ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
An Assessment of the Knowledge of the Divisions of Anatomy among University of Port Harcourt Anatomy Students, Nigeria
Lekpa K David, Dr. Josiah S Hart
Page no 18-25 |
10.21276/sjbr.2019.4.1.4
Background: This study was designed to get insight on how the knowledge, attitude and perception of anatomy students
across various divisions in the department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt. Important information was mapped
out during this study and this knowledge is capable of transforming the undergraduate anatomy curriculum across Nigeria
to position the students in their career and the overall development of anatomical sciences. If we want to gain a better
understanding of teaching and learning in anatomy, it may be pertinent to move beyond the question of how and consider
also the what, why and when of anatomy education. Aim & Objectives: This study was aimed at investigating the
Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of the Divisions of Anatomy among University of Port Harcourt Anatomy Students,
Nigeria. Materials & Methods: A purposive sample of 420 anatomy students from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year
participated in the study. Each class came together during their semester examination and a mentorship form was issued
to them to indicate the aspect of anatomy they are interested in. Data were analyzed and recorded. Results and
Discussions: The result of the study indicated that clinical anatomy had a higher percentage of 21.65%, reproductive
biology (18.47%), cell and tissue biology (9.87%), neurobiology (10.51%), physical and forensic anthropology (13.38%),
and radiologic anatomy (9.87%) while multiple selections with 21.65%. The first year students showed more interest in
Clinical Anatomy with a modal frequency percentage of 38.16% while the least percentage frequency was found in third
year class with 9.38%. Conclusion: It is glaring that we are entering a time of paradigm shift aided by new
understandings and new technologies as in all such times, views are held strongly and expressed emotionally. The
University of Port Harcourt has taken the bold step restructure her curriculum for Anatomy education to flow with the
current tide in meeting specific needs by diversifying Anatomy into divisions such as clinical anatomy, cell and tissue
biology, reproductive biology, radiologic anatomy, neuroscience, physical and forensic anthropology.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitory Activities of Aqueous and Ethanolic Leaf Extracts of Vernonia amygdalina and Seed Extract of Myristica fragrans
Nwozor CM, Okonkwo PO, Ughachukwu PO, Nwankwo OB
Page no 26-32 |
10.21276/sjbr.2019.4.1.5
Anticholinesterases are drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Clinical uses
of anticholinesterases include: (a) treatment of myasthenia gravis, (b) reversal of the action of non-depolarizing
neuromuscular-blocking drugs used during surgical operations, (c) treatment of glaucoma and management of
Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Studies have reported several medicinal properties of V. amygdalina and M. fragrans.
However the anticholinesterse inhibitory actions (beneficial in neurodegenerative disorders) of these herbs have not been
studied, hence the need for the present study. The leaves of V. amygdalina and seeds of M. fragrans were extracted in
water and ethanol using cold extraction. The cholinesterase inhibitory assay of the extracts was done in five test tubes:
the first three contained the extracts, the fourth test tube contained neostigmine, while the fifth contained blank (control).
All the test tubes (control and tests) were incubated tor 20 mins at room temperature after addition of acetylcholinesterse
and acetylthiocholine. Thereafter, Ellman’s spectrophotometric method was used to determine the absorbance at 412 nm
wavelength. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics and glycosides. Aqueous and
ethanolic extracts of the leaves of V. amygdalina had mean change in absorbance of 0.032±0.00 and 0.023±0.01 (64 and
74% AChE inhibition respectively), while aqueous seed extract of M. fragrans had 0.015±0.01 (83% AChE inhibition).
