Aim & Objectives: To evaluate main renal artery dimensions. The main renal artery (MRA) diameter provide indirect evidence of accessory renal arteries (ARA). Materials and Methods: 60 well embalmed cadavers from the Department of Anatomy, Stanley Medical College were included in this study. Dissection is through Conventional Dissection Method. Results: Of the 60 cadavers 72% had Mean Renal Artery diameter of more than 4mm. 28% had less than 4mm. But in each of the 28% of cadavers the kidneys were supplied with an accessory renal artery arising directly from the abdominal aorta. Conclusion: Multiple renal vascular variations are present in screening of normal patients and a sound knowledge of possible variations is very useful for radiologists, urologists and surgeons in general which prompted us to undertake this study.

The study examined the relationship between Basic Accounting Education and the cost of governance in Nigeria. The population consisted of Federal civil servants and political office holders serving in the Akwa Ibom State. The simple random sampling technique was used in selecting 360 civil servants between salary grade level 10 and 15 from the Federal civil service to constitute the sample of the study. Two null hypotheses were formulated to direct the study. Data collection was carried out using a structured questionnaire tagged “Accounting Education and Cost of Governance Questionnaire” (AECGQ). The null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 alpha level using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient Analysis. The reliability coefficient stood at 0.78, justifying the use of the instrument. The two null hypotheses were rejected, indicating a significant relationship between Basic Accounting Education and the cost of governance in Nigeria. It was recommended, among other things, that every public servant and political office holder should be given Basic Accounting Education in order to master the rudiments of book-keeping and accounting records.

Chronic hyperglycemia is one certain cause of diabetic retinopathy. VEP findings may identify pathology in both early and late stage diabetes. Present study was done to evaluate the effect of acute rise in blood sugar on visual evoked potential in normal subjects. Subjects aged between 17yrs -21yrs of both sexes (n=100) were selected for the study. First recording of VEP done then measurement of capillary blood glucose level done prior to administration of 50 Gm Glucose then repeat measurement done after ½ hour. After rise of capillary blood glucose level recording of VEP was done. Latency of N75 and P100 along with amplitude of N75-P100 has been analysed. Amplitude of N75-P100 has statistical significant difference with p-Value of 0.0054 for right eye and 0.0039 for left eye. Sudden rise of blood sugar level certainly affects result of VEP even in non-diabetic persons. To avoid wrong interpretation of VEP findings every physiologist should consider this post-prandial effect of increased blood sugar while doing VEP in diabetic as well as non-diabetic.

Background: Incidence of younger age Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is increasing worldwide. This study was aimed to ascertain plasma PAI-1 as an independent biomarker in STEMI, Quantification and Establishing the indicative evidence range of Plasma PAI-1 and ascertaining it’s correlation with CK-MB in young south Indian ethnics. Methodology: This cross sectional study was conducted at MGMGH, Tiruchirapalli. Study subjects includes 40 Patients with typical chest pain, shows ST Elevation in ECG, rise in CK-MB and without any other risk factors of AMI. 40 age and sex matched control subjects were studied at the same time. Plasma PAI-1 (ELISA KIT-KOCH 3071) was assayed within six months of sample collection. Analysis of Serum Urea, Creatinine, Glucose, Lipid Profile, CK-MB and others risk factors of AMI was done on admission. Statistics was analyzed using SPSS -19.0. Results: There was a positive significance association observed in plasma PAI-1 (P ≤ 0.001), Serum Urea: P ≤ 0.001, Serum Glucose: P ≤ 0.04, Serum AST: P ≤ 0.001, Serum CK-MB: P ≤ 0. 001 and Serum HDL: P ≤ 0.008 between patients and control subjects. The Mean and SD of plasma PAI-1 for patients and Controls are 3450.76 ± 1406.68 and 1966.03 ± 1406.68. Furthermore an inverse association observed between plasma PAI-1 and HDL level. Conclusion: This study statistically confirmed the independent association between STEMI and plasma PAI-1 and established its analytical range as 3000-5000 pg/ml, wherein, it is 1000- 2000 pg/ml for controls also observed the inverse association of Plasma PAI-1 with serum HDL levels.

