Ordinary least squares is applied for this purpose. The result reveals that remittances increase the rate of private investment in Nigeria and the previous investment is a determinant of the current investment. It is therefore recommended amongst others remittance-receiving households should be encouraged to invest remittances in small and medium scale enterprises rather than use it for the consumption of goods and services.

Background: There is evidence that support the use of high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) to monitor cardiovascular risk in diabetic and non diabetic individuals. This study aims to assess hs-CRP level in Sudanese with type 2 diabetes mellitus (D.M) and obese individuals; as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Khartoum-Sudan from April to December 2018, 50 diagnosed Sudanese patients with diabetes mellitus attending Alarbaeen hospital in Khartoum state and 50 obese Sudanese individuals were enrolled in this study. Blood samples were analyzed for cholesterol and hs-CRP levels using Mindray BS-200 automated analyzer. Results: There were no significant differences in hs-CRP and total cholesterol levels in type 2 D.M when compared with obese. Both diabetic patients and obese had high levels of hs-CRP and total cholesterol. hs-CRP and total cholesterol levels revealed no significant difference when male compared with female in type 2 D.M as well as in obese. The majority of the study participants were found to have hs-CRP level more than 3 mg/L, which indicate a high risk to have cardiovascular diseases according to American Heart Association. There was no correlation between hs-CRP levels and total cholesterol levels in the study subjects. Age showed inverse significant correlation with hs-CRP levels in type 2 D.M and no correlation among obese. In conclusion: The higher levels of hs-CRP with higher levels of total cholesterol may be a predictive factor for developing of CVD in Sudanese with type 2 D.M as well as in obese.

Ischemic colitis goes unrecognized as a complication in intestinal neoplastic disorders because of their unique morphological features which vary depending upon haemodynamic status. The two cases presented here show even though ischemic pathogenesis is the underlying factor responsible for this condition; morphologically they are heterogenous and they are described in detail.

PPAR-γ plays a critical role in glucose homeostasis and is a molecular target of insulin sensitizing drugs called thiazolidinediones which are PPAR-γ ligands. PPAR-γ ligands also upregulate expression of adipocyte glycerol kinase, resulting into improved insulin action in target tissue such as liver and muscle. PPAR-γ ligand also shown to augment glucose disposal in peripheral tissues by increasing expressions of the glucose transporter genes, GLUT-1 and GLUT-4. Majority of the Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM type 2) patients (80%) are obese, but all obese persons do not develop DM type 2. Serum adiponectin level should be determined by level of PPAR-γ activity in adipocytes. Therefore it will be of interest to explore the difference in the level of serum PPAR-γ level between obese subjects with DM-2 and without DM-2, as both the insulin sensitizing factor’s adiponectin, and vistafin are synthesized in response to FFA. PPAR-γ complex receptor activity. Estimation of serum PPAR- γ level alongwith FBG was done in 90 cases, of which 30 were normal healthy subjects, 30 obese without diabetes type 2 and 30 obese with diabetes type 2. The qualitative estimation of PPAR-γ in human serum was done by ELISA method using ELISA kit from E lab science Biotechnology Co.Ltd. In our study we found a significant change in the level of PPAR- γ between the obese with DM-2 and control subject and also between obese without DM-2 and control subject but we did not find any significant difference between obese with DM-2 and obese without DM-2. In our present study we found the Increased Levels of PPAR- γ in the Obese without Diabetes Mellitus and Obese with Diabetes Mellitus. The levels were 8.03ng/ml ±11.16 and 8.04ng/ml±10.94 respectively. Finally, we observed that the level of PPAR- γ is increased with both the groups, i.e. obese without DM-2 and obese with DM-2 in comparison to normal subjects.

Burns are one of the most common and devastating forms of trauma. Patients with serious thermal injury require immediate specialized care in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. Data from the National Center for Injury Prevention and Control in the United States show that approximately 2 million fires are reported each year which result in 1.2 million people with burn injuries. The present study, “Bacteriological profile of burn wound infections” was carried out in Department of Microbiology, in a tertiary care hospital, over a period of one year from Jan 2016 – Dec 2016. A total of 50 patients of all age groups and both sexes admitted in our Burn Care Unit were selected for this study. In the present study, Majority of patients were in the age group 31-40years. Out of 50 patients studied, 28 patients were male and 22 patients were females. A total of 128 organisms were isolated and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (44 cases) was the most common isolate followed by Staphylococcus aureus (37 cases) and coagulase negative staphylococci (29 cases). The other isolates included Klebsiella pneumonia, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii and Enterococcus species. Modern infection control practice has been effective in reducing or eliminating endemic pathogenic and/or antibiotic-resistant organisms, preventing the establishment of newly introduced pathogenic and/or antibiotic-resistant organisms as the predominant nosocomial flora of the burn unit, and preventing reseeding of such strains back into the burn unit from patients housed in the adjacent convalescent ward.

In Cameroon, due to the weaknesses of institutions and inadequate laws, many agro industrial plantations which are in most parts of the country extensively apply fertilizers, pesticides and discharge their untreated waste into nature. These attitudes are consistent for industries, hospitals and individuals. Consequently chemicals are found in ground water. Artisan mining of gold in the South eastern and Eastern parts of Cameroon release substantial quantities of arsenic in to ground water. All these leads to ground water pollution .The ramification of this pollution of ground water is water borne diseases (such as typhoid, cholera and amoebic dysentery which are recurrent in most of the urban cities in Cameroon). This paper investigates why the laws regulating ground water are not enforced and the lacunae of these laws. The paper does so through a reading of records mainly from documentary and internet search. The data thus collected constitutes the sources from which the law is drawn, stated and analyzed in the light of the stated aim of the paper. The results inter alia show that the law that regulate ground water pollution are not well enforced. The said results also highlight the limitation of the available laws regulating ground water pollution in Cameroon. The results are significant as they expose gaps in the current laws regulating ground water pollution and conclude with suggestions on where the law should go.

This study aims to analyze several decesive determinants such as; direct compensation, indirect compensation, and employee status toward employee performance at PT. XYZ engaged in telecommunications infrastructure. The population of this study is all the employees in the business unit of PT. XYZ who are 56 employees, due to the total population is not greater than 100 respondents, the research sample is 100% of the population in the business unit of PT. XYZ. Data collection techniques used in this study was using questionnaire instruments which distributed to respondents in the business unit of PT. XYZ was held in November 2017 until March 2018. The data analysis technique used multiple regression analysis by using SPSS 24.0 to test the hypotheses, classic assumption test, reliability, instruments validity or measuring instruments which used. The finding in this study indicates that direct compensation, indirect compensation, and employee status have a significant and partial effect toward employee performance of PT. XYZ. This research certainly also has a number of managerial implications which are the practitioners must pay more attention to employee performance appraisal programs, providing compensation related to mandatory allowance, non-compulsory allowance, and program benefit which also defining a career path that is evident for the contract employees must be translated in employee career planning, so that all the employee are motivated to achieve their career goals in accordance with the target and the implementation of compensation online dashboard which must be performed by PT. XYZ, so that employees can access their right and obligation transparently or openly