Introduction: Bone tumours remain a diagnostic challenge to orthopedic surgeons and pathologists. This leads more concern in developing countries due to limited diagnostic and therapeutic facilities. We analyzed entire spectrum of bone lesions, their demographs like age, sex, anatomical site of occurrence, their relative frequency and histological features in a tertiary care hospital of India. Aim: To study spectrum of various bone lesions and their relative frequency at a tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India. Materials and Methods: This is retrospective hospital based cross sectional study of 103 cases of bone lesions diagnosed on histopathological examination at department of pathology, tertiary care hospital, Ahmedabad, Gujarat over a period of one year. All data were retrieved from clinical case notes of patients. The data was entered in Microsoft excel sheet and analyzed using frequency distribution and percentages. Results: Out of the 103 cases of bone lesions, age ranged from 5 to 71 years with male to female ratio of 1:1. Nonneoplastic lesions were 62.2% with osteomyelitis as the most common pathology accounting 36%. There were 39(37.8%) neoplastic lesions with 59% benign tumours and 41% were malignant tumours. Osteoclastoma (07/23) 30.4% and osteogenic sarcoma (06/16) 37.5% were most common benign and malignant bone tumours detected respectively. Lower end of Femur (19.4%) followed by upper end of tibia (13.5%) were common presenting sites for bone lesions. Conclusion: Bone lesions were common at both extremes of age with no specific sex predilection. Primary bone tumours were mainly benign, occurred predominantly in second decade of life with male predilection. Femur and tibia were common involved sites. Chronic osteomyelitis was the commonest nonneoplastic lesion, while osteoclastoma and osteosarcoma were most common benign and primary malignant bone tumours respectively.

The aims of the research are to analyze the effect of Profitability, Cost Efficiency and Assets Growth on Fund Adequacy Ratio of the Employer Pension Fund with Defined Benefit Pension Program. This research is quantitative research the causal approach uses secondary data and panel data regression analysis method. The research results prove that Return on Investment (ROI), Return on Assets (ROA) and Assets Growth have significant effect on the Fund Adequay Ratio of The Employer Pension Fund of Defined Benefit Program, but have not been able to prove that Cost Efficiency influences on the Fund Adequacy Ratio of The Employer Pension Fund of Defined Benefit Pension Program.

Background: Alteration in the hormone status either due to primary intrinsic ovarian abnormalities or secondary disturbances in the hypothalamo - Pituitary - ovarian axis results in AUB. The etiology of AUB is often related to anovulatory disturbances and ovulatory disturbances. However, there is a need to evaluate the endometrial changes specific for ovulatory and anovulatory causes of AUB at the histological level. This study was carried out to evaluate the histomorphological pattern of endometrium in Abnormal Uterine Bleeding. Methods: This cross sectional study was carried out among 100 women who were diagnosed with AUB in our tertiary care hospital between 2012 and 2014. Endometrial biopsy sample was taken on the third week of menstrual cycle. The samples received were carefully examined for the presence of mucus & large blood clots, and, if found were removed. One slide stained with conventional Haematoxylin & Eosin, second slide with Per iodic acid Schiff method and third slide was stained with Gomeri's method for reticulin stain. Results: A total of 100 cases were analyzed in this study and majority of the cases consisted of anovulatory disturbances (62%) followed by ovulatory disturbances (34%). While majority of the anovulatory cases were irregular proliferation (27%), majority of the ovulatory cases were deficient secretory state with co-ordinated delay (11%). Conclusion: In the modern era of minimally invasive surgical and diagnostic procedures, there is a growing need for the histopathologist to develop acumen for diagnosis of AUB. This study has extensively highlighted the variations in the endometrial presentation for an in depth analysis of AUB.

Blood transfusion saves so many lives but there is an imbalance between the supply and demand of blood. The WHO policy is to achieve 100% non renumerated voluntary blood donation practice in 2020¹. It can be improved and achieved by analysing the knowledge, attitude and practice towards blood donation among routine blood donors, paramedical students, medical students and common people in Sivagangai district

Background: Traumatic brain injury is defined as an alteration in brain function caused by an external force; it is responsible for high mortality around the world. Hyperglycemia aggravates underlying brain damage and influences both morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Aim: The aim of our study is to examine the relationship between blood glucose and outcome after traumatic brain injury in Sudanese Patients. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted at the National Center for Neurological Sciences from October 2015 to October 2018; blood specimens were obtained from 210 TBI patients and processed for plasma glucose measurement. Results: Two hundred and ten patients with TBI were enrolled in the study, 91.0% were males and 9.0% were females. The most affected age group ranged between 19-34 years in 75 patients. The present study revealed that normoglycemia (Glucose level 70-180 mg/dl) was detected in 79.0%of patients, while dysglycemia was detected in 21% of patients. Moreover, in this study, regarding the outcome and blood glucose, among dysglycemic patients (44), 61.1% of the hypoglycemic patients were found with mild disability according to GOS classification, while 66.6% of the hyperglycemic patients died. Conclusion: This study demonstrated a significant difference in blood glucose levels among patients with TBI.

