Background: Histoid leprosy (HL) cases are a reservoir of disease as it is a rare variant of lepromatous leprosy lead to further spread of leprosy. Therefore, early diagnosis and management of these cases needed to edadicate leprosy. The main objective of our present case series is to show different clinical features, histology findings and bacteriological findings in patients who attended tertiary care hospital outpatient department over last 6 years. Methods: It is a retrospective 6 year study (January 2014-January 2019). Particular of patients were obtained and clinical findings are noted in histoid leprosy patients in Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan (India). Results: In this study, there were 7 cases of HL. All cases were males in the age group ranging from 30 to 65 years with shorter duration of illness. 3 patients (42.80%) were de novo cases of HL. Nodule (71.5%) were the commonest skin lesions while arm (78%) were the most common sites involved.Earlobe infiltration was seen in 2 cases (28.5%). Lepra reactions were seen in one (14.2%) cases. No Deformity/disability were noted. Most common nerve involved was ulnar nerve. The bacteriological index (B.I) of Histoid leprosy, +3/ +4 were mainly seen in borderline leprosy (BB, BL), B.I +1/ +2 mainly in borderline tuberculoid (BT) leprosy. Conclusion: In this study majority of cases were de novo three out of seven.It also develop in patient who took inadequate or irregular treatment. So, early detection of Histoid Hansen is needed for awareness and to eradicate leprosy

Introduction: Biofilm are surface associated bacterial communities surrounded by a matrix of exo-polymers and are responsible for development of clinical infections.Urinary tract infections are considered to be one of the most common bacterial infections.Uropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli account for 70-95% of the UTIs. The bacteria enclosed within the biofilm are extremely resistant to treatment. Objective: To study Biofilm formation of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli by Tube method and Tissue Culture Plate method. Material and Methods: The study was carried out at Department of Microbiology, MGM Medical College, Kamothe, Navi Mumbai from October 2015 – September 2016. Total 200 urine samples were processed. Out of 200 samples, 100 isolates of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli were included in this study. They were identified by standard microbiological procedures. These isolates were subjected to biofilm production by Tube method and Tissue culture plate method. Results: Out of 102 Uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates 40.19% were biofilm producers by Tube Method and 47.05% by Tissue culture Plate Method. Conclusion: Tube Method correlated well with Tissue Culture Plate method for strong biofilm detection in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli.

Introduction: Always chronic kidney disease has been bound to diabetes mellitus, especially type2. Inflammatory biomarkers, such as CRP, IL6, cystatin C and TNF-alpha) are usually play role in the development and increase risk of type 2 diabetes T2DM, as well as chronic kidney disease, so this study aimed to evaluate renal function tests and inflammatory biomarkers among T2DM and compare evaluated parameters with data of healthy individuals. Methods: Two hundred (200) subjects were enrolled in this study, 100 of them were patients with T2DM set as case group, , age ranged 33 and 55 years, and the other 100 were healthy individuals were set as control group. Blood samples were collected from both groups in order to assess renal function tests urea, creatinine by means of spectrophotometer based method, while Sodium and Potassium by easylyte device instrument and inflammatory biomarkers CRP, IL6, cystatin C and TNF-alpha by ELISA technique. Results: Inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, CRP, Cystatin C and TNF-alpha) levels in diabetic subjects were significantly higher than control group. We also found that serum creatinine and urea were higher in type 2 diabetes patients than normal subjects (p=0.001). Pearson’s correlation of serum creatinine and urea with inflammatory biomarkers brought different positive correlation with all parameters. Conclusion: Elevated levels of inflammatory biomarkers (IL-6, CRP, Cystatin C and TNF-alpha) are positively associated with renal function tests serum creatinine and urea and increased risk of type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: ‘Viral Hepatitis’ denotes a primary infection of liver by heterogeneous group of Hepatitis virus. They are clinically indistinguishable, leading to morbidity and mortality. Mainly diagnosed by serological and molecular markers. Hepatitis A and Hepatitis E viruses are transmitted by faeco-oral route and cause sporadic as well as outbreaks of acute viral hepatitis. Objectives: Prevalence of HAV and HEV in patients of acute viral hepatitis along with their co-existence and correlate it with seasonal trend. Materials & Methods: Study was conducted in our institute from January to December, 2018. 275 samples were tested for HAV and HEV infection of clinically suspected cases. Samples were analyzed for anti HEV IgM and anti HAV IgM antibody by ELISA method. Results: Out of 275 samples, 66 were positive for anti HAV IgM indicating prevalence rate of 24%, majority patients were in pediatric age group of 0-14 yrs. In case of HEV, 71 samples were positive with prevalence rate of 25.8%, majority patients were in age group 15-45 yrs. Infection rate was higher in males. Co infection rate was 1.09%. Seasonal trend shows maximum positive cases in summer and monsoon. Conclusion: HAV and HEV infection should be considered as an etiology of acute infectious viral hepatitis. It is suggested that health care facilities should make an effort to increase the awareness among general public for personal hygiene and cleanliness, thus reduce morbidity, mortality and economic burden.

