Background: Diabetes mellitus is a significant global public health issue, often exacerbated by microvascular and macrovascular damage, resulting in heightened morbidity and mortality. Recognizing modifiable and non-modifiable characteristics linked to diabetic complications is crucial for enhancing preventative efforts and directing personalized medication. Objectives: This study aimed to identify demographic, clinical, lifestyle, and treatment-related factors associated with microvascular and macrovascular complications among adults with diabetes mellitus. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was performed at the National Diabetes Center, Al-Mustansiriya University, from September to December 2025, involving 100 persons with diabetes mellitus. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, smoking status, clinical parameters, glycaemic control (HbA1c), treatment modalities, and diabetic complications were collected. Microvascular and macrovascular complications were defined as composite binary outcomes. Bivariate analyses were performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests. Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to identify independent predictors of microvascular and macrovascular complications, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: The prevalence of microvascular and macrovascular complications increased with advancing age and longer diabetes duration. Poor glycaemic control was associated with a higher burden of complications. In multivariable analysis, age was independently associated with microvascular complications, while diabetes duration showed a significant association with macrovascular complications. Smoking status and insulin-based therapy demonstrated trends toward higher complication risk after adjustment for demographic and clinical variables. Conclusions: Age, duration of diabetes, and glycaemic control are key determinants of diabetic complications. Biomarker-based clinical parameters combined with lifestyle and treatment factors provide valuable insight into disease staging and risk stratification. These findings support the importance of early intervention and individualized pharmacotherapeutic strategies to reduce long-term complications in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin resistance, or both. Its prevalence continues to rise worldwide, with substantial morbidity linked to microvascular and macrovascular complications that influence overall health and the delivery of dental care. In dental practice, DM is clinically significant because it modifies host immunity, vascular function, inflammatory regulation, and tissue metabolism mechanisms that collectively increase susceptibility to oral infections and compromise healing. Common orofacial manifestations include increased risk and severity of gingivitis and periodontitis with alveolar bone loss, salivary gland dysfunction and xerostomia, oral mucosal lesions (including candidal infections and lichenoid reactions), dysgeusia, burning mouth symptoms, and, in severe settings, opportunistic deep fungal infections and osteomyelitis. These changes directly affect treatment planning across specialties. Prosthodontic management requires careful attention to salivary hypofunction, denture-related candidiasis, mucosal fragility, residual ridge resorption, and delayed wound healing, with emphasis on atraumatic techniques, hygiene reinforcement, and appropriate scheduling. Endodontic practice must consider the bidirectional relationship between apical periodontitis and glycemic control, the possibility of slower periapical healing, increased residual lesions, and the need for meticulous infection control and stress reduction to limit hyperglycemic episodes. Orthodontic therapy, particularly in patients with suboptimal glycemic control, demands thorough periodontal screening, the use of light physiological forces, close monitoring, and coordination with the patient’s medical team to reduce risks of infection, impaired healing, and hypoglycemic emergencies. This review synthesizes systemic and oral evidence to provide practical, clinically oriented recommendations for safe and effective dental management of patients with DM, with glycemic control and interprofessional collaboration as central determinants of favorable outcomes.

The study's intention was to individualised and combined impact of speed play training and ladder training on selected bio-motor variables among college men cricket players. This study aimed to contribute a combination of speed play training and ladder training on cricket players for performance enhancement. Objectives: The purpose of the study was to individualised and combined impact of speed play training and ladder training on selected bio-motor physiological and performance variables among college men cricket players. Materials and methods: To achieve the purpose of the study, sixty (60) students participated in the inter collegiate tournament for their respective colleges, affiliated to Hindustan Institute of Technology & Science (Deemed to be University), Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, India during the year 2022 – 2023 were selected as subjects. The age of the subjects ranged from 18 to 25 years. In which, sixty (60) College students were randomly selected and they randomly assigned into four groups of fifteen (15) subjects each (n = 15). Group I underwent Speed Play Training (SPTG), group II underwent Ladder Training (LTG), group III underwent Combined Speed Play Training and Ladder Training (CSPTALDTG) and group IV acted as Control Group (CG), they were not assigned any specific training, but they were done their regular curricular activities. Their respective training programs for the duration of 12 weeks of 36 morning sessions in addition to their regular programme in their curriculum design. Conclusions: The study concluded that, control group had not shown significant change in any of the selected variables. The experimental groups namely speed play training, ladder training and Combined speed play and ladder training groups had significantly improved the bio-motor variables. Significant differences were found among speed play training, ladder training and combined speed play and ladder training groups had significantly improved the bio-motor variables. It was also concluded that combined speed play and ladder training group was found to be better than other Experimental groups in developing speed, agility, endurance and explosive power.

