This study seeks to determine the impact that Environmental Management Accounting (EMA) has on the corporate sustainability using current evidence and literature developed by the academic community. It is inspired by the fact that, while organizations have implemented environment- conscious strategies geared towards ensuring that corporates play their role as responsible citizens especially in the war against global warming and environmental degradation, statistics depict an alarming rise in the volume of emissions and poor performance in other key indicators. Considering that EMA is one of the contemporary strategies organizations use to track operational performance and support responsible decision-making, this research seeks to answer the following questions. i. Does EMA impact sustainability in organizations operating within the high-impact industries such as petrochemical sector, Oil and Gas industry, and manufacturing industries? ii. What mechanisms does EMA use to influence the level of corporate sustainability in the organization? To answer the above questions, the research relied on secondary data documented in the existent literature. The results established a significant relationship between EMA and corporate sustainability and points to the fact that a myriad of external and organization-facing factors mediate this relationship.

Immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) characterized by three nosological entities, autoimmune diseases, autoinflammatory diseases and inflammatory diseases of undetermined mechanism, share in common the inflammatory process but their clinical and biological expressions are extremely diverse. Epidemiological and clinical studies of IMIDs are mostly partial and non-exhaustive. Affections that constitute IMIDs are characterized by chronic inflammatory processes. All these affections are classified based on their immunogenetic, pathophysiological, and clinical profiles. It is well understood that similar therapeutic targets as well as prevention and treatment strategies can be developed for IMIDs with the same immunogenetic, pathophysiological, and clinical profiles. This work presents an immunogenetic, pathophysiological, and clinical classification, now especially integrating epidemiological data (rare <1/2000; common ≥1/2000). To achieve this, a literature review was also necessary to refine the classification by adding the epidemiological data (rare <1/2000; common ≥ 1/2000). This work highlights the comprehensive distribution of IMIDs through an immunogenetic, pathophysiological, and clinico-epidemiological classification.

The Santals are an ethnic tribal group who mostly inhabit the states of Jharkhand, Bihar, West Bengal, Odisha, Chatisgarh, and Assam. There is also a sizable Santal minority in neighboring Bangladesh and a small population in Nepal. Santals constitute the largest group among tribal communities. They belong to the Proto-Australoid race. The settlement of Medinipur known as Santal was first mentioned in Walter Hamilton's narrative (1820). He said that in the jungles lived an impoverished, oppressed class known as Santals. Some believe the term 'Santal' originated from 'Saont' or 'Samanta'. Once, an area of East Medinipur was known as 'Samantabhum' or 'Saont'. Most likely, they were the original inhabitants of this region. They also mentioned this place 'Sant Disham' or 'Sant Desh' in their mythology. 'Santal' means inhabitant of 'Sant Desh'. The Santal tribe of India have a traditional tribal lifestyle. Forest trees and flora serve the basic needs of Santal tribe.The tribes are also engaged in fishing and cultivation. Theys are also skilled in the production of musical instruments, mats, baskets, and other crafts.The Santal tribe is divided mainly into twelve sects viz. Soren, Murmu, Mandi, Kisku, Hansda, Besra, Tudu, Baske, Hembrom, Pauria, Bedea and Choral. Each sect has a totem symbol of its own. The traditional marriage system in Santal tribe is a religious practice as a goddess of happiness and heaven. In this paper we see the different kinds of rituals which are practiced by the Santal tribe from hundred and thousand years in their marriage and remarriage.

Background: Exam-related stress and anxiety are common occurrences among medical students, especially with changing curricular trends and assessment patterns. It leads to psychosomatic disturbances (Gastrointestinal disturbances, chronic pain disorders, substance abuse, drug overuse, depression, etc.) especially around exam periods. It lowers their academic performance and satisfaction levels, ultimately affecting the health care delivery in long run. Methodology: A pre-validated questionnaire was circulated among the exam-going students. Anonymous responses were solicitated to encourage honest responses. We used MS-Excel for quantitative analysis. Content and thematic analysis was done for qualitative responses. Results: Out of 205 responders, there were 88 and 117 students from 3rd and 4th MBBS year respectively. About 56% of students perceived moderate-to-significant exam-related stress. Apart from exams in general, most were apprehensive about practical exam performance and faculty expectations. Only about 42% were satisfied with their level/efforts of study against the academic workload. Common themes for causation were time management, concentration challenges, lack of guidance/support, and ineffective study techniques. Vast majority had sleep disturbances and about 60% had somatic disturbances. Students had a strong preference for informal and emotion-based coping. Conclusion: Exam-related stress in multifactorial and needs to be addressed appropriately. Implementing structured study schedules and time management techniques could alleviate some of the stress. Encouraging active learning methods, such as spaced repetition and active recall, might enhance retention.