The glucose tolerance signifies the ability of the body to dispose off an additional load of glucose given. This test is useful in distinguishing a person with a normal glucose tolerance from people who have increased tolerance in disease conditions. Aim of the study to study on glucose tolerance test. Approximately 40% of subjects who will develop type 2 diabetes are within the NGT range at OGTT, indicating that there is a large number of NGT subjects who constitute the larger reservoir of future type 2 diabetes. OGTT detects diabetes more efficiently than FPG as it recognizes altered post-prandial metabolism.

Dengue fever is the most common Arboviral disease in India. Dengue is endemic in almost all states and leading cause of hospitalization in India. An overview on Dengue burden, prevalence, Geographical distribution and seasonal trends at a particular area is necessary for administration of appropriate preventive and control measures. The present study was aimed to assess the prevalence of dengue infection among the patients suffering from acute febrile illness at GGH Mahabubnagar. A total number of 3076 clinically suspected cases of dengue were included in the study. Serum samples from these patients were collected and were subjected either dengue IgM or NS1 ELISA based on the duration of fever. Out of 3076 cases 206 were positive for dengue serology, out of them 112 were positive by NS1 ELISA and 94 were positive by IgM ELISA. In the present study commonly effected age group is 0-20yrs and showing male preponderance. Dengue infection is common in post monsoon season from September to November months. These epidemiological details in the particular region will help in proper planning of resources in disease prevention and control.

Objective: This retrograde study was designed to compare between POCT glucometer and Laboratory reference method for glucose measurement in neonates especially in Neonatal Jaundice. The main objective of the study was to find the acceptability of POCT Glucometer against laboratory reference method. Material and Methods: 200 samples data were collected from the laboratory of neonatal jaundice. The samples neonatal jaundice with total Bilirubin >2mg/dL was considered for analysis., Glucose dehydrogenase method(Glucometer) and GOD-POD method (Reference Laboratory method) was used to measure glucose measurement in samples that were obtained. Results: Glucometer accuracy was evaluated using linear regression, Passing-Bablock regression, Bland-Altman analysis. There was no significant difference. Clarke Error Grid analysis, >98% results were in zone A. The Mean bias of Glucometer was 1.9%; with P <0.05. Conclusion: POCT Glucometer (Glucose dehydrogenase method) measurement performance was acceptable in hypoglycemic range especially in Neonatal Jaundice.

This is a prospective laboratory-based study, conducted at Rahma medical centre, Khartoum, during the period from March to July 2018. The study aims to evaluate the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin as prognostic markers for epithelial- mesenchymal transition and tumour aggressiveness in breast cancer. Fifty six paraffin blocks are collected from archive for women previously diagnosed as breast cancer. Tissue microarrays are prepared, and then stained by immunohistochemistry method. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS program version 22.0. The age of patients ranged between 30 to 80 years with a mean of 51.1. The histopathological diagnosis reveals that the invasive ductal carcinoma is 71.4%, while medullary carcinoma and mucinous carcinoma are 25% and 3.6% respectively. The result of histological grade shows, grade I is 10.7%, grade II is 35.7% and 53.6% for grade III. The study shows E-cadherin expression is negative in 12.5%, weakly expressed in 32.1%, moderately expressed in 48.2% and strongly expressed in 7.1%. The study reveals a significant correlation between E- cadherin expression with ages and histological grades (p.value= 0.028 – 0.027) respectively. Vimentin expression is negative in 1.8%, weakly expressed in 51.8%, moderately expressed in 46.4%. This results show a significant correlation between Vimentin expression with ages and histological types (p.value= 0.016 – 0.004) respectively. The study reveals an inverse correlation between E-cadherin and Vimentin (r = -0.389) with a significant correlation (p.value= 0.002). The study concludes that, decreased expression of E-cadherin and increased expression of Vimentin are associated with epithelial- mesenchymal transition and breast carcinoma aggressiveness.