Clavicle fractures were considered non-troubling entity in the past. Majority of mid-shaft fractures used to be treated conservatively and many studies reported relatively good results. However, more recent studies have reported poor results following conservative treatment regarding non-union, disabilities and cosmetic reasons. The results of operative treatment improved considerably with the introduction of better implants and awareness regarding disability. The aim of this study was to compare the results of closed versus operative treatment. Methods: Total of 80 patients with displaced midshaft clavicle fractures in two groups of 40 each in conservative and operative groups were compared. Mean age was 30 years range from 18 years to 60 years. All patients in the conservative group were treated using a figure of eight bandages with an arm sling, and in the operative group, curved locking plate was used. All patients were evaluated clinically and radiologically at three weeks, six weeks and after three months of treatment respectively. All patients were followed up for 3 months following the treatment. The outcome was rated using DASH score and Constant Moor scores. Results: The mean fracture union time was significantly lower in the operative group (14.4 weeks) as compared to the conservative group (24.2 weeks). The difference is statistically significant (p<0.05). DASH score and Constant Moore score were significantly better in the operative group. They were 94.2 and 96.4 in operative and 78.2 and 84.4 in conservative group respectively. Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study it can be concluded that by the operative treatment, fractures of clavicle have improved outcomes in terms of short union time, anatomical restoration of shape and length, early mobilization and fast rehabilitation as compared to conservative treatment in our follow up. Primary fixation of fracture clavicle is of immense importance while treating young, active and persons involved in sports.

Background: Hepatitis E is an important public-health concern as a major cause of enterically transmitted hepatitis worldwide, spread primarily by faecal contaminated drinking water and is responsible for over 50% of cases of acute viral hepatitis in endemic countries. Aims & Objectives: To determine incidence of hepatitis E in jaundice patients admitted to the Tertiary care hospital, Jamnagar. 1) To assess Prevalence of Hepatitis E in various Socio-economic strata. 2) To determine various age and sex specific prevalence of Hepatitis E. Material & Methods: Total 377 blood samples of patient suspected of acute viral hepatitis were collected and tested for anti HEV IgM antibody by ELISA method (RecombiLISA). Observation and Result: Out of 377 patients, 48 patients (12.8%) showed anti HEV IgM antibodies. The anti HEV IgM antibodies were more in the 14-40 years (87.5%). Hepatitis E virus IgM antibodies positivity rate was more common in Males compare to females. Conclusion: HEV infection is maximum in young adults (14-40 years) than in pediatric and old age groups. Males (79%) are more seen to be infected with HEV than females (21%). In this present study there is no evidence of HEV in children's. Prevalence of HEV cases is mostly found in area of contamination of water.

Patients with a severe inflammatory bowel disease or who have corticodependance should be treated by thiopurine drugs, azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine. Although the drugs are usually well tolerated, adverse reactions can occur like bone marrow suppression which is dose-dependent and a delayed side effect requiring regular complete blood count monitoring. We describe a patient with ulcerative colitis who developed azathioprine-induced pancytopenia

Wilms’ tumor being the most common malignant renal tumor in children with long term survival rates, proper staging and assessment of invasion is important. Our study is a retrospective study of 60 children diagnosed to have wilms’ tumor. out of 60 cases, 25 cases were stage II accounting for 41.7%, 36.7% were stage III, 11.7% were stage I and 10% were stage IV (NWTS staging). 45% of cases were found to have capsular / vascular invasion which is the most common route of spread of wilms’ tumor; the next being parenchymal invasion with 23%, followed by hilar/renal sinus invasion – 20 %

Coronary artery diseases manifest in different forms. The pathophysiology of coronary artery diseases are complex in origin and mechanism. There are several factors involved and are contributing together for the atherosclerotic event and its complications. The plaque formation and plaque rupture are the two crucial events which may lead to acute myocardial infarction, one of the manifestations of coronary artery diseases. The matrix are involved from the very beginning of the formation of plaque via collagen formation and deposition of lipid particles in the plaque by transforming the smooth muscle cells. An equally crucial event is the plaque rupture, which occurs by the action of matrix degrading metalloproteinases on fibrous plaque leading to extracellular matrix changes subjected to thrombus formation and subsequently to infarction

