The head and neck area is the most complex area of the human body, with its most physical connections to the outside environment. So it plays host to a variety of infections. Sinonasal tract fungal infections are not uncommon and the surgical pathologist is concerned with establishing a correct etiological diagnosis because many of the infectious fungal masses are confused with neoplasms both clinically and radiologically. So this study was aimed to identify the histomorphological type of fungal infections in the sinonasal tract and their prevalence according to various clinical parameters. This was a retrospective study carried out in the Department of Pathology, Karpaga Vinayaga Institute of Medical Sciences for a period of 3 years (Feb 2016 to Feb 2019) and all the Sinonasal tract lesions morphologically diagnosed to have fungal infections were included in this study. During the study period, Out of 11,301 total histopathology specimens received, 40 cases were diagnosed with sinonasal fungal infections (0.35%). Of these, 77.5% were males, 22.5% were females with male preponderance. The most common type of fungal infection was Aspergillosis (14 cases), followed by Mucormycosis (11cases). The most common site of infection in the sinonasal tract was Maxillary sinus. In this study, we attempted to determine the etiological diagnosis of sinonasal fungal infections and the Histopathological examination can render efficient identification of infectious fungal organisms and remains the only feasible and rapid means to identify fungal organisms for starting appropriate therapy for patients.

Background: Dermatoglyphics is referred to as study of the friction ridge formation that appears on the palms of the hands and soles of the feet. There have been works done by different researchers on dermatoglyphics in the field of medicine which has helped in the detection of diseases like breast cancer, anemia. Objective: This study was aimed at determining the Palmar Ridge Counts of the Igbos’ and Okirikas’ in Southern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: The study was non-experimental and analytical. Two hundred subjects selected by simple random sampling. One-way Anova was done using SPSS twenty version. Results and Discussion: The Igbo males with AB ridge count 38.3±4.9156 on the left hand while 37.3± 5.5698 for Okrika males. The Igbo males had BC ridge count 27.4± 5.3560 on the left hand while Okrika males had BC ridge count of 25.0±6.0527. The Igbo males had CD ridge count of 36.0 ±9.1109 on the right hand while Okrika males had CD ridge count of 33.5± 7.3289. Test of significance showed significant difference between the Right CD, Left AB and Left BC Ridge count of Igbo and Okrika subjects (P<0.05). Conclusion: The study has shown the palmar ridge counts of the Igbos and Okrikas. It also showed traces of sexual dimorphism in both populations and explicitly revealed that both populations have nothing to show common ancestry, the similarity seen may have occurred by chance which further implies that both populations could be regarded distinct and unrelated entities

Hepatitis B infection is caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), an enveloped DNA virus belonging to family Hepadnaviridae that infects the liver and causes hepatocellular necrosis and inflammation which are serious public health problem worldwide. The Present study was conducted in the department of microbiology on 456 female patients. The serums were obtained by centrifugation & test was done. The Hepatitis B surface Ag was detected by using HEPACARDS kit. In our current study on 456 female patients were screened for HBsAg and we found that 5.3% female patients were reactive with HBsAg in serum and 94.7% were Non reactive with HBsAg out of 456 female patients. Higher prevalence of HBsAg was reported in most sexually active age group.i.e.21-40 years (57.5%) and least in age group 81-100 (0.4%). In the light of current study, it can be concluded that the Hepatitis B contributes significantly to chronic liver diseases in India and being transmitted through parenteral, sexual or perinatal mode. The study revealed high prevalence rate of HBV among female patients (5.3%).

Job satisfaction is among the most expansively explored subjects in the organizational behavior and human resource management domains. Hence, in healthcare context, satisfied doctors are likely to demonstrate greater productivity and commitment towards their job. Similarly, committed doctors denotes low turnover. However, globalization of health sector has motivated many doctors to migrate for better opportunities, better career growth and greater job satisfaction. The recent years have seen the rapid growth of this people-centric health care sector. For the achievement of effective delivery of health services and doctor retention, job satisfaction among hospital doctors needs to be assured. Therefore, this paper attempts to ascertain the gaps and search the diverse factors impacting job satisfaction. Hence, the previous studies concerning job satisfaction among hospital doctors are reviewed. From the past works, positively correlation was found between monetary benefits, work conditions, recognition, autonomy, achievement, and growth and development opportunities, and job satisfaction

Background: The presence of a mass in head, neck and face region often pose a challenging diagnostic problem to the clinician who is confronted with a maze of possibilities. The routine work up comprises of clinical history, clinical examination and other diagnostic aids like radiology which often fail to resolve the vexing problem regarding the nature of the mass. An early recognition and categorization of lesions is essential for treatment. Aim of the Study: To assess the utility of FNAC as an initial diagnostic modality in patients with swellings in the head, neck and face region. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of General Pathology of D.Y. Patil Medical College. The ethical clearance for study protocol was obtained from ethical committee of the institution. The present study emphasizes on the diagnostic utility of the fine needle aspiration of head, neck and face swellings. This study is undertaken from February 2015- June 2016. All the patients referred to the department of pathology for FNAC of swellings in the region of head, neck and face, were analysed. A total number of 484 FNAC cases are analysed in this study.

