The controversy surrounding the major determinants of FDI inflows in Africa motivated this study. Past empirical studies have failed to examine how the growth rate of the economy could affect FDI inflows in the continent. The study employed a panel OLS to pool annual data from three largest economies in Africa between 1990 and 2017. This paper identified that, there exists active and passive determinants of FDI inflows in Africa. However, the study reveals that the active determinants of FDI inflows in Africa are market size and the growth rate of economy while the passive determinants are GDP per capita and past FDI inflows. Therefore, the study recommends that the policy makers in Africa need to embark on economic reforms and policies that will promote the expansion of the market size that will guarantee sustainable economic growth in the continent, this in turn will serve as a catalyst that will stimulate further attraction of FDI inflows into Africa.

Background: Traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in brain function caused by an external force; it is responsible for high mortality around the world. Hyperglycemia aggravates underlying brain damage and influences both morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Aim: The aim of our study is to examine the relationship between blood glucose and outcome after traumatic brain injury in Sudanese Patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the National Center for Neurological Sciences from October 2015 to October 2018; blood specimens were obtained from 210 TBI patients and processed for plasma glucose measurement. Results: Two hundred and ten patients with TBI were enrolled in the study, 91.0% were males and 9.0% were females. The most affected age group ranged between 19-34 years in 75 patients. The present study revealed that normoglycemia (Glucose level 70-180 mg/dl) was detected in 79.0%of patients, while dysglycemia was detected in 21% of patients. Moreover, in this study, regarding the outcome and blood glucose, among dysglycemic patients (44), 61.1% of the hypoglycemic patients were found with mild disability according to GOS classification, while 66.6% of the hyperglycemic patients died. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant difference in blood glucose levels among patients with TBI.

Blood transfusion saves so many lives but there is an imbalance between the supply and demand of blood. The WHO policy is to achieve 100% non renumerated voluntary blood donation practice in 2020¹. It can be improved and achieved by analysing the knowledge, attitude and practice towards blood donation among routine blood donors, paramedical students, medical students and common people in Sivagangai district

Background: Hepatitis E is an important public-health concern as a major cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide, spread primarily by faecal contaminated drinking water and is responsible for over 50% of cases of acute viral hepatitis in endemic countries. Aims & Objectives: To determine incidence of hepatitis E in jaundice patients admitted to the Tertiary care hospital, Jamnagar. 1) To assess Prevalence of Hepatitis E in various Socio-economic strata. 2) To determine various age and sex specific prevalence of Hepatitis E. Material & Methods: Total 377 blood samples of patient suspected of acute viral hepatitis were collected and tested for anti HEV IgM antibody by ELISA method (RecombiLISA). Observation and Result: Out of 377 patients, 48 patients (12.8%) showed anti HEV IgM antibodies. The anti HEV IgM antibodies were more in the 14-40 years (87.5%). Hepatitis E virus IgM antibodies positivity rate was more common in Males compare to females. Conclusion: HEV infection is maximum in young adults (14-40 years) than in pediatric and old age groups. Males (79%) are more seen to be infected with HEV than females (21%). In this present study there is no evidence of HEV in children's. Prevalence of HEV cases is mostly found in area of contamination of water.

Osteocalcin, the second most abundant protein in bone tissue is secreted by osteoblasts, was thought to participate in mineralization and calcium ion homeostasis. In addition to its use as biomarker in osteoporosis, recent studies have identified osteocalcin as an endocrine regulator of glucose metabolism, stimulating beta-cell insulin secretion and reducing peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin signalling in osteoblasts improves glucose handling directly by increasing secretion of active osteocalcin and indirectly by enhancing bone resorption which releases osteocalcin into the bloodstream. Thus in type 2 diabetes patient with insulin resistance serum osteocalcin level is decreased, which in turn affecting bone mineralisation. Aim: To look for an association of serum osteocalcin in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Materials and Method: The study population consisted of 46 type 2 diabetic patients as cases and 44 healthy subjects as contols. Fasting venous blood was collected from each subject and estimations of Serum Osteocalcin, Fasting Insulin, glycated haemoglobin, Serum ionized calcium ,Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) is a calculated method used to quantify insulin resistance were done. Result: The serum osteocalcin was decreased in diabetic patients and was found to be statistically significant (P value 0.03). Serum osteocalcin negatively correlated with fasting blood sugar (r=-0.233), HbA1c (r=-0.160) and was statistically significant. Serum osteocalcin did not correlate with insulin resistance assessed by HOMA-IR, and fasting insulin. Conclusion: Serum osteocalcin was decreased in Type 2 Diabetic patients and negatively correlated with glycemic control. Thus a good glycemic control is essential part of bone health in diabetics individual.