There were statistically significant differences (p = 0.01) in the mean change in absorbance per minute in the various test
groups. Extracts of leaves of V. amygdalina and seeds of M. fragrans showed significant in vitro acetylcholinesterase
inhibitory activities at concentrations used.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
The Relationship between ABO Blood Group Antigens and Renal Function Test among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients in Khartoum State
Amin Omer Abbas, Fathelrahman Mahdi Hassan, Mahadi H.A Abdulla, Yasir Yousif Abbas
Page no 33-36 |
10.21276/sjbr.2019.4.1.6
Background: There were four antigens in ABO blood group system A,B,AB,O in human blood that significant for blood
transfusion and hemolytic disease of new born. recent study also discover common ABO antigens relate with basal cell
carcinoma, pancreatic cancer and other cancers disease , in this study we try to answer this question if polymorphism
ABO blood group antigens can be cause of chronic kidney disease. Objectives: Detect the relationship between ABO
blood group antigens and renal function test among chronic kidney disease patients in Khartoum state. Methods: Case
control study blood samples of patient collected from dialysis centers and hospitals, the age from 6-72 years in Khartoum
state were randomly selected for the study from May 2015 to June 2018, control group selected from central blood bank
donated health people, blood samples were tested serological for ABO phenotype and renal function test. Result:
Different ABO blood group in compared with renal function test show respectively A,B,AB and O in result of urea
131,149,116 and 121 mg/dl, creatinine 10.1,10.0,8.6 and 9.1 mg/dl, sodium 315,136,133and134mmol/l, potassium
4.5,4.6,3.9 and 4.5 mmol/l, finally uric acid 7.2,6.1,5.9 and 6.8mg/dl. Conclusions: No significant relation of ABO
antigens as cause of chronic renal disease.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Cost Analysis of Anti-Hypertensive Drugs in India
K. Harika, S. Subha Sri, J. John Kirubakaran, S. Princely, M. D. Dhanaraju
Page no 37-41 |
10.21276/sjbr.2019.4.1.7
Hypertension can be defined as a condition in which the force of blood against the artery walls is too high. This study
was planned to analyses cost variations of anti-hypertensive drugs available in Indian market. There is a wide range of
variations as the price of drug marketing in India. This study was conducted by taking the maximum and minimum cost
of anti- hypertensive agents manufactured by different brands of same drug, strength and dosage forms. The data is
obtained from the current index of medical specialties [CIMS] April-July 2018. The cost ratio and percentage cost
variations were calculated for each anti-hypertensive drug. The average percentage price variation of different brands of
the same oral anti-hypertensive drugs in Indian market is very wide.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Impact of Awareness Programme on Cervical Cancer among Women in Hofuf
Dr. Sahbanathul Missiriya
Page no 42-47 |
10.21276/sjbr.2019.4.1.8
Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second commonest malignancy among women worldwide and causing high
mortality with about 500,000 new cases and 250,000 deaths each year. The mortality rate can be reduced by creating
awareness among women on regular or earlier screening for precancerous lesion and by administration of human
papilloma virus vaccine to adolescent girls. Hence a study conducted to assess the knowledge on cervical cancer among
women, to determine the effectiveness on awareness programme and to associate between selected demographic
variables and knowledge of cervical cancer. Methods: Pre-experimental research design was selected. Totally 100
women were selected by random sampling technique in health centres. After assessing the pre-test knowledge, the
awareness was created to them and that was followed by post-test. The collected data was analysed by descriptive and
inferential statistics. Results: The demographic data shows that out of 100 women, 42(42%) women were at the age
group of 30 to 40 years, 84(84%) women were unemployed, 8(8%) women in low income group, 34(34%) women
attained early menarche, 32(32%) women had early marriage, 44(44%) women having 3 and more children and 48(48%)
women were received health information from family members. The overall pre-test adequate knowledge was 13% and
post-test was 74%. There was no significant association between selected demographic variables and knowledge of
cervical cancer. Conclusion: Most of the women had inadequate knowledge about cervical cancer and its prevention.
After awareness programme, the knowledge score was improved. Hence the health educations highly needed to create
awareness among women.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Knowledge of Future Medical Graduates- Is it Sufficient for Infection Control?