The antimicrobial properties of bacterial synthesized silver nanoparticles of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli origin were tested against five isolates namely: Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Salomonella sp, Shigella sp and Escherichia coli. The silver nanoparticles were synthesized from 10 Mm of AgNO3 and the bacterial culture supernatant. Optimum physiological conditions of bacterial nanoparticles’ synthesis were determined using the Box behnken design with three factors and three levels which include pH (6, 7, 8), time (24, 48, 72hrs) and temperature (25, 30, 32°C). The different significance of the physiological factors was determined. The optimal conditions for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles were determined as pH 6.9, Temp. 25°C and Time 72 hrs for Escherichia colinanoparticles(ENP) and pH 7.79, Temp. 25oC and Time of 72 hrs for Bacillus subtilis nanoparticles (BNP). The antimicrobial activity of the microbial synthesized silver nanoparticles was determined using the kill kinetics and the Kirby bauer well-in-agar diffusion method. ENP had better activity than BNP on Shigellasp, while the reverse was the case when tested against Salmonella sp. Time kill kinetics shows that BNP and ENP inhibited the growth of Salmonellasp, Pseudomonas sp, Bacillus sp, Shigella sp and E. coli at 12 hrs and 20 hrs, 28 hrs and 32 hrs, 36 hrs and 32 hrs, 24 hrs and 16 hrs and 32 hrs and 16 hrs respectively. All nanoparticles recorded lower activity than the control drug, Ciprofloxacin.

Nutrient metabolism is a basic biochemical paradigm to which cells draw energy and produce biosynthetic precursors, as well as maintain homeostasis. At the molecular scale, the integrative processing of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins are regulated by highly regulated enzymatic systems that dynamically react to cellular energy requirements, nutrient levels and physiological conditions. This review presents the existing knowledge of the molecular biochemistry in nutrient metabolism, with the focus being on the integrated character of metabolic pathways, as opposed to the reactions occurring in isolation. The process of carbohydrate metabolism is a fast and flexible energy source by glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and pentose phosphate pathway which connects the production of ATP and the maintenance of redox homeostasis with anabolic needs. The long-term energy storage and structural components in lipid metabolism are based on fatty acid production, 2-oxidation as well as complex lipid remodeling and they are the centre of focus in the membrane dynamics as well as signaling processes. Protein metabolism provides functional macromolecules as well as metabolic intermediates, which the catabolism of amino acids connects to the relationships of central carbon metabolism and nitrogen homeostasis. In addition to the classics of pathway descriptions, this review identifies the regulatory processes that provide the flexibility of their metabolic reactions, such as allosteric enzyme regulation, post-translational changes, and intracellular compartmentalization. The interaction between carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism allows the cells to quickly adjust to changes in nutrient levels without compromising the metabolic effectiveness. These molecular processes are critical in explaining the biochemical basis of growth and development and disease because metabolic dysregulation causes many pathological conditions. The article offers a conceptual framework of future studies aimed at optimizing metabolism, therapeutic intervention, and system-level metabolic engineering by offering a single and sequential description of how nutrient metabolism works on the molecular level.

