Background: Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and vision transformers (ViTs), is transforming dental radiographic diagnosis across multiple clinical domains. Methods: A narrative review searched PubMed, PubMed Central, BMC Oral Health, and Google Scholar for systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and original studies published between 2019 and 2025, covering ten domains: caries detection, periapical lesion identification, alveolar bone loss, peri-implant assessment, tooth detection and segmentation, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) analysis, vertical root fracture (VRF) detection, cephalometric landmark analysis, dental anomaly detection, and AI-versus-clinician comparison. Results: Pooled sensitivity was 0.94 and specificity 0.91 for caries detection on bitewing radiographs. Periapical AI sensitivity was 92.9% with specificity of only 58.6%, yielding a positive predictive value of 15.3%. Peri-implant bone loss assessment achieved AUC of 0.94. Vision transformers outperformed CNNs in 58% of dental imaging studies. VRF detection accuracy ranged from 75% to 97.8%. Cephalometric landmark detection rate reached 98.29%. AI diagnosed radiographs in 1.5 seconds versus 53.8 seconds for clinicians. ANSI/ADA Standard 1110-1:2025 provides the first formal dental AI validation framework. Conclusions: AI achieves substantial and reproducible diagnostic accuracy across dental radiographic tasks. High false-positive rates, demographic dataset bias, limited multi-centre external validation, and regulatory gaps must be resolved before broad clinical implementation.

Steel fibre-reinforced concrete (SFRC) is generally modelled for compressive strength; nevertheless, almost all published models assume fibres are added to a fixed mix and stop at predicting mean strength, neglecting both the cement-replacement scenario and reliability-based design. This study develops a mechanistic, interpretable model for SFRC in which steel fibres replace cement by mass, a composition that raises the effective water-to-cement ratio while incorporating crack-bridging benefit. Compressive strength is expressed as the sum of a paste-weakening term decaying with the surviving cement fraction and a Rayleigh-type bridging term that peaks before balling degrades dispersion. Across seven fibre dosages (0–12% of cement mass) at two curing ages (224 specimens), the model reproduced the non-monotonic strength response with R² = 0.887 at 28 days and independently recovered the bridging optimum near 6–7% fibre without that value being imposed, indicating that it demonstrates the governing physics rather than merely fitting the data. Hardened density showed no reliable dosage trend and stayed within the normal-weight band. Extending the study to characteristic strength and reliability indices, the model showed that only the control mix cleared the design target, every fibre mix falling below it. The framework links predictive accuracy to structural usability, with external validation identified as the priority next step.

Sinus node disease (SND) is a leading indication for permanent pacemaker implantation and is classically attributed to age-related degenerative changes. Nevertheless, functional conditions may result in similar clinical and electrocardiographic presentations, particularly in atypical cases. Extra-cardiac thoracic masses causing cardiac compression are rare and often underrecognized. We report the case of a patient presenting with a tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome initially suggestive of SND, in whom a comprehensive etiological evaluation revealed an esophageal tumor causing significant left atrial compression. This unusual presentation highlights the importance of considering extracardiac structural abnormalities in the differential diagnosis of apparent sinus node dysfunction.

Physical fitness in childhood is important for supporting healthy growth, development, and general well-being. Evaluating physical fitness gives important insights into children’s growth, health, and ability to perform daily activities. Age-Specific physical fitness score allows each child to know their fitness status resulting in a fair and meaningful evaluation of physical fitness and these scores also assist in recognizing children who have low fitness and enable the progress of targeted interventions. However, there is a lack of age-specific percentile data for boys in India. The aim of the study was to develop Physical Fitness Percentile Norms for Primary Schools Boys of West Bengal. In this cross-sectional study, a total 435 boys of 6 – 10 years were selected primarily from three categories like less active, moderately active and vigorously active as participants from 20 primary schools from different districts in West Bengal. Physical fitness components included cardiorespiratory fitness, flexibility, speed, agility, strength, power which were evaluated through tests including the 20m shuttle run, sit-and-reach test, 50m dash, 10m×4 shuttle run, handgrip strength, and standing broad jump respectively. Age specific percentile scores were calculated for each test. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize the data. The findings indicated an age-related impact on school boys between the ages of 6 and 10 years. The percentile scores for each component increased steadily as age increased. The study may conclude that the physical fitness components and the percentile norms may be applied for evaluation of physical fitness of primary school boys. Additionally, these norms may be useful for physical education teachers, coaches, and health professionals in monitoring growth, development, and fitness levels and at the same time planning of the appropriate exercise intervention. Further, the researchers in the field of physical education, sports science, exercise science, health management may use these physical fitness tests and their pertaining norms for research purposes.

