Background: This study was designed to get insight on how the knowledge, attitude and perception of anatomy students across various divisions in the department of Anatomy, University of Port Harcourt. Important information was mapped out during this study and this knowledge is capable of transforming the undergraduate anatomy curriculum across Nigeria to position the students in their career and the overall development of anatomical sciences. If we want to gain a better understanding of teaching and learning in anatomy, it may be pertinent to move beyond the question of how and consider also the what, why and when of anatomy education. Aim & Objectives: This study was aimed at investigating the Knowledge, Attitude and Perception of the Divisions of Anatomy among University of Port Harcourt Anatomy Students, Nigeria. Materials & Methods: A purposive sample of 420 anatomy students from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year participated in the study. Each class came together during their semester examination and a mentorship form was issued to them to indicate the aspect of anatomy they are interested in. Data were analyzed and recorded. Results and Discussions: The result of the study indicated that clinical anatomy had a higher percentage of 21.65%, reproductive biology (18.47%), cell and tissue biology (9.87%), neurobiology (10.51%), physical and forensic anthropology (13.38%), and radiologic anatomy (9.87%) while multiple selections with 21.65%. The first year students showed more interest in Clinical Anatomy with a modal frequency percentage of 38.16% while the least percentage frequency was found in third year class with 9.38%. Conclusion: It is glaring that we are entering a time of paradigm shift aided by new understandings and new technologies as in all such times, views are held strongly and expressed emotionally. The University of Port Harcourt has taken the bold step restructure her curriculum for Anatomy education to flow with the current tide in meeting specific needs by diversifying Anatomy into divisions such as clinical anatomy, cell and tissue biology, reproductive biology, radiologic anatomy, neuroscience, physical and forensic anthropology.

Anticholinesterases are drugs that inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE). Clinical uses of anticholinesterases include: (a) treatment of myasthenia gravis, (b) reversal of the action of non-depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking drugs used during surgical operations, (c) treatment of glaucoma and management of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Studies have reported several medicinal properties of V. amygdalina and M. fragrans. However the anticholinesterse inhibitory actions (beneficial in neurodegenerative disorders) of these herbs have not been studied, hence the need for the present study. The leaves of V. amygdalina and seeds of M. fragrans were extracted in water and ethanol using cold extraction. The cholinesterase inhibitory assay of the extracts was done in five test tubes: the first three contained the extracts, the fourth test tube contained neostigmine, while the fifth contained blank (control). All the test tubes (control and tests) were incubated tor 20 mins at room temperature after addition of acetylcholinesterse and acetylthiocholine. Thereafter, Ellman’s spectrophotometric method was used to determine the absorbance at 412 nm wavelength. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, phenolics and glycosides. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of the leaves of V. amygdalina had mean change in absorbance of 0.032±0.00 and 0.023±0.01 (64 and 74% AChE inhibition respectively), while aqueous seed extract of M. fragrans had 0.015±0.01 (83% AChE inhibition). There were statistically significant differences (p = 0.01) in the mean change in absorbance per minute in the various test groups. Extracts of leaves of V. amygdalina and seeds of M. fragrans showed significant in vitro acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities at concentrations used.

Background: There were four antigens in ABO blood group system A,B,AB,O in human blood that significant for blood transfusion and hemolytic disease of new born. recent study also discover common ABO antigens relate with basal cell carcinoma, pancreatic cancer and other cancers disease , in this study we try to answer this question if polymorphism ABO blood group antigens can be cause of chronic kidney disease. Objectives: Detect the relationship between ABO blood group antigens and renal function test among chronic kidney disease patients in Khartoum state. Methods: Case control study blood samples of patient collected from dialysis centers and hospitals, the age from 6-72 years in Khartoum state were randomly selected for the study from May 2015 to June 2018, control group selected from central blood bank donated health people, blood samples were tested serological for ABO phenotype and renal function test. Result: Different ABO blood group in compared with renal function test show respectively A,B,AB and O in result of urea 131,149,116 and 121 mg/dl, creatinine 10.1,10.0,8.6 and 9.1 mg/dl, sodium 315,136,133and134mmol/l, potassium 4.5,4.6,3.9 and 4.5 mmol/l, finally uric acid 7.2,6.1,5.9 and 6.8mg/dl. Conclusions: No significant relation of ABO antigens as cause of chronic renal disease.