This paper underscores the crucial role of heritage awareness in the ongoing struggle for liberation and social affirmation of African American communities. It critically examines the correlation between black cultural and spatial memory and the fight for social equality in Dolen Perkins-Valdez’s work Happy Land, illustrating how heritage awareness and preservation function as foundations for identity, resistance, and social dignity. Through the novel, it tries to make the case on how memory and heritage empower resistance and can empower the ongoing pursuit of equality for African Americans. The study also observes that dominant groups often shape historical narratives to their advantage, marginalizing minorities and depriving the latter of the benefits embedded in their own history. Thus, passing down black heritage through storytelling empowers marginalized African Americans communities to reclaim and preserve their ancestral legacy and assert their claim to collective ownership of the American land. Through a psychoanalytic lens, the study explores how the affirmation of heritage not only fosters a sense of belonging and entitlement but also restores dignity to African Americans.

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) and wound complications continue to constitute one of the most significant causes of morbidity after pediatric cardiac surgery. New prevention methods, standard care bundles, and negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) have been developed to enhance postoperative outcomes. Purpose: This systematic review article aims to determine evidence published over the past 10 years on wound management strategies after cardiac surgery in children, including their prevention, treatment, and outcomes. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between January 2016 and March 2025. Articles that focused on wound prevention, surgical site infections, sternal wound care, or NPWT in children's cardiac surgery were incorporated. Results: Fifteen studies involving over 3,000 pediatric cardiac surgery patients were included. Implementation of standardized prevention bundles resulted in a 30–70% reduction in SSI rates, while NPWT achieved wound closure success exceeding 85% in cases of deep sternal wound infection and mediastinitis. Conclusion: Standardized cardiac pediatric wound management interventions based on prevention bundles and early administration of advanced wound therapies are most likely to be effective following pediatric cardiac surgery. The strategies play a crucial role in minimizing morbidity and enhancing recovery among pediatric patients.

Background: Forward Head Posture (FHP) is highly prevalent among working adults, particularly in desk-based occupations, and is associated with neck pain, disability, and musculoskeletal dysfunction. Various interventions, including exercise protocols, ergonomic modifications, and digital feedback training, have been proposed to correct FHP, but a synthesized review of their effectiveness is limited. Objective: To systematically review and summarize the evidence on the effectiveness of interventions for FHP in working adults, focusing on improvements in posture angles, neck pain, and disability. Methods: Electronic databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and intervention studies published between 2021 to 2025, targeting working adults with FHP. Key outcomes included craniovertebral angle (CVA), neck pain (VAS/NPRS), and neck disability index (NDI). Study characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and findings were extracted and tabulated. Results: Nine studies met inclusion criteria, involving interventions such as scapular stabilization exercises, cervical and thoracic strengthening, postural education, and digital biofeedback. Most studies reported significant improvements in CVA, reduction in neck pain, and improved NDI scores, with combined exercise and ergonomic interventions showing the greatest effect. Conclusion: Exercise-based interventions, particularly those incorporating scapular and thoracic strengthening, are effective in improving posture and reducing neck pain and disability in working adults. Integration of ergonomic modifications and digital feedback enhances outcomes. Future studies should include long-term follow-up and standardized protocols for workplace-based interventions.

Introduction: The fibula is an important long bone of the leg that contributes to ankle stability, weight transmission, and serves as a preferred donor site for bone grafting. Knowledge of its morphometry and nutrient foramen characteristics is essential for orthopedic, reconstructive, and vascular procedures. Aim of the research was to study the morphology, morphometry, and position of nutrient foramina of the fibula in an Indian population. A descriptive osteometric study was conducted on 50 dried adult human fibulae, comprising 25 right- and 25 left-sided bones. Measurements of fibular length and articular facet dimensions were recorded using a digital Vernier caliper and osteometric board. Nutrient foramina were identified using a magnifying lens and their positions were classified according to the upper, middle, and lower thirds of the shaft. Result: The mean fibular length was slightly higher on the right side (34.52 ± 1.34 cm) compared to the left (34.24 ± 1.42 cm), with no statistically significant side-to-side difference (p > 0.05). Measurements of superior and inferior articular facets also showed no significant bilateral variation. A total of 47 nutrient foramina were identified, with the majority (78.7%) located in the middle one-third of the fibular shaft. Conclusion: The study demonstrates bilateral symmetry in fibular morphometry and a predominant localization of nutrient foramina in the middle third of the shaft. These findings provide useful baseline anatomical data relevant to orthopedic surgery, bone grafting, and forensic applications.