Wilms’ tumor being the most common malignant renal tumor in children with long term survival rates, proper staging and assessment of invasion is important. Our study is a retrospective study of 60 children diagnosed to have wilms’ tumor. out of 60 cases, 25 cases were stage II accounting for 41.7%, 36.7% were stage III, 11.7% were stage I and 10% were stage IV (NWTS staging). 45% of cases were found to have capsular / vascular invasion which is the most common route of spread of wilms’ tumor; the next being parenchymal invasion with 23%, followed by hilar/renal sinus invasion – 20 %

This complete enumeration, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in a slum area of Kalwa, in Thane city, Maharashtra state, India. Anthropometric measurements were carried out on 326 pre-school children (girls: n=146; 44.78% and boys: n=180; 55.22%) aged between 3 and 5 years, so that interventional measures could be initiated. Amongst the study participants, the gender differences in weight-for-height, body mass index and mid upper arm circumference was not statistically significant. When compared with Child Growth Standards of the Indian Association of Paediatrics, both the body mass index and mid upper arm circumference were significantly lower in both sexes, across the three age groups. The present study revealed the ubiquitous existence of under-nutrition without significant gender-related bias among pre-school children. Since under-nutrition in childhood is related to slower cognitive development and substantial deleterious health effects later in life, it is necessary to undertake a multi-pronged approach comprising maternal nutrition education, promotion of infant and young child feeding practices and nutritional supplementation programmes

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that originates in an abnormal pluripotent bone marrow stem cell and is constantly associated with BCR-ABL fusion gene. The present study was undertaken to obtain the clinical and hematological profile in adult CML patient. An attempt had been made to evaluate as well as compare the response of patients to the drugs - Hydroxyurea and Imatinib Mesylate. The earlier is an S phase acting agent and acts by inhibiting DNA synthesis while the latter is a potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Methods: This was a prospective study done between January 2000 to march 2011 in department of pathology and medicine at Banaras Hindu University. A total 50 patients were studied. Exclusion criteria- pregnant ladies and children below 16 years were not included in the study. Patients on hydroxyurea were given 1000mg/day in chronic phases while those in accelerated phase and blast crisis received 30000 mg daily. The patients in imatinib mesylate group in chronic phase received single dose of 400-mg daily, while those in accelerated phase and blast crisis received 600 to 800 mg daily. Complete blood counts were monitored weekly for the first month, fortnightly thereafter till patient achieved hematological remission and then monthly. Interchange of patients among the groups was allowed. The diagnosis was based on general blood picture and bone marrow aspiration was ever needed. The standard criteria for the diagnoses of chronic phase, accelerated phase and blast crisis were used. Results: Chronic myeloid leukemia was commoner in males (male to female ratio was 1.4. Both the drugs were not age and gender sensitive. There was no significant difference in Imatinib and hydroxyurea group in mean post treatment TLC, mean post-treatment PLT, mean post-treatment HB, and mean post treatment spleen levels of patient according to the criteria of phases of disease though side effects were significantly lower with imatinib. Imatinib mesylate, a selective inhibitor of the protein tyrosine kinase has shown promising results in chronic myeloid leukaemia in all phases. Its efficacy, specificity and the safety profile makes it a better choice for the first line therapy in CML.

Clavicle fractures were considered non-troubling entity in the past. Majority of mid-shaft fractures used to be treated conservatively and many studies reported relatively good results. However, more recent studies have reported poor results following conservative treatment regarding non-union, disabilities and cosmetic reasons. The results of operative treatment improved considerably with the introduction of better implants and awareness regarding disability. The aim of this study was to compare the results of closed versus operative treatment. Methods: Total of 80 patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in two groups of 40 each in conservative and operative groups were compared. Mean age was 30 years range from 18 years to 60 years. All patients in the conservative group were treated using a figure of eight bandages with an arm sling, and in the operative group, curved locking plate was used. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically at three weeks, six weeks and after three months of treatment respectively. All patients were followed up for 3 months following the treatment. The outcome was rated using DASH score and Constant Moor scores. Results: The mean fracture union time was significantly lower in the operative group (14.4 weeks) as compared to the conservative group (24.2 weeks). The difference is statistically significant (p<0.05). DASH score and Constant Moore score were significantly better in the operative group. They were 94.2 and 96.4 in operative and 78.2 and 84.4 in conservative group respectively. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that by the operative treatment, fractures of clavicle have improved outcomes in terms of short union time, anatomical restoration of shape and length, early mobilization and fast rehabilitation as compared to conservative treatment in our follow up. Primary fixation of fracture clavicle is of immense importance while treating young, active and persons involved in sports.