The increasing prevalence of fraud in Nigeria and globally highlights the necessity of forensic accounting for fraud investigations, particularly in Nigeria, which has resulted in mismanagement and inefficiencies in both corporate and public fund management. With an emphasis on three antigraft agencies, this paper examines the role forensic accounting plays in identifying wrongdoing in Nigeria's public sector. The study used a structured questionnaire to gather data and used a descriptive survey research design. Four hundred and five (405) respondents who were relevant employees of the antigraft agencies were chosen for the study using a purposive sampling technique and Taro Yamane's formula. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regressions were employed in the data analysis method which was based on 386 questionnaire responses from the participants. Findings of the study revealed that the level of awareness of forensic accounting application had positive significantly relationship with public sector corruption in Nigeria, demonstrating that the application of forensic accounting techniques is helpful in identifying corruption in the public sector and that the services of forensic accountants can be used to recover money lost due to financial malpractices, accounting fraud, bribery, and embezzlement. The study recommends that more awareness needs to be created by forensic accountants and government to the public office holders on the application of forensic accounting techniques so that the antigraft agencies can continue to utilize them for the detection of public sector corruption.

Non-scarring alopecia results from a loss of hair or reduction in hair follicle growth. Among its forms, traction alopecia is the most common in black women and women of African descent. Although several treatments exist, their use remains limited due to the associated adverse effects. This study aimed to develop hair gels based on mango pectin combined with “makoré” butter as a natural alternative for the management of this condition. The extracted raw materials were characterized. The pectin gel was prepared at 95 °C under stirring at 800 rpm, then dispersed in the lipophilic phase under constant agitation at 1500 rpm for 10 minutes to obtain two formulations, D and D′. The gels were homogeneous, free from air bubbles and with a characteristic odor. They were unstable under centrifugation. Microscopic analysis revealed coarse emulsions, with a better distribution of globules in gel D. Over 28 days, the preparations exhibited minimal variation in pH, reflecting good microbiological stability. Both gels remained stable at 25 ± 2°C. Rheological evaluation showed shear thinning, viscoelastic, and thixotropic behavior. Overall, gel D demonstrated beneficial properties for hair, confirming its potential use for the development of phytocosmetic formulations intended for the management of traction alopecia in black women.

Epulis fissuratum is a benign reactive fibrous hyperplasia of the oral mucosa resulting from chronic mechanical irritation caused by ill-fitting denture flanges. This condition predominantly affects middle-aged and elderly denture wearers, with a higher prevalence in females. The clinical presentation typically features single or multiple tissue folds in the vestibular sulcus or alveolar ridge, often appearing firm and fibrous with intact or ulcerated mucosa. Diagnosis relies primarily on clinical examination correlating tissue overgrowth with denture configuration, although histopathological confirmation remains essential to exclude malignant transformation. Contemporary management encompasses both conservative tissue conditioning approaches for early lesions and surgical excision using conventional scalpels, electrosurgery, or laser modalities, coupled with mandatory prosthetic rehabilitation to prevent disease recurrence.

Oral cancer remains a significant public health concern globally, with varying prevalence rates across regions; however, its epidemiological profile in Saudi Arabia has not been comprehensively synthesized. This study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes the existing evidence to estimate the prevalence and associated risk factors of oral cancer in Saudi Arabia, thereby addressing a critical gap in the literature. We conducted a rigorous synthesis of available studies, employing random-effects models to account for heterogeneity and deriving pooled effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals. The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between demographic and risk factors and oral cancer, with an overall effect size of 1.02 (SE = 0.25, 95% CI [0.53, 1.51], z=4.11, p<1e^(-5)), indicating a substantial impact of these variables on disease prevalence. The findings highlight the importance of targeted public health interventions, particularly for high-risk populations, and underscore the need for further research to elucidate regional variations and temporal trends. This study provides a robust evidence base for policymakers and clinicians, emphasizing the urgency of early detection and prevention strategies in Saudi Arabia.