Aluminum and its alloys are widely used in industries due to their favorable mechanical properties, low density, and natural passivation. However, they remain susceptible to corrosion in acidic environments, necessitating effective and environmentally friendly inhibition strategies. In this study, the corrosion inhibition behavior of two phenolic acid derivatives, vanillic acid (VA) and isovanillic acid (ISVA), on aluminum was investigated using a combined density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation approach. DFT calculations revealed that VA exhibits a higher HOMO energy, smaller energy gap, greater global softness, and larger fraction of electrons transferred compared to ISVA, indicating stronger electron-donating ability, higher chemical reactivity, and enhanced adsorption propensity. Fukui function analysis identified oxygen atoms in hydroxyl and carboxyl groups as primary reactive sites, with O (4), O (8), O (11), and O (12) in VA and O (11) in ISVA, highlighting the crucial role of oxygen-containing functional groups in adsorption. MD simulations confirmed strong adsorption of both inhibitors on the Al (111) surface, with adsorption energies of -0.692 eV (VA) and -0.706 eV (ISVA), and revealed favorable molecular orientation, surface coverage, and hydrogen bonding interactions stabilizing the protective layer. Integrating DFT and MD results, VA was identified as the more effective corrosion inhibitor due to its higher reactivity, multiple active adsorption sites, and stronger electron-donating capability. This study provides molecular-level insights into corrosion inhibition mechanisms and supports the rational design of environmentally friendly inhibitors for aluminum in acidic media.

The generative artificial intelligence is altering the way visual content is created, distributed, and consumed in marketing, design and creative practices. Since digital environments are inundated with visual content, businesses are turning to AI systems to accelerate the production, customize the experience, as well as experiment with new appearances. The paper will examine the impact of generative AI on visual communication, creativity, authorship, and design work. The current research and the trends of the industry indicate that creativity is no longer a purely human endeavor, but rather a combination of human and AI work. Although AI can be used to generate ideas quickly, with high scale of variation, and adaptive visual strategy, authenticity, cultural resonance, and ethical accountability of the work remain the domain of humans. This paper creates a conceptual framework to understand this new landscape, identifies its implications on visual marketing, and suggests viable ways of action when a company wants to adopt generative systems effectively. It concludes with identifying key limitations and outlining a future research agenda on the topic of human-AI creative ecosystems.

Background: Infertility is a growing reproductive health concern globally and poses substantial social and psychological challenges in low- and middle-income countries, including Bangladesh. Despite increasing demand for infertility services, comprehensive couple-based data describing socio-demographic and clinical profiles of infertile couples in Bangladesh remain limited. Objective: To describe the socio-demographic characteristics, infertility patterns, reproductive history, and clinical profiles of couples seeking infertility care in selected healthcare facilities in Bangladesh. Methods: This facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to December 2024 at three private and semi-specialized infertility care centers in Bangladesh. Married couples presenting with primary or secondary infertility were consecutively enrolled. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and medical record reviews. Socio-demographic variables, infertility characteristics, female and male clinical factors, endocrine conditions, semen parameters, and lifestyle factors were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Results: A total of 362 couples were included. The mean age was 26.9 ± 4.7 years for women and 33.1 ± 5.3 years for men, with most couples residing in urban areas (83.7%). Primary infertility accounted for 51.9% of cases, and secondary infertility for 48.1%, with a median infertility duration of 36 months (IQR: 23–60). Among women with secondary infertility, spontaneous abortion was the most commonly reported prior pregnancy outcome (62.1%). Female factor infertility was identified in 94.2% of women, predominantly polycystic ovary syndrome (75.7%) and hypothyroidism (32.9%). Male factor infertility was identified in 43.3% of men; normozoospermia was observed in 74.0%, while asthenozoospermia was present in 19.0%. Mean body mass index was in the overweight range for both women (25.9 ± 4.6 kg/m²) and men (25.7 ± 3.5 kg/m²). Conclusion: Couples seeking infertility care in Bangladesh commonly present after prolonged infertility and exhibit a high burden of identifiable female and male clinical factors, alongside modifiable lifestyle characteristics. These findings underscore the need for integrated, couple-centered infertility services and timely access to standardized diagnostic and management pathways.