Background: The word “wound” is as old as man’s creation. Wound can be defined as an injury to the body in which the skin, tissue or organ is broken by some external force such as a blow or surgical incision, with damage to the underlying tissue. AIM: This study was aimed at evaluating Wound Morphometry with respect to wound size and rate of wound contraction using tomatoe seed. Materials and Methods: The Solanum lycopersicum seeds were prepared using 28.0g of blended S. lycopersicum seeds after drying. 24 male wistar rats separated into two groups; experimental and control (of 12 each) was used in this research. A wound size of 2cm by 2cm which exposed the panniculus adiposus was inflicted on the right dorso-lateral shaved aspect of the thorax after anaesthetizing. The wound sizes were immediately measured using a 4cm by 4cm template of transparent sheet and placed on a graph sheet for counting of the small blocks. The experimental group were administered the seed extract while control group was merely dressed without seed extract. Results and Disccusion: The rats treated with L. esculentum (experimental) had a mean wound healing (closure) day of 15.75 ± 1.49 while those treated without seed extract had a mean wound healing (closure) day of 19.50 ± 1.73. Conclusion: The seed of Cherry tomato (Lycopersicon Esculentum) was concluded to have accelerating contracting/ healing (closure) effect with respect to the statistical significant mean value on wound healing (closure) day.

Objectives: This study was undertaken to compare the urine protein to creatinine ratio with 24-hour urine protein estimation in pregnancy complicated by hypertension and to establish the cut-off value of the urine protein to creatinine ratio for predicting significant 24-hour proteinuria. Design: This is a comparative study and consists of a single group of 240 subjects. Setting: This study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology in collaboration with the Department of Biochemistry, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India, from February 2011 to January 2013. Population: The subjects included 240 pregnant women admitted after 20 weeks of gestation to the JIPMER hospital with hypertension (≥140/90 mmHg). Patients with known cases of renal diseases, diabetes and urinary tract infection were excluded. Methods: A first voided morning sample was obtained for urine protein and creatinine estimation and urine culture. Subsequent urine samples were collected for the 24-hour urine protein estimation. Main outcome measures: The spot urine protein to creatinine ratio and 24-hour urine protein were significantly correlated (r=0.98; P<0.0001). The cut-off value for the protein to creatinine ratio as an indicator of protein excretion ≥300 mg/day was 0.285. The sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 99.02%, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 99%, respectively. Results: The cut-off value for the protein to creatinine ratio as an indicator of protein excretion ≥300 mg/day was 0.285 with significant correlation. Conclusion: The spot urine protein to creatinine ratio is valuable for clinical purposes.

This study was conducted to assess prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injury among primary school children in Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). This was a cross-sectional study based on clinical examination. It was conducted at private and public schools of Riyadh. 400 schoolchildren aged 8-11 years old were selected. Traumatic Dental Injury was recorded using epidemiologic classification adopted by (WHO) 1992 and modified by Andreasen et al. The data obtained were compiled systematically and then statistically analyzed; study revealed the prevalence of Traumatic Dental Injury (TDI) in primary schools of Riyadh was 13.6%, also showed higher prevalence in public schools than in private schools (7.3% vs 6.3%), 9 year old children had the highest prevalence of TDI (6.04%), followed by 8 years old children (5.8%). Maxilla scored higher prevalence of TDI than mandible (10.8 % vs 0.76%) and both Central & Lateral incisor teeth are the most commonly affected anterior teeth. Enamel fracture was the most common traumatic injury (48.1%). This study recorded low prevalence of TDI among primary school children, and recommended periodic oral health education programs targeting causes and methods of prevention of TDIs.