Hypertension can be defined as a condition in which the force of blood against the artery walls is too high. This study was planned to analyses cost variations of anti-hypertensive drugs available in Indian market. There is a wide range of variations as the price of drug marketing in India. This study was conducted by taking the maximum and minimum cost of anti- hypertensive agents manufactured by different brands of same drug, strength and dosage forms. The data is obtained from the current index of medical specialties [CIMS] April-July 2018. The cost ratio and percentage cost variations were calculated for each anti-hypertensive drug. The average percentage price variation of different brands of the same oral anti-hypertensive drugs in Indian market is very wide.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the second commonest malignancy among women worldwide and causing high mortality with about 500,000 new cases and 250,000 deaths each year. The mortality rate can be reduced by creating awareness among women on regular or earlier screening for precancerous lesion and by administration of human papilloma virus vaccine to adolescent girls. Hence a study conducted to assess the knowledge on cervical cancer among women, to determine the effectiveness on awareness programme and to associate between selected demographic variables and knowledge of cervical cancer. Methods: Pre-experimental research design was selected. Totally 100 women were selected by random sampling technique in health centres. After assessing the pre-test knowledge, the awareness was created to them and that was followed by post-test. The collected data was analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: The demographic data shows that out of 100 women, 42(42%) women were at the age group of 30 to 40 years, 84(84%) women were unemployed, 8(8%) women in low income group, 34(34%) women attained early menarche, 32(32%) women had early marriage, 44(44%) women having 3 and more children and 48(48%) women were received health information from family members. The overall pre-test adequate knowledge was 13% and post-test was 74%. There was no significant association between selected demographic variables and knowledge of cervical cancer. Conclusion: Most of the women had inadequate knowledge about cervical cancer and its prevention. After awareness programme, the knowledge score was improved. Hence the health educations highly needed to create awareness among women.

Medical students are inducted into clinical practices at a very early stage of their curriculum, and become very susceptible to get infected and for accidental transfer of infections to the patients, co- workers and the environment. Their awareness regarding Infection Control Practices (ICP) has to be regularly assessed by continued teaching and training programs. The aim was to assess the awareness of undergraduate medical students about infection control practices and measures and re-emphasize the need of continued education on basic infection control practices in the existing undergraduate curriculum. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 131 students of second year and third year (part I) MBBS of a Tertiary care teaching Hospital and Medical College. A pretested, predesigned questionnaire was given to the participants during their regular class hours after explaining the purpose of the study. It was designed based on the study objectives, that contained questions regarding general information of biomedical waste (BMW), hand hygiene, standard precautions, infection control practices and modes of acquisition of their knowledge. Amongst 131 students, 53.5% were females and 46.5% were males. The junior batch had a poor knowledge of the BMW responsibility (65.4%), use of masks (40.7%) and protocol for spillage management (32%). The senior batch had a better knowledge on moments of hand hygiene (90%) minimal time for hand hygiene (74%). The knowledge of senior batch on preventable vaccines (68%) and risk of transmission of viruses (76%) compared to junior batch (74% & 85.1% respectively) was poor. Most students acquired knowledge through lectures, tutorials and practical (74%) and suggested it to be continuously included in their curriculum through practical and workshops (65.6%). There was lacunae in knowledge regarding waste segregation, spillage management and use of masks. Continued education is needed through various methodologies. Importance of incorporation of ICP curriculum in undergraduate education should be re-emphasized.