Dr. Priyanka Banerjee, Dr. Pragyan Swagatika Panda, Dr. Anuradha Makkar, Mr. Sanjay Singh Kaira, Lt Col Inam Danish Khan
Page no 48-53 |
10.21276/sjbr.2019.4.1.9
Medical students are inducted into clinical practices at a very early stage of their curriculum, and become very
susceptible to get infected and for accidental transfer of infections to the patients, co- workers and the environment. Their
awareness regarding Infection Control Practices (ICP) has to be regularly assessed by continued teaching and training
programs. The aim was to assess the awareness of undergraduate medical students about infection control practices and
measures and re-emphasize the need of continued education on basic infection control practices in the existing
undergraduate curriculum. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 131 students of second year and third year (part I)
MBBS of a Tertiary care teaching Hospital and Medical College. A pretested, predesigned questionnaire was given to the
participants during their regular class hours after explaining the purpose of the study. It was designed based on the study
objectives, that contained questions regarding general information of biomedical waste (BMW), hand hygiene, standard
precautions, infection control practices and modes of acquisition of their knowledge. Amongst 131 students, 53.5% were
females and 46.5% were males. The junior batch had a poor knowledge of the BMW responsibility (65.4%), use of
masks (40.7%) and protocol for spillage management (32%). The senior batch had a better knowledge on moments of
hand hygiene (90%) minimal time for hand hygiene (74%). The knowledge of senior batch on preventable vaccines
(68%) and risk of transmission of viruses (76%) compared to junior batch (74% & 85.1% respectively) was poor. Most
students acquired knowledge through lectures, tutorials and practical (74%) and suggested it to be continuously included
in their curriculum through practical and workshops (65.6%). There was lacunae in knowledge regarding waste
segregation, spillage management and use of masks. Continued education is needed through various methodologies.
Importance of incorporation of ICP curriculum in undergraduate education should be re-emphasized.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Cattle Faeces and Manure from Abattoirs, Cattle Farms and Livestock Markets from Bauchi State North-Eastern Nigeria
Zailani, S. A, Kabir, J, Bello, M, Yahuza, S. M, Sa’idu, S. N. A
Page no 54-61 |
10.21276/sjbr.2019.4.1.10
A research was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 in cattle
faeces and manure, aimed at isolating and identifying shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) using phenotypic methods
from cattle faeces and manure. Faecal samples (n=990) from apparently healthy cattle and manure samples (n=165) were
collected between March to August, 2016 for this study, all samples were transported on ice to bacterial Zoonoses lab.,
department of Veterinary Public Health and preventive medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, A.B.U. Zaria for
analysis. Approximately 1 ml/1 g of faeces (homogenized when possible) were suspended into 9 ml of modified tryptone
soya broth. Samples were vortexed and incubated overnight at 41°C. After selective enrichment, fifty micro liters of the
product was streaked onto Eosin methylene blue (EMB), incubated at 37oC overnight. Preliminary results indicated
374/1155 (32.3%) of the samples showed greenish metallic sheen and were considered presumptive positive for E. coli
and for further analysis. The 374 positive samples were tested biochemically using indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer
and citrate (IMViC), triple sugar iron and motility tests respectively, positive isolates 80/374 (4.7%) were subjected to
Microbact 40E (U.K) where 48/80 (60%) were positive and were subjected to serological testing using E. coli O157:H7
agglutination test kits. The overall prevalence was determined to be 4.16% for all the samples collected in the three LGA,
while a prevalence of 0.34%, 0.7% and 3.4% were found for Bauchi, Darazo and Katagum LGA respectively. Of the
overall prevalence 2.51% were confirmed E. coli O157:H7 while 1.64% non O157. The prevalence based on sample
locations were 0.09%, 3.37% and 0.69% for abattoir, cattle farms and livestock market respectively.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Influence of Acrylic Resin Polymerization Methods on Residual Monomer Release and Porosity
Khaled Rateb Al-Hallak, Mohammad Zakaria Nassani, Bilal Mourshed, Mohammad Kinan Seirawan