This study examines the historical evolution of money in Hausa Society. It explores the transition from the traditional barter system to the use of modern currency, highlighting how money has transformed trade, agriculture, livestock rearing, crafts, and other economic activities among the Hausa people. The study also investigates the first money used in Hausa society. Using a qualitative research approach, data were obtained from books, journal articles, historical records, and other relevant documentary sources. The findings indicate that money plays a central role in promoting economic growth, improving living standards, and facilitating commercial activities within Hausa society. However, the study identifies the impact of globalization on traditional economic practices. The research concludes that strengthening financial education, encouraging entrepreneurship, and promoting ethical financial management in line with cultural values are essential for sustainable economic development in the Hausa society.

The application of green chemistry principles in pharmaceutical quality control (QC) and chemical laboratories offers a systematic pathway to reduce environmental impact while maintaining analytical performance. This communication synthesizes key concepts from green analytical chemistry (GAC), including waste minimization, reagent substitution, energy reduction, and the use of standardized greenness metrics such as the Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), AGREE software, and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). Furthermore, the transition toward white analytical chemistry (WAC) is discussed as a holistic approach that balances environmental sustainability (green), analytical quality (red), and economic practicality (blue). Collectively, these strategies enable pharmaceutical and chemical laboratories to operate more safely, efficiently, and sustainably without compromising data integrity.

Programming courses at the college level in Vietnam continue to suffer from high failure rates, early drop-out, and incomplete student projects. This paper presents Vibe Coding, a four-stage pedagogical model integrating AI coding assistants into Fundamentals of Programming and Basic Web Design. The model was evaluated using a hybrid quasi-experimental design combining a three-year historical trend (2023–2025, n = 735) with a concurrent control group in the 2025–2026 academic year (232 traditional vs. 150 Vibe Coding students). The Vibe-Coding group significantly outperformed the traditional group on the proportion scoring ≥7.0/10 (53.3% vs. 41.8%; z = 2.21, p = .027) and on course pass rate (83.3% vs. 67.2%; z = 3.48, p < .001), and also exceeded the three-year historical baseline (39.7%; z = 3.08, p = .002), while the traditional group did not differ from that baseline. However, this overall effect was driven almost entirely by Fundamentals of Programming (z = 3.13, p = .002); in Basic Web Design, Vibe Coding did not outperform traditional instruction on the merit measure (z = -0.24, p = .811), with only a non-significant favourable trend on pass rate (z = 1.66, p = .097). Class-level variation was substantial, including one traditional section that improved by 40 percentage points without the intervention. Despite this course-level heterogeneity, over 85% of surveyed students reported greater engagement and confidence in debugging. The findings indicate that Vibe Coding can meaningfully improve programming outcomes, but its benefits are course-dependent and require further validation through randomized, multi-institutional studies.

The external ear is a defining feature of the face and sometimes has variations. This study was designed to obtain information about the dimensions, morphological, and aesthetic differences of the pinna amongst Nigerians who are students of the University of Abuja. For the photographic aspect of the study, 99 volunteers met the inclusion criteria. Results showed the following: for the lateral view, the detached lobule was 5.9% greater in females than in males, while the attached lobule was larger in males compared to females by 5.9%. An everted helix was not found in the entire population. For the posterior view, the lateral displacement of the pinna was greater in males compared to females by 17.2%. No hairy pinna was observed in the entire population. For the morphometric aspect of the study, 185 volunteers met the inclusion criteria. The mean total ear height and mean lobular height across the cohort were 5.72cm and 1.58cm, respectively, while the average lobular width measured 2.05cm. The average height of the pinna was 4.14cm. The mean total ear height was higher in males compared to females, while the mean values for lobular height and width were both slightly higher in females compared to males. The study establishes normative data for incidence in structural positioning of the ear pinna between male and female sexes, while making clear that hairy pinna and congenital abnormality of the ear are not common occurrences among Nigerians.