A research was conducted to determine the occurrence and distribution of Escherichia coli (E. coli) O157:H7 in cattle faeces and manure, aimed at isolating and identifying shiga toxin producing E. coli (STEC) using phenotypic methods from cattle faeces and manure. Faecal samples (n=990) from apparently healthy cattle and manure samples (n=165) were collected between March to August, 2016 for this study, all samples were transported on ice to bacterial Zoonoses lab., department of Veterinary Public Health and preventive medicine Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, A.B.U. Zaria for analysis. Approximately 1 ml/1 g of faeces (homogenized when possible) were suspended into 9 ml of modified tryptone soya broth. Samples were vortexed and incubated overnight at 41°C. After selective enrichment, fifty micro liters of the product was streaked onto Eosin methylene blue (EMB), incubated at 37oC overnight. Preliminary results indicated 374/1155 (32.3%) of the samples showed greenish metallic sheen and were considered presumptive positive for E. coli and for further analysis. The 374 positive samples were tested biochemically using indole, methyl red, Voges Proskauer and citrate (IMViC), triple sugar iron and motility tests respectively, positive isolates 80/374 (4.7%) were subjected to Microbact 40E (U.K) where 48/80 (60%) were positive and were subjected to serological testing using E. coli O157:H7 agglutination test kits. The overall prevalence was determined to be 4.16% for all the samples collected in the three LGA, while a prevalence of 0.34%, 0.7% and 3.4% were found for Bauchi, Darazo and Katagum LGA respectively. Of the overall prevalence 2.51% were confirmed E. coli O157:H7 while 1.64% non O157. The prevalence based on sample locations were 0.09%, 3.37% and 0.69% for abattoir, cattle farms and livestock market respectively.

Polymerization methods of acrylic resins have considerable effect on physical and mechanical properties like release monomer and porosity. The aim of this study was to investigate the release of residual monomer and porosity for acrylic denture base materials processed by different polymerization methods (heat and pour cured). Ten specimens were fabricated for each test. For release monomer test the samples were analyzed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector and for porosity test it was calculated by measurement of the specimen weight before its immersion in water and 7 days following immersion in water. Student t- test was performed to study the differences between the mean ratio of release monomer and porosity in heat-cured and pour-cured acrylic resin. The statistical analysis indicated highly significant differences in the mean rate of release monomer and porosity between pour-cured and heat-cured acrylic resin (P<0.001). As a conclusion, pour-cured acrylic processing method was significantly higher than heat-cured one in both residual monomer content and porosity.

There has been a struggle to survive economically and academically. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of gold mining on Boy-Child‟s transition rate from Primary to Secondary School. The descriptive research design was adopted to guide the study. The target population was 4963 people who constituted by 89 head teachers of primary schools in Rongo Sub-County, 356 Class teachers, 4518 boys. A sample size of 30% of each category was included in the study to provide the required information about the implication of gold mining on boy-child primary education. This translated to 1355 boys, 107 class teachers, and 27 head teachers. Data collection instruments included structured questionnaires and interview schedule for the boy-child, class teachers, head-teachers and the sub-county education officer. The questionnaires were pre-tested using test-retest analysis technique to gain the desired reliability coefficient of 0.7 indexes. The test-retest method was also used to estimate the degree to which the same result would be obtained with a repeated measure of the accuracy of the same concept to determine the reliability. In the structured questionnaires, the question items helped the researcher to get information from the respondents. After collection, the data was coded and fed into the computer for analysis using SPSS Version 21 Statistical Program for Social Sciences. Findings indicated that there were 159 (99.38%) of the respondents who indicated that proximity of gold mines affected the retention and transition of the boy-child in primary schools. It was concluded that the parents and other education stakeholders to pay more attention to boy child transition. It was recommended schools be located far from the gold mining cites.