Page no 48-52 |
10.21276/sjodr.2019.4.1.8
Polymerization methods of acrylic resins have considerable effect on physical and mechanical properties like release
monomer and porosity. The aim of this study was to investigate the release of residual monomer and porosity for acrylic
denture base materials processed by different polymerization methods (heat and pour cured). Ten specimens were
fabricated for each test. For release monomer test the samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with a flame
ionization detector and for porosity test it was calculated by measurement of the specimen weight before its immersion in
water and 7 days following immersion in water. Student t- test was performed to study the differences between the mean
ratio of release monomer and porosity in heat-cured and pour-cured acrylic resin. The statistical analysis indicated highly
significant differences in the mean rate of release monomer and porosity between pour-cured and heat-cured acrylic resin
(P<0.001). As a conclusion, pour-cured acrylic processing method was significantly higher than heat-cured one in both
residual monomer content and porosity.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Influence of Gold Mining on Boy-Child’s Transition Rate from Primary to Secondary School Education in Rongo Sub-County, Kenya
Dr. Nyakan A. Beatrice
Page no 26-30 |
10.21276/jaep.2019.3.1.4
There has been a struggle to survive economically and academically. The objective of the study was to determine the
influence of gold mining on Boy-Child‟s transition rate from Primary to Secondary School. The descriptive research
design was adopted to guide the study. The target population was 4963 people who constituted by 89 head teachers of
primary schools in Rongo Sub-County, 356 Class teachers, 4518 boys. A sample size of 30% of each category was
included in the study to provide the required information about the implication of gold mining on boy-child primary
education. This translated to 1355 boys, 107 class teachers, and 27 head teachers. Data collection instruments included
structured questionnaires and interview schedule for the boy-child, class teachers, head-teachers and the sub-county
education officer. The questionnaires were pre-tested using test-retest analysis technique to gain the desired reliability
coefficient of 0.7 indexes. The test-retest method was also used to estimate the degree to which the same result would be
obtained with a repeated measure of the accuracy of the same concept to determine the reliability. In the structured
questionnaires, the question items helped the researcher to get information from the respondents. After collection, the
data was coded and fed into the computer for analysis using SPSS Version 21 Statistical Program for Social Sciences.
Findings indicated that there were 159 (99.38%) of the respondents who indicated that proximity of gold mines affected
the retention and transition of the boy-child in primary schools. It was concluded that the parents and other education
stakeholders to pay more attention to boy child transition. It was recommended schools be located far from the gold
mining cites.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Responsibility of Teachers in Relation to Management of Discipline of Pupils in Public Primary Schools in Koibatek Sub County, Baringo County
Sogomo K. C, Deya D.O
Page no 31-37 |
10.21276/jaep.2019.3.1.5
Globally, corporal punishment in schools was banned. In keeping with the international trends of recognizing the rights
of the child, and since Kenya is a signatory to the United Nations Charter on Human Rights; and, having been criticized
by the World for allowing the use of corporal punishment in schools, the same was banned in the Kenyan schools about
14 years ago. However despite this ban, newspapers, media and limited research show that corporal punishment is still
occurring in schools. The government has made efforts to curb the continuing use of corporal punishment. This research
therefore, was about Effects of ban of corporal punishment on discipline in public primary schools in Koibatek Sub
County and was guided by the following objective: to establish the role of educators in relation to management of
discipline of pupils in public primary schools, The research adopted descriptive survey design and carried out the study in
Koibatek Sub County. It targeted primary school head teachers, deputy head teachers, guidance and counselling
teachers, teachers (educators) and pupil two Zonal Quality Assurance and Standards Officers in public primary schools.