Cow mattress is one of the industrial products related to agriculture. Cow mattress is used for cows safety when laying down and standing up, hard type of cow mattress is usually used for cows, and soft type for calves. This research aims to find out mechanical properties of cow mattress compound reinforced with carbon black as a filler varied with SIR-20 rubber: modulus 100%, tensile strength and elongation. The results showed that the highest value of modulus 100% was 2.81 MPa at the composition of carbon black is 40 bsk , and the lowest value of modulus 100% at without carbon black, the tensile strength of hard cow mattress reached the standard value (13.52 MPa) at the composition of black caron is 40 bsk and soft type reached at the composition without carbon black (10,17 MPa), elongation of hard type cow mattress reached standard value (473%) at the composition of black carbon is 30 bs and soft cow mattress at the composition of black carbon is40 bsk (424,33%).

Wilms’ tumor is the commonest renal tumor occurring in 1:10000 children worldwide. One of the important determinants of outcome in childrens are Histopathological features it helps in assessing prognosis and treatment. It is a retrospective study 60 children found to have wilms’ tumor. In our study all cases showed favourable histology 100%, triphasic pattern was seen in 43.3% and monophasic pattern accounted for 56.6% of which the epithelial predominance was seen in 38%, blastemal in 44% and FWRT in 18% which is helpful in assessing outcome of children with wilms’ tumor.

Background: During pregnancy, thyroid dysfunction has been associated with a number of adverse outcomes. The presence of anti- Thyroid Peroxidase Antibody (anti-TPO) also results in post-partum complications. Hypothyroidism is closely associated with the presence of anti-TPO. The study aimed to evaluate anti-TPO and thyroid function tests in first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at Department of Biochemistry, Medical College and SSG Hospital, Vadodara, Gujarat, India over a period of one year after prior approval from institutional ethics committee. Total 200 normal pregnant women in their first trimester were randomly selected after informed written consent. Women having known thyroid dysfunction, other endocrinopathies, undergone thyroid surgery or taking thyroid medications were excluded. Overnight fasting blood samples from participants were analyzed for anti-TPO, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total T3 and total T4. Results: Mean maternal age was 25.56 ± 3.32 years. Out of 200, total 30 (15%) pregnant women of first trimester had TSH level >2.5 mIU/l. Out of these 30 females, 9 (4.5%) had overt hypothyroidism & 21 (10.5%) had subclinical hypothyroidism. Among these 30 hypothyroid women, 26 (13%) had found anti-TPO positive (anti-TPO >35 IU//ml) which also showed a significant positive correlation with TSH level and negative correlation with T3 and T4 level. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism especially sub-clinical hypothyroidism is prevalent among pregnant women with positive correlation with anti-TPO. It is suggested that anti-TPO should be added as a screening test in first trimester of pregnancy which can be useful to identify early thyroid dysfunction

Citizenship education essentially prepares students as citizens as well as good citizens. The learning process must be understood as part of the process of civilizing students so that it becomes a cultured and ethical human person. Thus the development of morality in the learning process is expected to be carried out through the planting of values in students so that they have attitudes and behavior in accordance with the ethics that apply in society. This study aims: (1) To find out data on morality development of students through citizenship education, (2) To determine the contribution of morality guidance through civic education to student ethics, and (3) To determine whether there is influence in morality education through ethics education students. This research uses descriptive quantitative approach method, which was carried out at North Gunungsitoli Junior High School Student. The population is a total of 38 students in class VIII. The entire population is at the same time determined as the research sample (total sampling). To get the data, a questionnaire instrument was used, both for morality development and student ethics. Moral guidance through citizenship education is still classified as not so too student ethics are classified as poor with an average questionnaire value of 57.84. The contribution of morality guidance through citizenship education to student ethics is 73.27%. There is the influence of morality coaching through citizenship education on student ethics, this is based on hypothesis testing using the t-test results obtained t-value = 9.935 greater than t-table = 1.689 In line with the findings of this study, researchers provide several suggestions, among others (1) Teachers should be in the learning process citizenship education provides exemplary and moral guidance to students. (2) Citizenship education subject teachers should develop students' awareness to uphold the ethics that apply in society. (3) Teachers should not make punishment as the only tool to provide guidance to students.