Diabetic foot infection is one of the most common complications of Diabetes and it is a major public health problem that leads to amputation if not treated. Moreover screening of the ulcers for microbial growth and antibiotic susceptibility will enable to initiate the appropriate antibiotic therapy. The present study was carried out to identify the profile bacterial pathogens from the diabetic foot ulcers and also to determine it’s antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Ninety four patients with diabetic foot ulcer attending Surgery outpatient department were included; demographic and clinical examinations was done by the surgeons and the ulcers were assessed as per the Wagner classification of ulcers. Wound swabs and pus were collected from the diabetic foot infections and were processed using standard Microbiological techniques. The results revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa predominated followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli among negative groups whereas Staphylococcus aureus dominated [two strains were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)], followed by Enterococcus spp and Streptococcus among Gram positive. The Gram positive bacteria showed resistance to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and other first line drugs. ESBL production was observed maximum in Klebsiella spp followed by Proteus spp and Escherichia coli. Metallo β lactamases production for Pseudomonas spp was found to be positive among 12 isolates. Hence by performing culture and sensitivity of diabetic foot ulcers will enable the antibiotic sensitivity pattern which will be helpful in determining the drugs for the empirical treatment thereby preventing indiscriminate use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

Background: The ridge like impressions noticeable on the entire finger is called fingerprint. The study of fingerprints as a means of identification is called dactyloscopy and this process requires the comparison of the fingerprints of a yet to be identified individual to that of others within a data base to ascertain the extent of similarity; so as to draw inference of its origin. There is paucity of information on the Digital Patterns in Parents and Outcome in Offspring. Aim and Objective: This research was aimed at investigating the combinations of digital patterns in parents and outcome in offspring in Nigerian families resident in Rivers State, Nigeria. This study was done specifically on the digital prints. Materials and Methods: In this study a cross-sectional study design was adopted to determine the inheritance patterns of fingerprint and lip print among 150 families in the study population. The inheritance patterns of these traits were compared to each other. Convenient sample method was used. Generally statistical analysis was performed using XLSTAT (Addinsoft Version 2015.4.01.21575). Chi-square analysis was used to analyse association, trends and distribution difference of the traits (confidence level at 95%). Results and Discussions: The expressivity of the one fingerprint pattern over the other was tested using adjusted Mendelian Chi-square analysis. It was expected that if a trait is dominant over the other it will not have a distribution result that is different from the critical chi-square value of 3.841. Thus, indicating insignificance. Traits with mathematically similar pattern of distribution to that postulated by Mendel will be considered the dominant trait irrespective of its distribution. When the inheritance of the various traits was compared on the assumption of independent existence and dominant-recessive expressivity using the Mendel mathematical model, it was observed that Arch was dominant over Loop and whorl. While loop influenced Whorl in an incomplete fashion. The findings from the study suggest that the finger print pattern is tri-allelic non-codominant with a phenotypic expression of reduced penetrance. Conclusion: This suggests that the finger print pattern is tri-allelic non-codominant with a phenotypic expression of reduced penetrance

The paper investigates the effect of female entrepreneurship on poverty in Cameroon. The two stage least squares estimation technique was used to estimate the parameters of both the female and poverty models for the period 1985 to 2016. Findings from data analysis revealed that female unemployment and domestic credit to private sector are key determinants to female entrepreneurship in Cameroon. Also female entrepreneurship was seen as a key factor in reducing poverty at a national level in Cameroon. From a policy perspective, an important conclusion is that for Cameroon to achieve the medium term objectives of poverty reduc tion as stated in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and eventually to attain the long term vision of emergence by 2035, female entrepreneurship needs to be given more consideration in government’s economic policy.