Globally, corporal punishment in schools was banned. In keeping with the international trends of recognizing the rights of the child, and since Kenya is a signatory to the United Nations Charter on Human Rights; and, having been criticized by the World for allowing the use of corporal punishment in schools, the same was banned in the Kenyan schools about 14 years ago. However despite this ban, newspapers, media and limited research show that corporal punishment is still occurring in schools. The government has made efforts to curb the continuing use of corporal punishment. This research therefore, was about Effects of ban of corporal punishment on discipline in public primary schools in Koibatek Sub County and was guided by the following objective: to establish the role of educators in relation to management of discipline of pupils in public primary schools, The research adopted descriptive survey design and carried out the study in Koibatek Sub County. It targeted primary school head teachers, deputy head teachers, guidance and counselling teachers, teachers (educators) and pupil two Zonal Quality Assurance and Standards Officers in public primary schools. To select schools, stratified random sampling will be used. The main respondents were stratified on the basis of their zones. The study sample thus comprised of 20 head teachers, 20 deputy head teachers, 20 guidance and counselling teachers, 54 teachers and 432 pupils making a total of 548 respondents. To collect the required data, the researcher used Questionnaires and interview schedules for data collection. The survey instruments were piloted in Baringo County using the test-re-test method. The reliability coefficient obtained was 0.78 which was considered good enough for a scientific study. In addition, the research instruments were subjected to the scrutiny of two experts who established face as well as content validity. The researcher then sought permission from the National Council for Science, Technology and Invocations strain before starting the process of data collection. Data was organized, presented, analyzed and interpreted using descriptive statistical and inferential techniques using the Statistical packages of social sciences (SPSS) version 20. Presentation of data will be done by use of tables, pie charts and bar graphs, mean and percentages. The study found that out of 20 schools in the study, 16(80%) had taken pupils as partners in developing school rules that would be obeyed. It was concluded that schools are however using alternative methods of instilling discipline in their respective schools. It was recommended that teachers and administrators ought to be flexible to adapt to new information and accept change so that the ban would bring intended changes in the education system.

Play contributes to learners developing physical skills, their understanding of different concepts, their ability to solve problems, their self-confidence and motivation, and an awareness of the needs of others. The study was guided by this objective: - To determine the availability of play materials and their influence on children acquisition of physical skills in Koibatek Sub-County, Baringo County. The study was guided by experiential learning theory by Kolb. The researcher adopted descriptive research design. The researcher targeted all the 250 ECDE centers in Koibatek Sub-county. Simple random sampling was used to select 152 ECDE centers and purposively selected 152 ECDE teachers, one teacher from each selected ECDE centers. Validity of the research tools were established by use of education experts at the university, while reliability of the instruments was tested using pilot data and a co-efficient threshold of more than 0.70 accepted. The data was collected using a questionnaire. Data findings were analyzed with the help of a Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) and the results presented using tables, graphs and narrative. The study findings indicated that there were adequate play materials in the ECDE centers. In addition, availability of play materials, significantly influenced acquisition of physical skills (p=0.000), with the later contributing to 34.0% of the physical skills. The study recommended enforcing the ECDE standard guidelines and deploying adequate, trained and qualified ECDE teachers to implement curriculum. The researcher paid keen attention to research ethical issues and got the informed consent of the respondents and guarded against plagiarism and ensured confidentiality.

The study determined the dimensionality of WAEC and NECO Economics test items and assessed the difference in each of item discrimination, difficulty and the guessing parameter of the two tests as obtained using CTT and IRT. These were with the view of determining the comparability of the two examinations under different test theories. The research design adopted for the study was descriptive. The population for the study consisted of secondary school students in Osun State and a sample of 540 students. The instruments used for the study were adopted respectively from the 2017 Economics WAEC and NECO Senior School Certificate Examination titled Economics Achievement Test 1 (EAT 1) and Test 2 (EAT 2). The results showed that the difference in the discrimination indices of NECO and WAEC Economics test items when CTT was used is not significant (U=1.52, P > 0.05). However, there is a significant difference (U=3.029, P < 0.05) in the discrimination indices when IRT was used. The results also showed that while the difference in difficulty indices of NECO and WAEC Economics test items was not significant with the use of CTT (U=0.138, P > 0.05), the difference was significant when IRT was used (U=2.095, P > 0.05). The results further showed that difference in the guessing parameter of NECO and WAEC Economics test items is not significant (U=1.519, P > 0.05). The results concluded that while the two examinations were comparable under classical test theory, they are not comparable under item response theory.