This study aimed to find a lupus pattern of dyslipidemia in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE).Thirty SLE cases and thirty age matched controls are included in this study. Fasting venous blood was collected and base line investigations, lipid profile, apoB and apoA1 estimations were done. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS package 19. The groups were compared using Student’s t test. Analysis of lipid profile across the cases and controls reveals that the mean triglycerides, the mean Low Density Lipoproteins and the mean Very Low Density Lipoproteins were higher among cases with statistical significance and the mean total cholesterol and the mean High Density Lipoproteins seen more in controls with statistically insignificant p value. Apo B values were high and low APOA1 values seen in SLE compared to controls. Higher Apo B/Apo A1 ratio in SLE cases. This ratio implies that the number of small dense LDL particles are the most atherogenic particles that are easily oxidize and promote inflammation and growth of plaques. This elevated lipid profile and apolipoprotein levels in SLE patients throws light on the fact that SLE patients are at increased risk for Coronary Artery Disease.

This study dealt with finding the topics perceived to be difficult in Biology by Senior School students in Isoko North Local Government Area of Delta South Senatorial District of Delta State. The researchers adopted descriptive survey research design in carrying out this study. Six research questions were formulated to guide the study. The population of the study was 904 Senior School III students. 200 (130 female and 70 male) Senior School III formed the sample. The instrument used for data collection was Student‟s Perception on the Difficult Topics in Biology. Cronbach Alpha statistic revealed that the reliability index of the instrument was 0.81. The instrument contained Biology topics as contained in West African Senior School Certificate Examinations Syllabus and Regulations, which the respondents responded to on the basis of Very Difficult, Difficult, Very Easy and Easy and rated as 4, 3, 2 and 1, respectively. The percentage statistic was used to analyse data, using 50% as the cut-off. The result of the analysis among others was that nervous coordination was perceived as the most difficult topic in Biology by both the male and female Senior School students in Isoko North Local Government Area, Delta State. Recommendations were given to improve teaching and learning strategies.

In a recent article Morton et al. reported about a new-born female with mitochondrial disorder(MID) due to a mutation in the AIFM1 gene on chromosome Xq26.1 encoding for a mitochondrial matrix protein with oxidoreductase activity involved in electron transport, apoptosis, ferredoxin metabolism, reactive oxygen species generation, and immune system regulation. The patient obviously manifested also in the lungs with follicular bronchiolitis and hypertrophic walls of pulmonary arteries. Overall, this interesting report could be enriched by genetic investigation of the aunt with multiple sclerosis, a more detailed description of the nerve conduction and electromyographic studies, revision of the cerebral MRIs, prospective investigations of clinically unaffected organs, and by excluding autonomic neuropathy

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the frequency, type and location of dental anomalies accidentally detected in children attending pediatric dentistry clinics. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cross sectional study based on collecting diagnostic records: panoramic radiographs, medical and dental histories of patients during a one-year period (from September 2013 to September 2014). Records were evaluated by two calibrated examiners for the following developmental dental anomalies; Number (Supernumerary Teeth, Hypodontia), size (Macrodontia, Microdontia), position (transposition, impaction), shape (Fusion, Taurodontism, Dilaceration, Dwarfed root, Hypercemntosis, Dense Invaginatus, Dense Evaginatus, Talon cusp, Enamel pearls), Acquired pathological conditions (External resorption, Hypercementosis). Descriptive statistics were performed for the data. Results: A total of 1311 records met the inclusion criteria, 682 were males (52 %) and 629 were females (48%) of age range from 6 to 20 years. The frequency of developmental dental anomalies detected was 29.8% and the highest at age of 14 (9.1%). The distribution of dental anomalies had no significant difference between genders. The most prevalent dental anomaly was Hypodontia (9.7%) followed by canine impaction (9%), Dilaceration (7.1%) and other teeth impaction (3.2%) (except the 3rd molar). The occurrence of Fusion, Dwarfed root and Odontoma were less frequent than other dental anomalies with percentage of 0.1%. Conclusions: Most of the dental anomalies present in childhood. Dental examination with radiographic screening of developmental dental anomalies in early childhood should be emphasized as part of routine dental care to allow early detection, intervention and eventually an appropriate management.