The present article deals with the syntactic position of the topic markers in Mandarin Chinese. One of the characteristics of the topic structures in Mandarin Chinese is that there is a topic marker attached to the topic. The topic markers don’t carry meaning in the structure but only serve as the functional markers in syntax. Therefore it may be argued that these topic markers are not heads of the topic structures but rather modality particles attached to the head of the topic.

The Micronuclei frequency in tobacco chewers seem to increase steadily as the genotoxic damage increases and progresses from premalignant to malignant oral lesions. This can be easily evaluated in exfoliated oral epithelial cells and helps in assessing the severity. This study was taken up with the objective to assess the frequency of micronuclei (MN) in buccal smear of tobacco chewers with healthy mucosa, premalignant and malignant oral lesions and compare all these cases with that of healthy individuals. The study subjects were divided into four groups each consisting of 20 individuals. The groups were cases with healthy oral mucosa, second group with premalignant oral lesions, third with malignant oral lesions in tobacco chewers and last group with normal controls. The exfoliative cytological smears were stained with Papanicolaou stain. The micronuclei frequency was identified using Tolbert’s criteria. The micronuclei were found to increase in frequency in cases as compared with controls. There was a significant increase from apparently healthy tobacco chewers to premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Hence, micronuclei can be used as a screening tool in tobacco chewers to assess the potentiality of carcinoma and thus a useful diagnostic as well as prognostic indicator.

Grab is a ride-hailing platform that offers booking service for taxis, private cars, and motorbikes in South East Asia, including Indonesia. In Indonesia, Grab was ranked second largest, after Go-Jek. Both of them experience very tight company competition, both in offering affordable prices and offering the latest services and features. This study aims to examine and analyze the influence of service quality (reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, tangibles) and price on customer satisfaction of online transportation Grab. The research was designed by using a conclusive experiment, in causal research type, using quantitative and survey methods. The data was taken by providing a questionnaire to 406 respondents using a non-probability sampling method which is an accidental sampling and judgmental sampling method. Analysis method used in the research is Multiple Regression Linear. The result shows that the variable such as reliability, responsiveness, empathy, tangibles significantly gave impact to customer satisfaction. In other hands, assurance did not significantly give impact. The future research in the same topic can use probability sampling method, especially stratified random sampling so that all the consumer population characteristics of Grab which are heterogeneous from various cities will be covered.

The study examined the impact of the external sector aggregates on economic growth in Nigeria for the period 1980- 2016. The external sector aggregates used were external debt, exchange rate and export. A combination of correlation analysis and Error correction mechanism was employed in this study. Pre-estimation tests showed no evidence of multicollinearity and all the variables were integrated of order one, I (1). Johansens cointegration test showed four cointegrating equations indicating the existence a long-run relationship which provides a reason for error correction modeling. The error correction results showed that EXR had a negative and significant impact on economic growth while external debt (EXD) and export (EPP) had positive and significant impact on GDP, respectively. The ECM term had the hypothesized negative sign and was statistically significant at 5% level. Economic growth adjusts to long-run at the speed of 29.98% per annum. There was no serial correlation problem. Results are therefore appropriatre for policy analysis. The study concluded that external sector aggregates have significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria but the impact could be positive or negative depending on the variable of interest. Among other things the study recommended that there should be promotion of the country’s export trade and stimulation of domestic production.