The primary function of a temporary filling material is to prevent the contamination of the root canal system by fluids, organic debris, and bacteria from the oral cavity in multiple-appointment root canal treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sealing ability of a new temporary filling material Orafil LC compared with Cavit G and IRM using a dye penetration test. Standard endodontic access cavities were prepared in 24 human premolars. The teeth were divided into three groups (n = 8 for each group). Samples are de-coronated at the level of CEJ, 4mm of obturated material was removed from the coronal portion and were sealed with one of the three temporary restorative material. Samples were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye solution for 3 days. The teeth were then rinsed, dried, sectioned in bucco‑lingual direction and evaluated under a stereomicroscope for dye penetration. Data were analysed. The dye penetration was observed in all experimental groups. The lowest mean leakage was in Cavit G followed by (in ascending order of dye penetration) IRM, Orafil LC. Dye penetration was observed in all the samples. Cavit G exhibited minimal dye penetration when compared to IRM and Orafil LC. Within the limitation of the present study Cavit G is considered to be a promising option for the provisional restoration of endodontically treated teeth

The automated hematology analyzer providing CBC has become the keystone of modern hematology laboratories and has replaced the traditional manual methods. Morphological typing of anemia is routinely done based on RBC indices like MCV, MCH, MCHC and RDW and also by peripheral smear examination. In this study morphological typing of different types of anemia were done by indices obtained from automated analyzer and by peripheral smear and were compared.400 cases of anemia were analyzed by sysmex XT 1800i analyzer and results compared and correlated. Out of 400 cases 351 cases showed a concordant typing and 49 cases showed a non-concordant typing and 12.25% of cases required a peripheral smear review for the correct typing of anemia. The sensitivity and specificity of the sysmex XT 1800i analyzer were calculated as 97% and 91% respectively for the detection of microcytes, 96.5% and 97.5% respectively for the detection of macrocytes and 91% and 90.5% respectively for the detection of normocytes. Most of the non-concordant cases belonged to the category of normocytic normochromic anemia with raised RDW. Morphological typing of anemia from the RBC indices and RDW showed a high sensitivity and specificity, except for some cases with a raised RDW which required an additional peripheral smear examination for the correct typing. So manual peripheral smear examination still holds important role in the modern laboratory practice as it provides us with many information for the proper diagnosis and management.

Background: Anaemia is reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood, due to reduced RBC mass and/or haemoglobin concentration [1]. Causes of anaemia include nutritional deficiencies, inherited genetic defects, medication-related side effects and chronic diseases. We had studied patients attending our tertiary care centre to determine aetiology of anaemia and its different clinical aspects during period of July 2012 to March 2014. Methods: A total 100 patients having anaemia were enrolled in the study and detailed clinical examination and relevant laboratory investigations were performed. Results: Out of 100 patients 55 were females and 45 were males. In present study 45 females fall in age between 12-40 years and 29 males were in the similar age group. Most common presenting symptoms were generalised weakness and easy fatigability. Pallor was noted in 94 patients. Severe anaemia (Hb <7 g/dl) were seen in 89% of the cases. 34% of the patients had subnormal serum iron levels and 45 patients were having low serum vit. B12 level (<187 pg/dl). Among other causes, 7 patients had anaemia of chronic disease, 4 had malabsorption and 2 had drug toxicity. Conclusion: Vitamin B12 deficiency in association with iron deficiency was found to be the commonest cause for anaemia in the study group. Haemolytic anaemia was more common in males in thid study

Aim: The aim of the present study was to perform clinico-histopathological correlation of skin lesions in all patients with a clinical suspicion of Hansen’s disease. Materials and Methods: A 3 year retrospective study from 2016-2018 was carried out with all the clinically suspected cases of Hansen’s disease along with histopathological examination of skin biopsies. Results: Out of the 60 cases diagnosed as Hansen’s disease, majority belonged to age goup 31-40 years with a male preponderance. Most number of cases diagnosed were of Borderline tuberculoid type (24/60). Overall clinicohistopathological correlation was 58.3%. Maximum correlation was evident at the polar ends of the spectrum with a slightly better correlation for lepromatous leprosy (75%). Conclusion: Correlation between clinical and histopathological features is required for accurate classification of Hansen’s disease. Clinical detection and histopathological diagnosis of borderline lesions remains challenging and hence the need for interpretation along with the clinical findings.