To select schools, stratified random sampling will be used. The main respondents were stratified on the basis of their
zones. The study sample thus comprised of 20 head teachers, 20 deputy head teachers, 20 guidance and counselling
teachers, 54 teachers and 432 pupils making a total of 548 respondents. To collect the required data, the researcher used
Questionnaires and interview schedules for data collection. The survey instruments were piloted in Baringo County using
the test-re-test method. The reliability coefficient obtained was 0.78 which was considered good enough for a scientific
study. In addition, the research instruments were subjected to the scrutiny of two experts who established face as well as
content validity. The researcher then sought permission from the National Council for Science, Technology and
Invocations strain before starting the process of data collection. Data was organized, presented, analyzed and
interpreted using descriptive statistical and inferential techniques using the Statistical packages of social sciences (SPSS)
version 20. Presentation of data will be done by use of tables, pie charts and bar graphs, mean and percentages. The study
found that out of 20 schools in the study, 16(80%) had taken pupils as partners in developing school rules that would be
obeyed. It was concluded that schools are however using alternative methods of instilling discipline in their respective
schools. It was recommended that teachers and administrators ought to be flexible to adapt to new information and accept
change so that the ban would bring intended changes in the education system.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Availability of Play Materials and Their Influence on Children Acquisition of Physical Skills in Koibatek Sub-County, Baringo County, Kenya
Chebutuk K. Mike, Dr. Mbera Peter G. Aiko
Page no 19-25 |
10.21276/jaep.2019.3.1.3
Play contributes to learners developing physical skills, their understanding of different concepts, their ability to solve
problems, their self-confidence and motivation, and an awareness of the needs of others. The study was guided by this
objective: - To determine the availability of play materials and their influence on children acquisition of physical skills in
Koibatek Sub-County, Baringo County. The study was guided by experiential learning theory by Kolb. The researcher
adopted descriptive research design. The researcher targeted all the 250 ECDE centers in Koibatek Sub-county. Simple
random sampling was used to select 152 ECDE centers and purposively selected 152 ECDE teachers, one teacher from
each selected ECDE centers. Validity of the research tools were established by use of education experts at the university,
while reliability of the instruments was tested using pilot data and a co-efficient threshold of more than 0.70 accepted.
The data was collected using a questionnaire. Data findings were analyzed with the help of a Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS) and the results presented using tables, graphs and narrative. The study findings indicated that
there were adequate play materials in the ECDE centers. In addition, availability of play materials, significantly
influenced acquisition of physical skills (p=0.000), with the later contributing to 34.0% of the physical skills. The study
recommended enforcing the ECDE standard guidelines and deploying adequate, trained and qualified ECDE teachers to
implement curriculum. The researcher paid keen attention to research ethical issues and got the informed consent of the
respondents and guarded against plagiarism and ensured confidentiality.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Psychometric Properties of 2017 West African Examination Council and National Examinations Council’s Economic Senior School Certificate Examination Items
Ogunbamowo A. O, Adediwura A. A, R.O Diyan
Page no 9-18 |
10.21276/jaep.2019.3.1.2
The study determined the dimensionality of WAEC and NECO Economics test items and assessed the difference in each
of item discrimination, difficulty and the guessing parameter of the two tests as obtained using CTT and IRT. These were
with the view of determining the comparability of the two examinations under different test theories. The research design
adopted for the study was descriptive. The population for the study consisted of secondary school students in Osun State
and a sample of 540 students. The instruments used for the study were adopted respectively from the 2017 Economics
WAEC and NECO Senior School Certificate Examination titled Economics Achievement Test 1 (EAT 1) and Test 2
(EAT 2). The results showed that the difference in the discrimination indices of NECO and WAEC Economics test items
when CTT was used is not significant (U=1.52, P > 0.05). However, there is a significant difference (U=3.029, P < 0.05)
in the discrimination indices when IRT was used. The results also showed that while the difference in difficulty indices
of NECO and WAEC Economics test items was not significant with the use of CTT (U=0.138, P > 0.05), the difference
was significant when IRT was used (U=2.095, P > 0.05). The results further showed that difference in the guessing
parameter of NECO and WAEC Economics test items is not significant (U=1.519, P > 0.05). The results concluded that
while the two examinations were comparable under classical test theory, they are not comparable under item response
theory.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Legal Liability of Regional Apparatus Officials due to Irregularities in Goods and Services Procurement
Zaenal Arifin, Lazarus Tri Setyawan, Jawade Hafidz
Page no 29-35 |
10.21276/sjhss.2019.4.1.4
Presidential Regulation Number 16 Year 2018 concerning Procurement of Government Goods/Services states that the
method of selecting a Goods rovider/Construction Work or Other Services consists of: a. E-purchasing; b. Direct
Procurement; c. Direct appointment; d. Fast Tender; and e. Tender. E-purchasing as intended, according to this
presidential regulation, is carried out for Other Goods/Construction/Service Works that have been listed in the electronic
catalog. Whereas Direct Procurement as intended is carried out for Other Construction/Service Goods/Works which have
a maximum value of IDR. 200,000,000. Direct Appointment as intended for other Goods/Construction/Service Works
under certain circumstances. The Fast Tender as intended is carried out regarding a. Specifications and volume of work
can be determined in detail; and b. The business actor has been qualified in the Provider Performance Information
System, and the Tender as referred to is implemented if he cannot use the Provider selection method as referred to in
certain circumstances. Procurement of goods and services must be applied to general principles, both principles that have
long been recognized in the management of state finance, such as the annual principle, the principle of universality, the
principle of unity, and the principle of speciality and new principles as a reflection of the application of good rules in
managing state finances.