Background: Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative neoplasm that originates in an abnormal pluripotent bone marrow stem cell and is constantly associated with BCR-ABL fusion gene. The present study was undertaken to obtain the clinical and hematological profile in adult CML patient. An attempt had been made to evaluate as well as compare the response of patients to the drugs - Hydroxyurea and Imatinib Mesylate. The earlier is an S phase acting agent and acts by inhibiting DNA synthesis while the latter is a potent and selective tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Methods: This was a prospective study done between January 2000 to march 2011 in department of pathology and medicine at Banaras Hindu University. A total 50 patients were studied. Exclusion criteria- pregnant ladies and children below 16 years were not included in the study. Patients on hydroxyurea were given 1000mg/day in chronic phases while those in accelerated phase and blast crisis received 30000 mg daily. The patients in imatinib mesylate group in chronic phase received single dose of 400-mg daily, while those in accelerated phase and blast crisis received 600 to 800 mg daily. Complete blood counts were monitored weekly for the first month, fortnightly thereafter till patient achieved hematological remission and then monthly. Interchange of patients among the groups was allowed. The diagnosis was based on general blood picture and bone marrow aspiration was ever needed. The standard criteria for the diagnoses of chronic phase, accelerated phase and blast crisis were used. Results: Chronic myeloid leukemia was commoner in males (male to female ratio was 1.4. Both the drugs were not age and gender sensitive. There was no significant difference in Imatinib and hydroxyurea group in mean post treatment TLC, mean post-treatment PLT, mean post-treatment HB, and mean post treatment spleen levels of patient according to the criteria of phases of disease though side effects were significantly lower with imatinib. Imatinib mesylate, a selective inhibitor of the protein tyrosine kinase has shown promising results in chronic myeloid leukaemia in all phases. Its efficacy, specificity and the safety profile makes it a better choice for the first line therapy in CML.

This complete enumeration, cross-sectional, descriptive study was conducted in a slum area of Kalwa, in Thane city, Maharashtra state, India. Anthropometric measurements were carried out on 326 pre-school children (girls: n=146; 44.78% and boys: n=180; 55.22%) aged between 3 and 5 years, so that interventional measures could be initiated. Amongst the study participants, the gender differences in weight-for-height, body mass index and mid upper arm circumference was not statistically significant. When compared with Child Growth Standards of the Indian Association of Paediatrics, both the body mass index and mid upper arm circumference were significantly lower in both sexes, across the three age groups. The present study revealed the ubiquitous existence of under-nutrition without significant gender-related bias among pre-school children. Since under-nutrition in childhood is related to slower cognitive development and substantial deleterious health effects later in life, it is necessary to undertake a multi-pronged approach comprising maternal nutrition education, promotion of infant and young child feeding practices and nutritional supplementation programmes

Diabetic foot infection is one of the most common complications of Diabetes and it is a major public health problem that leads to amputation if not treated. Moreover screening of the ulcers for microbial growth and antibiotic susceptibility will enable to initiate the appropriate antibiotic therapy. The present study was carried out to identify the profile bacterial pathogens from the diabetic foot ulcers and also to determine it’s antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Ninety four patients with diabetic foot ulcer attending Surgery outpatient department were included; demographic and clinical examinations was done by the surgeons and the ulcers were assessed as per the Wagner classification of ulcers. Wound swabs and pus were collected from the diabetic foot infections and were processed using standard Microbiological techniques. The results revealed Pseudomonas aeruginosa predominated followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli among negative groups whereas Staphylococcus aureus dominated [two strains were Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)], followed by Enterococcus spp and Streptococcus among Gram positive. The Gram positive bacteria showed resistance to cephalosporins, aminoglycosides and other first line drugs. ESBL production was observed maximum in Klebsiella spp followed by Proteus spp and Escherichia coli. Metallo β lactamases production for Pseudomonas spp was found to be positive among 12 isolates. Hence by performing culture and sensitivity of diabetic foot ulcers will enable the antibiotic sensitivity pattern which will be helpful in determining the drugs for the empirical treatment thereby preventing indiscriminate use of broad spectrum antibiotics.

This study analyses the profile of blood donor such as their age, sex, educational status and socio-economic status, their willingness for repeat blood donation. The blood donors who came to donate blood at blood bank, Govt. Sivagangai Medical College in the year 2018 were the sample population of the study. This analysis will help in implementation of steps to convert voluntary blood donor to routine repeat blood donors which will reduce the scarcity of blood

The paper investigates the effect of female entrepreneurship on poverty in Cameroon. The two stage least squares estimation technique was used to estimate the parameters of both the female and poverty models for the period 1985 to 2016. Findings from data analysis revealed that female unemployment and domestic credit to private sector are key determinants to female entrepreneurship in Cameroon. Also female entrepreneurship was seen as a key factor in reducing poverty at a national level in Cameroon. From a policy perspective, an important conclusion is that for Cameroon to achieve the medium term objectives of poverty reduc tion as stated in the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) and eventually to attain the long term vision of emergence by 2035, female entrepreneurship needs to be given more consideration in government’s economic policy.