The need for the use of two or more languages as media of instruction in high schools in Africa cannot be over-emphasised in the education sector. This is because the present knowledge society demands the use of different teaching and learning methods in achieving the educational potentials of students. Based on this therefore, multilingual education is the key for cultural reasoning, which enables students to decipher concepts easily and meet their goals in life. This study focused on multilingual education as a pedagogical approach in improving learners’ learning outcomes. It had two main objectives: to explore the benefits of multilingual education, and to examine the challenges inherent in multilingual education in culturally diverse high schools in two Cities of Kenya and Nigeria. The study adopted mixed methods research paradigm, specifically, the convergent parallel triangulation design. It targeted teachers and students. The sample size of the study consisted of 40 teachers and 100 students. The study employed simple random and purposeful sampling techniques in selecting the schools and participants of the study. The researchers used interview guide and questionnaire for data collection. For data analysis, the researchers transcribed the interviews, coded the data, categorised the data, derived themes from the categories, interrelated the themes, and interpreted the meaning of the themes; then related them to the quantitative data. For the quantitative data, they focused on the descriptive statistics. The Findings of the study showed that multilingual education, which is the use of multiple languages in the process of teaching and learning for easy comprehension of concepts is beneficial to the education sector. Therefore, it should be encouraged and promoted. However, that teacher factor is the main challenge that the phenomenon is faced with. The study then recommended that in-service training of teachers and proper monitoring of the education policy on the application of multilingual education should be strictly adhered to

Background: Health care employees need stress reduction and burnout prevention more than ever thought. Aim of study: to evaluate the effect of an intervention program on job stressors and burnout among preretirement employees in Health Insurance Hospital at 10th of Ramadan city. Subjects and Methods: The study was carried out in the Health Insurance Hospital at 10th of Ramadan city using a quasi-experimental design with pre-post assessment on a convenience sample of 100 preretirement employees. A self-administered questionnaire was used in data collection with scales for assessment of job stress and strain, and burnout. The fieldwork was achieved from July to December 2017. Results: Participants were mostly females (67%), at 50-year age (45%). The highest job stressor was the clinic-related one (73%). In total, 63% had high stressors at pre-intervention phase, compared to 29% and 36% at post-and follow-up phases respectively (p<0.001). Also, 36% had high strains before the intervention, which significantly dropped to 20% after the intervention, and to 13% at follow-up. Overall, 29% had high burnout before the intervention, which significantly declined to 9% at postintervention phase, but increased again to 36% at follow-up phase. In multivariate analysis, the intervention was the main significant independent negative predictor of employees’ stress and strain scores, while the stress score was a significant positive predictor of the total burnout score. Conclusion and Recommendations: The intervention program is effective in reducing the levels of stress, strain, and burnout. It is recommended to implement it in the study settings and in similar ones, with improvements of its burnout aspects.

Purpose of the study: This study was undertaken to evaluate histopathological spectrum of endometrial cancer in women undergoing surgery for carcinoma endometrium in a tertiary hospital in South India for a period of 5 years (2007-2012). Design: It is retrospective study. Setting: This study was revive of medical records in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology in collaboration with the Department of medical record section, JIPMER, Pondicherry, India, from January 2007 to December 2012. Population: The subjects included 121 women who underwent surgery for carcinoma endometrium during the study period. Materials and Methods: The medical records of all patients who underwent surgery for carcinoma endometrium were revived. Stage of the disease, surgery performed, co-existing risk factors like diabetes, hypertension and obesity, prophylactic antibiotics, intra operative and postoperative studied. Main outcome measures: Out of the 121 women who underwent surgery for endometrial carcinoma, majority 47 (39%) of them were in the age group of 51-60 years. Majority of women (94%) presented with postmenopausal bleeding. All 121 patients underwent extrafascial hysterectomy and bilateral salpingooopherectomy. Surgicopathological staging showed majority early stage. Mean duration of hospitalization was 14 days and 66 patients received postoperative radiotherapy. Results: In our study majority were endometriod adenocarcinoma (91.74%), followed by serous carcinoma (4.13%) and mixed cell carcinoma (1.65%) with least being leomyosarcoma (0.83%). Complex atypical hyperplasia was present in 0ne patient (0.83%). Conclusion: Endometriod adenocarcinoma is most common histopathological type of carcinoma endometrium in south India