Apparel manufacturing is based on rapid and quick-response supply chains; with such a context, it becomes highly challenging to manage dynamic demand, greater lead times, global sourcing networks, and short product life cycles. The importance of the digital supply chain in recent years’ digital technologies have become instrumental in driving efficiencies and competitive advantage throughout the extended enterprise. This paper focus on the potential contributions of Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and digital Supply Chain Management (SCM) platforms to increase supply chain efficiency in apparel manufacturing, especially in Bangladesh’s Ready-Made Garments industry. The research employs a qualitative approach based on literature and systematically reviews academic papers, industry reports and recorded cases concerning the digital supply chain transformation. The results show that ERP systems increase process integration and inventory control, AI increases demand forecasting and decision-making accuracy, IoT provides for real-time visibility and monitoring and digital Supply Chain Management (SCM) platforms support the end-to-end coordination and cooperation between supply chain partners. Together these technologies lead to shorter lead times, minimized inventory levels, enhanced delivery performance and greater supply chain flexibility. However, barriers such as the high cost of implementing such technologies, and quality issues around data along with a lack of digital skills and infrastructure continue to be major concerns for many businesses particularly smaller manufactures. The paper finds that strategic use of digital technologies with organizational readiness and policy interventions can be an important enabler for sustainable supply chain efficiency in the apparel manufacturing.

Background: Peripheral neuropathies and neuromuscular disorders are major causes of neurological morbidity and nerve conduction studies (NCS) are central to their evaluation. Data on electrophysiological patterns in Bangladesh are limited. This study aimed to describe the demographic profiles and patterns of neuropathy among patients undergoing nerve conduction studies in a tertiary neurocare hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted at the Neurophysiology Laboratory of the National Institute of Neurosciences & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from September 2024 to August 2025. This study reviewed the neuroelectrophysiological records of 1,500 patients. Demographic data, type of investigation and final electrophysiological diagnoses were extracted and analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The majority of patients were aged 21–40 years (43.7%), with near-equal sex distribution. NCS alone was the most frequently performed investigation (76.8%). Normal electrophysiological findings were observed in 32.5% of the patients. Carpal tunnel syndrome was the most common abnormal diagnosis (28.0%), followed by Guillain–Barré syndrome (14.2%) and mononeuropathy (9.3%), respectively. Bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome was slightly more frequent than unilateral disease, with mild severity. Among Guillain–Barré syndrome cases, acute motor axonal neuropathy was the most common subtype. Conclusion: Nerve conduction studies reveal a wide spectrum of neuropathies in routine clinical practice, with carpal tunnel syndrome and Guillain–Barré syndrome predominating. These findings provide valuable baseline data for understanding neuropathy patterns and optimizing neurophysiological services in Bangladesh.

Background: Stigma maydis are becoming more popular as a healthy substitute for people with lifestyle disorders. They offer dietary fiber, polyphenols, minerals, vitamins, protein, and antioxidants. The evidence that is now available indicates that the leading causes of sickness, disability, and death in India are chronic obstructive and mental disorders, hypertension, cardiovascular illnesses, cancer, diabetes, lung disease, chronic renal disease, trauma, and stroke. When it comes to treating the illness and its repercussions, allopathic medications are not very effective. However, how the Stigma maydis-derived chemical compounds work in treating diabetes remains unclarified. Herein, we integrate molecular docking and network pharmacology to elucidate the active constituents and potential mechanisms of Stigma maydis against diabetes. Purpose: This study aimed to validate the antidiabetic effect of Stigma maydis silk lead molecule through in-silico molecular docking. Method: α-amylase was chosen as the target proteins in the current investigation of antidiabetic effect respectively. The bond was found using the Auto Dock software using a grid-based docking method. Compounds' 2D structures were generated, converted to 3D, and subsequently energetically lowered up to an arms gradient of 0.01 using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF). Result: Maysin and isoorientin found to be effective component for anti-diabetic potential and effectively binds to be target protein α-amylase with binding energy-8.11 & -5.96 kcal/mol respectively and showed potent inhibitory action on target proteins. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation demonstrated that the chosen lead molecule (Maysin and isoorientin) had significant inhibitory effects on the selected target proteins, consequently showed potent antidiabetic efficacy. The molecular docking analysis demonstrated significant binding energy.