Circumcision, a commonly performed procedure in the neonatal period, is the surgical removal of the prepuce. The complications of male circumcision are common, but post circumcision penile shaft fibromas are rare and there is paucity of cases reported in literature worldwide. A 4-year-old boy presented with distal penile shaft swelling that encircled the penis along the circumcision scar that was noticed few months after circumcision. He had no history of trauma apart from the circumcision he had at the neonatal period and a clinical diagnosis of penile shaft fibroma was made. The swelling was excised under general anaesthesia and sent for histopathological confirmation. This case is reported to draw clinicians’ attention to this rare post circumcision complication.

This qualitative study examines how content strategies deployed on Instagram influence the engagement of Generation Z (born between 1997 and 2012) towards e-learning platforms. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 university students and 10 young Tunisian professionals, until data saturation was reached, and then manually analyzed according to the thematic analysis method of Braun and Clarke (2006), with independent double coding to ensure the reliability of the interpretation. Three main results emerge. First, advertising effectiveness on social networks follows a two-step mechanism: a passive awareness phase that builds awareness, followed by an active search phase that triggers conversion once the need for training has become conscious. Secondly, the mobile phone has become the central means of access to online learning platforms, which poses a strong requirement for technical simplicity. Finally, the authenticity of branded content and the opinions of other learners act as a signal of perceived risk reduction and weigh more heavily in the final decision than the advertising speech itself. These results make it possible to propose six concrete recommendations, accompanied by monitoring indicators, for e-learning organizations seeking to better reach this audience. The study also reminds us that Generation Z is not a homogeneous bloc: behaviors vary according to field of study and professional situation more than according to age, which calls for more differentiated messages than existing literature suggests.

Dens invaginatus is a developmental anomaly resulting from an infolding of enamel and dentin during odontogenesis, often leading to complex internal anatomy and early pulpal involvement. The presence of atypical apical morphology further complicates diagnosis and endodontic management. This case report describes the diagnosis and nonsurgical endodontic management of a rare variant of dens invaginatus in a maxillary anterior tooth, characterized by a single root exhibiting two different apical morphologies: one normally formed closed apex and an additional lateral open apex on the palate-distal aspect of the same root. The patient presented with severe anterior pain following recent trauma and was associated with a large periapical lesion. Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) played a decisive role in identifying the complex canal configuration and guiding treatment planning. A staged endodontic approach was adopted, including calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament, apical barrier formation using biodentine, and a hybrid obturation technique employing gutta-percha and thermoplasticized gutta-percha. Favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes were observed. This report emphasizes the importance of advanced imaging, careful canal negotiation, and customized obturation strategies in managing rare endodontic anomalies.

Background: Sterilization is a fundamental component of infection control in dental practice, ensuring the safety of both patients and healthcare professionals. However, conventional sterilization procedures are often associated with considerable energy consumption, water usage, and the generation of biomedical and plastic waste. In recent years, increasing attention has been directed toward environmentally sustainable healthcare practices, leading to the adoption of eco-friendly sterilization approaches in dental offices across the United States. Objective: This review aims to highlight current trends in eco-friendly sterilization practices in U.S. dental offices and discuss their potential benefits, challenges, and future implications for sustainable dental care. Discussion: Recent developments in sustainable sterilization include the use of energy-efficient autoclaves, reusable sterilization containers, environmentally safer disinfectants, digital sterilization monitoring systems, and resource-conserving strategies. These innovations seek to reduce the environmental footprint of dental practices while maintaining high standards of infection prevention and regulatory compliance. In addition to environmental benefits, eco-friendly sterilization measures may contribute to long-term cost savings, improved workplace safety, and enhanced patient perception of dental services. Nevertheless, widespread implementation remains influenced by several factors, including financial investment, limited awareness, staff training requirements, and concerns regarding the effectiveness and standardization of certain sustainable alternatives. Conclusion: Eco-friendly sterilization practices represent an important advancement toward sustainable dentistry. Continued technological innovation, professional education, and institutional support are essential to encourage broader adoption of environmentally responsible sterilization methods while preserving the effectiveness of infection control protocols in modern dental offices.