Prevalence of malaria parasiteamia among pregnant women (age range 20-50years) that attended mile four maternity hospital and Federal Teaching Hospital Abakiliki was analysed using standard laboratory procedure. The subjects were grouped based on age bracket, place of residence (rural, urban, and semi), occupation and prophylactic antimalaria drugs used. Thick film and giemsa staning was used for the malaria parasite identification and malaria parasite density calculation. Out of the 98 antenatal pregnant women blood sample analysed, 22(22%) of the blood film was positive for malaria parasite. Highest prevalence was seen in age group20-25years of age range 5(5.1%) followed by26-30yearsof age range 9(9.2%)and 31-40years of age range 5(5.1%). with the least prevalence in 41-50years of age range 3(3.1%).At 95% confidence interval. X: cal 1.48 < X2tab7.815. P= 0.6869. By conventional criteria, the difference is considered not to be statistically significant. Parasite densitycount was done in all positive samples, which is compared and categorized according to settlement ranged from 01 to 400 parasite/ul. The highest parasite density was recorded among rural dwellers 3(01-100) parasite/ul. 2(101-200) parasite/ul 3(201-300) parasite/ul, 2(301-400) parasite/ul. this is followed by urban dwellers 1(01-100) parasite/ul. 1(101-200) parasite/ul 4(201-300) parasite/ul. 1(301-400) parasite/ul, with least occurrence among semi urban dwellers 1(01-100) parasite/ul, 2(101-200) parasite/ul and 3(301-400) parasite/ul respectively. Prevalence of malaria parasite based on socio demographic profiles, analysis of occupational based prevalence showed highest prevalence among farmers 7(30.4%). followed by unskilled labourer 8(25.8%). then civil servants 4(23.5%) with least occurrence among skilled labourers. Malaria parasite prevalence based on settlement indicated highest occurrence among rural dwellers 11(27.5%), followed by urban dwellers 5(20.8%) with least occurrence among semi urban dwellers 6(17.6%). Analysis of prophylaxis based parameter indicated a prevalence of 14(25.0%) (Those who are not on prophylaxis) compared to a prevalence of 6(19.0%) among those not on prophylaxis

Introduction: Carcinoma cervix is the most common preventable cancer in women. Every year 122,844 women are diagnosed with cervical cancer in India, and 67,477 cases die from the disease. Secondary prevention includes screening for precancerous lesions and treating them. The Papanicolaou (Pap) smear has become the standard screening test for cervical cancer and premalignant lesions globally. Material and method: In our prospective study, the results of Pap smears obtained from 680 women were analyzed, which had been examined in between March 2013 and October 2018. The pregnancy, known and treated case of cancer cervix, woman who used local douche or antiseptic cream and woman with history of Pap smear testing was excluded from the study. The patient was placed in lithotomy position. A Cusco's bivalve speculum was introduced through the vagina. The cervix was visualized. The longer projection of the Ayre's spatula was placed in the cervix near squamocolumnar junction and rotated through 360°. An average of two smears was collected for each case. The examination results were reported according to the Bethesda III Classification System (2001). Result: Cytological examination was done in all the 680 women, 100 (14.7%) smears were reported as negative for intraepithelial lesions or malignancy (NILM), 428 (62.9%) were reported as inflammatory smear, 8 (1.1%) were reported as Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), 8 (1.1%) were reported as High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), atypical finding in 68 (10%) bacterial vaginosis in 32(4.7%) and candidiasis in 8(1.1%). Conclusion: Pap smear testing is very safe, easy to perform, non-invasive and effective test for detecting premalignant lesions of carcinoma cervix. Thus, it helps to decrease morbidity and mortality from carcinoma cervix by treating it at early stage.

Background: The coexistence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and thyroid disease (TD) is a well-known entity. The aim of our study is to report our experience, to evaluate the prevalence of this association with review of the literature. Methods: We retrospectively examined the operative database over the past 03 years. We looked for patients who underwent parathyroid surgery. All patients underwent preoperative neck US and Tc99m sestamibi scintigraphy and /or CT scan or MRI. Results: Among the 43 patients who underwent a parathyroidectomy. Preoperative thyroid US revealed that 62, 79 % of patients with PHPT had thyroid abnormalities. 58, 14 % patients underwent parathyroidectomy, whereas 41, 86 % patients underwent both parathyroidectomy and thyroidectomy. Postoperative histopathology results showed that 62.96% of patients had benign thyroid disease and 3.70 % of patients had malignant thyroid disease. Conclusion: In our study, we found a high prevalence of concomitant thyroid disease and PHP T. however, one patient had a micro papillary carcinoma and that emphasize the importance of careful judgment to avoid over-treatment