Background: In the past decade, the median overall survival for breast cancer has improved from 11 months to a 5-year survival rate of 17.8%. This is largely feasible solely thanks to molecular oncology. The metabolic characteristics of cancer cells contrast with those of normal cells. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is an important breast cancer-related gene, which can promote the progress of breast cancer. It has been proved in clinical and basic research that over-expressed and constitutively activated STAT3 is involved in the progress, proliferation, metastasis and chemotherapy resistance of breast cancer. Flavonoids exhibit antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory properties. These inexpensive pharmaceutical compounds exhibit considerable biological activities and are advantageous for various chronic conditions, including cancer. Purpose: This study aimed to assess the novel herbal STAT 3 inhibitor targeting Breast cancer through in-silico molecular docking. Method: STAT 3 was chosen as the target proteins in the current investigation. The bond was found using the Auto Dock software using a grid-based docking method. Compounds' 2D structures were generated, converted to 3D, and subsequently energetically lowered up to an arms gradient of 0.01 using the Merck Molecular Force Field (MMFF). Result: Structural based flavones derivatives (Chrysin, Apigenin, Luteolin & Scultellarein) found to be effective anti-lung cancer component and effectively binds to be target protein STAT 3 with binding energy-5.89, -5.6, -5.96 &-5.96 kcal/mol for Chrysin, Apigenin, Luteolin & Scultellarein respectively and showed potent inhibitory action on STAT 3. Conclusion: The results of the current investigation demonstrated that the chosen lead molecules had significant inhibitory effects on the target STAT 3 enzyme, consequently disrupting mitosis and genomic integrity in cancer cells. The molecular docking analysis demonstrated significant binding energy.

Despite remarkable progress in genetics, neuroscience, and pharmacology, modern medicine still cannot explain or cure thousands of rare and refractory diseases, including numerous psychiatric, neurological, dermatological, metabolic, and oncological conditions that remain resistant to all conventional treatments. However, an accumulating body of documented clinical recovery cases, together with direct observation of the spiritual realm through the Dharma Eye of Dharma Master Jun Hong Lu and the systematic practice of the Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door, clearly demonstrates that human existence comprises both a physical body and an immortal soul. The majority of treatment-resistant illnesses stem from either partial loss or dissociation of the soul, or from occupation of the body by external souls (deceased humans or animals, i.e., spirits). This paper therefore presents rigorous, verifiable evidence for the objective existence of the soul and the spirit world; elucidates the precise karmic and spirit mechanisms behind many diseases currently classified as “incurable” by modern medicine; and demonstrates that the Five Golden Buddhist Practices of Guan Yin Citta Dharma Door-making great vows, reciting Buddhist scriptures, performing life liberation, reading Buddhism in Plain Terms, and repenting of wrongdoings and refraining from doing them-provide a reproducible, effective pathway to partial or complete recovery. All these extraordinary outcomes rest upon the recognition of the soul’s existence. Accordingly, Buddhism is not merely a belief system, but the ultimate science of life, health, and the true nature of consciousness.

The present study focuses on the method development and validation for detection of selective elemental impurities in Clarithromycin active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) using Inductively Coupled Plasma–Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Elemental impurities, originating from catalysts, raw materials, or manufacturing processes, can adversely affect product safety and efficacy. Hence, a sensitive and precise analytical method was developed in accordance with ICH Q3D, USP <232>, and <233> guidelines. The optimized ICP-MS parameters ensured accurate quantification of 23 elemental impurities, including Cd, Pb, As, Hg, Co, Ni, V, Pd, Pt, Ir, Rh, Ru, Se, Ag, Mo, Sb, Cu, Sn, Cr, Ba, Li, Tl, and Au, in a single analytical run without the need for internal standards. The developed method was validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection (LOD), and limit of quantification (LOQ). The method exhibited strong linear correlation (r² ≥ 0.99), recovery within 70–150%, and relative standard deviation (RSD) <20%, satisfying USP acceptance criteria. The Kinetic Energy Discrimination (KED) mode minimized polyatomic interference, improving signal stability and reducing analysis time. This validated method proved to be simple, rapid, rugged, cost-effective, and suitable for routine quality control analysis of Clarithromycin API to ensure compliance with elemental impurity regulations and pharmaceutical safety standards.