Background: Burnout has emerged as a critical occupational health crisis among healthcare professionals worldwide, with potentially severe consequences for patient safety, quality of care, and healthcare system sustainability. In Saudi Arabia, rapid healthcare expansion under Vision 2030 has created unprecedented workforce demands, yet the true burden of burnout across the healthcare workforce remains incompletely characterized. Objective: This systematic review aimed to synthesize the available evidence on the prevalence, causes, and risk factors of burnout among healthcare providers in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the Saudi Digital Library for studies published between 2023 and 2026. Studies were included if they employed quantitative or mixed-methods designs, assessed burnout using validated instruments, and focused on licensed healthcare professionals practicing in Saudi Arabia. Methodological quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist. Due to substantial heterogeneity, a narrative synthesis approach was adopted. Results: Twenty-four cross-sectional studies comprising diverse healthcare professional groups were included. Alarmingly high burnout prevalence rates were documented, ranging from 56% among postgraduate trainees to 86% among emergency physicians, with community pharmacists reporting 83.6% personal burnout and respiratory therapists demonstrating 98% depersonalization rates. Consistently identified risk factors included prolonged working hours (>36-40 hours/week), night shifts, younger age, female gender, workplace harassment (aOR 1.57), discrimination (aOR 1.60), sales pressure among pharmacists (β=0.312), anxiety (OR 5.784), and low self-efficacy (OR 6.625). Protective factors included resilience (β=0.73), emotional intelligence (r=-0.41 to -0.33), job satisfaction, and supportive work environments. Most studies were rated as moderate (n=12) or low (n=8) risk of bias, with four studies rated as high risk. Conclusion: Burnout represents a significant and potentially escalating public health crisis among Saudi Arabian healthcare providers, with prevalence rates substantially exceeding global averages. Urgent multilevel interventions addressing both individual resilience and organizational reform are essential to protect healthcare worker well-being, ensure patient safety, and achieve the healthcare transformation goals of Saudi Vision 2030.

Background: Many of the vivid colours found in fruits, vegetables, flowers, and even tea are caused by interesting natural substances called flavonoids. Because they appear to provide mild, protective effects that assist our systems in daily ways, these plant-made compounds have become a hot issue in research and health. Flavonoids shield plants from oxidative stress, illnesses, UV rays, and herbivores. E. neriifolia, or Euphorbia neriifolia. There are several ethnomedical applications for E. neriifolia. In addition to treating whooping cough, gonorrhea, leprosy, asthma, dyspepsia, jaundice, enlarged spleen, tumors, bladder stones, gastrointestinal issues, and leucoderma, the latex of E. neriifolia is used as a laxative, purgative, rubefacient, carminative, and expectorant. Brittle, hot, carminative, and useful for treating bronchial infections, tumors, aches, inflammations, and stomach swellings, leaves also improve appetite. The goal of the current study was to identify and isolate the unique flavonoid found in Euphorbia neriifolia leaves. Methodology: Extracts showing presence of flavonoids will be subjected to column chromatography for further separation of individual compounds. Further characterization of isolated compound was carried out by chromatographic and spectral analysis. Result: Based on current finding the compound C1 was identified as quercetin, a flavanol compound containing phenolic hydroxyl group and conjugated aromatic rings. Conclusion: The present study successfully isolated and characterized flavonoid compounds from Euphorbia neriifolia using chromatographic and spectral techniques.

Artificial intelligence is reshaping chemical research by linking high-dimensional analytical signals with molecular, biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical information. This review synthesizes literature from 2018–2026 on chemometrics, machine learning, deep learning, graph neural networks, transformers, foundation models, multimodal learning, and generative systems. It examines data obtained from spectroscopy, chromatography, mass spectrometry, electrochemical sensors, hyperspectral imaging, process monitoring, molecular descriptors, fingerprints, SMILES, graphs, three-dimensional structures, proteins, and omics. Environmental applications include contaminant detection and quantification, suspect and non-target screening, source attribution, fate and transport prediction, ecotoxicity assessment, wastewater-treatment evaluation, and ecological-risk prioritization. Pharmaceutical applications encompass raw-material authentication, quality control, impurity profiling, formulation and drug-delivery optimization, continuous manufacturing, real-time release testing, virtual screening, molecular design, and ADMET prediction. Across both domains, AI improves nonlinear pattern recognition, structure–signal translation, candidate ranking, and multi-objective optimization; however, sophisticated models do not consistently outperform well-designed chemometric approaches, particularly with small or biased datasets. Major barriers include class imbalance, limited chemical diversity, data leakage, instrument variability, missing metadata, weak external validation, poor uncertainty calibration, limited interpretability, and regulatory concerns. Future progress requires FAIR multimodal datasets, independent validation, applicability-domain analysis, explainable and uncertainty-aware models, digital twins, federated learning, autonomous laboratories, human oversight, and sustainable computing for trustworthy scientific deployment.