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Influence of Maternal Anthropometry on the Birthweight of the Newborn: A Hospital Based Prospective Study
MD. Eajaz Ahmed Shariff
Page no 22-27 |
10.21276/sijap.2019.2.1.6
Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the influence of maternal anthropometry on the birth weight of the newborn. Materials and Methods: The present study was undertaken at Dr. BR Ambedkar medical college and KC General Hospital Bangalore. Hundred and eight mothers who gave birth to uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and their newborn were examined. Maternal anthropometry like height, weight, BMI, symphysis fundal height, abdominal circumference, upper mid arm circumference and neonatal parameters like birthweight, head, chest and abdominal circumference were recorded. Mothers were classified on the basis of BMI into 3 groups: Group I BMI 22.57, Group II BMI< 22.57-26.52 and Group III BMI >26.52. Results: Mothers with a body mass index (Kg/m2) of < 22.57 belonging to group I gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 2.59+0.14 or female babies weighing 2.38±0.40. Mothers with a body mass index (kg/m2) of 22.57-26.52 belonging to group II gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in kgs) of 3.40 ± 0.26 or female babies weighing 2.67+0.24. Mothers with a body mass index (Kg/m2 ) of >26.52 belonging to group III gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 3.40±0.30 or female babies weighing 2.87±0.67. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between maternal body mass index with birth weight in Group I and Group II (P<0.05) However in Group III male and female babies were non-significant (P>0.05).
ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE | Jan. 30, 2019
Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Regarding Infertility among Child Bearing Age Females of Rural Community, Lahore
Mehvish Sabah, Nazia Bukhari, Muhammad Azhr, Muhammad Afzal, Umm-e-Habiba
Page no 47-51 |
10.21276/sjnhc.2019.2.1.6
Introduction: Introduction: Infertility is a worldwide issue that effects between 60 million and 168 million individuals
around the world. It influences 13% to 15% of couples around the world. It puts a gigantic mental weight on the barren
couple, particularly on the lady, and it might prompt despondency, self-destructive inclinations, and other pathological
mental conditions. The restorative meaning of barrenness is the inability to imagine following a year of unprotected sex.
Essential barrenness is the powerlessness to consider following 1 year of unprotected sex with no past origination
(Abolfotouh, Alabdrabalnabi, Albacker, Al-Jughaiman, & Hassan, 2013). Methods: A descriptive Cross-sectional study
design is used in this study because cross sectional study design provides a better understanding about any event or
situation. The duration of the study is 4 months Sep, 2017 Jan, 2018. Study population for this research work is the child
bearing age female of a rural community of Lahore. The total number of child bearing age female of Hussain Abad is 270
and number of infertile women is 168. Only infertile female are considered. Close ended questionnaire was designed,
checked and used to access knowledge, attitude and practice of the participant’s towards infertility. Results: Response
rate of this survey was not good and mean number of “Yes” answers to knowledge, attitude and practice questions were
46% and 42% respectively. Conclusions: Knowledge, attitudes and practice about infertility among adolescents was
partial. Results of this study indicate lack of understanding about basics of preventive measures and prevention of
infertility. The study had been determined the knowledge and attitude of people regarding infertility prevention. The level
of knowledge was good among people but there was no significant association between attitude and practices regarding
infertility prevention among the women. Moreover the people have poor practices toward infertility prevention.
Furthermore factors (poverty,