Presidential Regulation Number 16 Year 2018 concerning Procurement of Government Goods/Services states that the method of selecting a Goods rovider/Construction Work or Other Services consists of: a. E-purchasing; b. Direct Procurement; c. Direct appointment; d. Fast Tender; and e. Tender. E-purchasing as intended, according to this presidential regulation, is carried out for Other Goods/Construction/Service Works that have been listed in the electronic catalog. Whereas Direct Procurement as intended is carried out for Other Construction/Service Goods/Works which have a maximum value of IDR. 200,000,000. Direct Appointment as intended for other Goods/Construction/Service Works under certain circumstances. The Fast Tender as intended is carried out regarding a. Specifications and volume of work can be determined in detail; and b. The business actor has been qualified in the Provider Performance Information System, and the Tender as referred to is implemented if he cannot use the Provider selection method as referred to in certain circumstances. Procurement of goods and services must be applied to general principles, both principles that have long been recognized in the management of state finance, such as the annual principle, the principle of universality, the principle of unity, and the principle of speciality and new principles as a reflection of the application of good rules in managing state finances.

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the influence of maternal anthropometry on the birth weight of the newborn. Materials and Methods: The present study was undertaken at Dr. BR Ambedkar medical college and KC General Hospital Bangalore. Hundred and eight mothers who gave birth to uncomplicated singleton pregnancy, and their newborn were examined. Maternal anthropometry like height, weight, BMI, symphysis fundal height, abdominal circumference, upper mid arm circumference and neonatal parameters like birthweight, head, chest and abdominal circumference were recorded. Mothers were classified on the basis of BMI into 3 groups: Group I BMI 22.57, Group II BMI< 22.57-26.52 and Group III BMI >26.52. Results: Mothers with a body mass index (Kg/m2) of < 22.57 belonging to group I gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 2.59+0.14 or female babies weighing 2.38±0.40. Mothers with a body mass index (kg/m2) of 22.57-26.52 belonging to group II gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in kgs) of 3.40 ± 0.26 or female babies weighing 2.67+0.24. Mothers with a body mass index (Kg/m2 ) of >26.52 belonging to group III gave birth to male babies with a mean birth weight (in Kgs) of 3.40±0.30 or female babies weighing 2.87±0.67. Conclusion: There was a statistically significant positive correlation between maternal body mass index with birth weight in Group I and Group II (P<0.05) However in Group III male and female babies were non-significant (P>0.05).

Introduction: Introduction: Infertility is a worldwide issue that effects between 60 million and 168 million individuals around the world. It influences 13% to 15% of couples around the world. It puts a gigantic mental weight on the barren couple, particularly on the lady, and it might prompt despondency, self-destructive inclinations, and other pathological mental conditions. The restorative meaning of barrenness is the inability to imagine following a year of unprotected sex. Essential barrenness is the powerlessness to consider following 1 year of unprotected sex with no past origination (Abolfotouh, Alabdrabalnabi, Albacker, Al-Jughaiman, & Hassan, 2013). Methods: A descriptive Cross-sectional study design is used in this study because cross sectional study design provides a better understanding about any event or situation. The duration of the study is 4 months Sep, 2017 Jan, 2018. Study population for this research work is the child bearing age female of a rural community of Lahore. The total number of child bearing age female of Hussain Abad is 270 and number of infertile women is 168. Only infertile female are considered. Close ended questionnaire was designed, checked and used to access knowledge, attitude and practice of the participant’s towards infertility. Results: Response rate of this survey was not good and mean number of “Yes” answers to knowledge, attitude and practice questions were 46% and 42% respectively. Conclusions: Knowledge, attitudes and practice about infertility among adolescents was partial. Results of this study indicate lack of understanding about basics of preventive measures and prevention of infertility. The study had been determined the knowledge and attitude of people regarding infertility prevention. The level of knowledge was good among people but there was no significant association between attitude and practices regarding infertility prevention among the women. Moreover the people have poor practices toward infertility prevention. Furthermore factors (poverty,