Effective counselling in universities can address work-related stress, interpersonal conflicts, career concerns, and burnout for both students and staff alike. This study explored the knowledge, perception, and utilization of counselling services among staff members of Edo State University, Iyamho. Using a descriptive survey design, data were gathered from 15 participants (53.3% male; 46.7% female) through a validated 27-item questionnaire (α = 0.83). Findings showed that while 60% of respondents were aware of counselling services, only 33.3% knew the unit’s location and 6.7% knew its working hours, resulting in an overall knowledge score of 43.81%. Staff members generally had positive perceptions of counselling, agreeing that it helps manage work-related stress (M = 4.33, SD = 1.13) and reflects strength rather than weakness (M = 4.40, SD = 1.15). Despite this, utilization remained low, with only 13.33% having accessed counselling services, primarily for personal and career-related concerns (6.7% each). Satisfaction levels were moderate (M = 3.5 ± 2.37), and no significant relationship was found between demographic characteristics and service use (p > 0.05). The findings indicate a gap between awareness, perception, and actual use, suggesting the need for improved visibility, better communication, and enhanced trust in counsellor competence. Strengthening awareness campaigns and ensuring confidentiality could promote greater utilization and support staff mental well-being.

Background: Glenoid version is a key morphometric parameter influencing glenohumeral joint biomechanics, stability, and load distribution. Alterations in glenoid orientation, particularly increased retroversion, have been implicated in abnormal joint kinematics, posterior humeral head translation, and degenerative shoulder conditions. While glenoid version has been extensively studied in normal and arthritic shoulders, its role in frozen shoulder (adhesive capsulitis) remains inadequately explored, especially in relation to repetitive overhead activity. Aim: To evaluate glenoid version in patients with frozen shoulder using computed tomography (CT) and to analyze its association with dominance and overhead activity. Materials and Methods: This observational study included 40 patients clinically diagnosed with frozen shoulder. Glenoid version was measured on axial CT images using the Friedman method. Comparisons were made between dominant and non-dominant shoulders and between patients with and without a history of repetitive overhead activity. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with results expressed as mean, standard deviation, and p-values. Results: The mean glenoid version was −10.9 ± 3.4°, indicating overall retroversion. Increased retroversion (&gt;10°) was observed in 45% of patients. Glenoid retroversion was significantly greater in patients with overhead activity compared to those without (p &lt; 0.001) and on the dominant side compared to the non-dominant side (p = 0.002). Conclusion: Increased glenoid retroversion is common in frozen shoulder patients, particularly in those with dominant-side involvement and repetitive overhead activity, suggesting a possible biomechanical contribution to disease pathology. Keywords: Glenoid version, glenoid fossa, retroversion, observational study.

Introduction: Polyherbal extracts contain various bioactive compounds that work synergistically to provide stronger therapeutic effects than single extracts. However, their use in the pharmaceutical field still faces challenges, especially related to low solubility, instability, and limited bioavailability. Microparticulate system technology presents an innovative solution that can increase the effectiveness of herbal drug delivery through physical protection of active compounds, controlled release, and increased absorption in the body. Objective: This review discusses research progress that integrates polyherbal extracts in microparticulate formulations, including polymer selection, manufacturing techniques, characterization, and pharmacological evaluation. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted through searches in the last ten years [2015–2025] obtained through databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using keywords related to "polyherbal" and "microencapsulation" with a focus on articles on formulation studies and pharmacological evaluations in the last ten years. Results: The study showed that microparticulates were able to improve the entrapment efficiency, phytochemical stability, and therapeutic activity of polyherbal extracts, especially in oral and transdermal routes of administration. However several limitations such as the variability of natural product composition, potential interactions between compounds, and regulatory challenges still require further attention. The development of more advanced formulation technology as well as standardized toxicological and clinical studies are urgently needed to encourage the implementation of microparticulate herbal products on an industrial scale. Conclusion: Overall, polyherbal microparticulate systems have promising prospects as a safe, effective, and competitive strategy for modernizing herbal medicines.

Here we compare open cholecystectomy (OC) and Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) with respect to duration of surgery, duration of post operative pain and duration of post operative stay in the hospital. 150 patients below 80 years were selectio to carryout the present study in District Hospital Bandipora and Tertiary Care Hospital Srinagar from May 2021 to July 2023. The patients were rendomly assigned into two groups X and Y. Group X consisted of patients that underwent Laparoscopic surgery and Group Y consists of patients that undergo open surgery. The result shows that duration of surgery, duration of pain and stay in the hospital where lower in Laparoscopic group. Main advantages of LC were reducted pain, rapaid recovery and reduced hospital stay.