It has been reported that there are effects of deep breathing and breath holding on the cardiovascular and blood pressure parameters. It is generally seen that BP tends to decrease during inhalation and increase during exhalation these changes may alter blood pressure measurements resulting in measured blood pressures being different. This study aims to find the effects of slow deep breathing practice on the blood pressure and Heart rate of young healthy adult male and female medical students. Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, RVM Institute of Medical Sciences, Laxmakapally, Telangana. A total of n=50 subjects were selected randomly; the subjects were the medical students of RVM institute. Out of which (n=25) Group (M) males and (n=25) Group (F) were females. The baseline parameters of the subjects were recorded at the beginning of the study and the subjects were then trained for slow deep breathing @ 6 breaths per minute for a period of 3 months under the supervision of the investigator. Subjects are asked to take slow and maximal inspiration lasting for five seconds, followed by maximal expiration which also lasts for five seconds at a rate of 6 breaths per minute during each practice. A standard BP measurement was performed using a pneumatic cuff while listening to "Korotkoff sounds". All cardiovascular functional parameters were recorded before the trial, during breath-holding, and during recovery. Results: The values of SBP parameters in Group (M) Male before and after training were found to be significant. The DBP change in initial and final values in this group was not significant. The respiratory rates changes were also found to be significant in the Group (M). In the Group (F) no parameter was found to be changed significantly between the initial and final readings. The intergroup comparison of the parameters in the final readings shows a significant change in both SBP and DBP. Conclusion: it can be concluded that slow deep breathing for a period of 3 months decreases the blood pressure and heart rates and improves the autonomic functions. The effects are more marked in the male participants as compared to females of the same age group. The effect of slow deep breathing for long durations tends to improve the parasympathetic tone

Introduction – With the coming of adjuvant hormonal therapy, evaluation of hormone receptors now plays a pivotal role in the therapeutic management in breast carcinoma. HER2/neu positive tumors are resistant to tamoxifen based therapies. With the advent of Trastuzumab, the prognosis of this subset of tumors has improved. In this bewildering array of prognostic factors, the conventional prognostic histological features seem to have lost their importance. Material and methods- Fifty cases of mastectomy performed for breast carcinoma were taken in the study. Immunohistochemistry was performed for ER, PR and HER2/neu. Correlation between them and the conventional histological prognostic features was studied. Chi square test was used for statistical analysis. Results- ER, PR showed a statistically significant positive correlation with each other. PR & HER2/neu showed no correlation with tumor size whereas ER showed a statistically negative correlation with size of the tumor. An inverse correlation was seen between tumor grades, mitotic count and ER, PR. HER2/neu showed no correlation with either grade or mitotic count though a significant positive correlation was seen with nuclear pleomorphism. Neither the hormone receptors not HER2/neu showed any correlation with lymph node status. Conclusion- Histological features are still valuable in judging the prognosis of breast carcinoma. Triple negative and ER+PR- tumors are unresponsive to systemic adjuvant hormone therapy. In addition cost and availability can be limiting factors in applicability of these tests especially in low socioeconomic conditions and resource limited centers.

Acute appendicitis is one of the most common surgical emergencies. It involves 10 to 20% patients in causality. The aim of the study is to predict the credibility of clinical, radiological and laboratory findings in acute appendicitis with normal leukocyte counts. Material & Methods: This study was carried in our tertiary care hospital over a period of one year by retrieving the data from hospital records to access the diagnostic factors in acute appendicitis with normal leukocyte counts. Results: The median age was 16 years. 228 were males and 149 females. Alvarado scores ranged from 5 to 10, with a median score of 8. Temperature at time of presentation ranged from 36.8°C to 38.33 °C. The duration of symptoms was less than 24 hours in 134 patients and more than 24 hours in 243 patients. Total WBC count was found to be normal in 55 patients (14.58%) as compared to elevated total WBC counts found in 322 patients (85.41%). Polymorph nuclear leucocytes were more than 75% in 52 of the Group B patients (94.54 %). The same was found in 306 (95.03 %) patients of Group A

Although there are several reports on the prevalence of HBsAg in Nigeria, there is paucity of data on the prevalence of HBsAg and HBAb among motor park workers in the country. Objective: This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors among commercial Motor park workers in Jos, Nigeria. Methods: One hundred and thirty one (131) commercially motor park Workers who consented to take part in this study were recruited. Aseptically, 5ml of venous blood was collected from each participant and screened for HBsAg and HBAbs markers using one step, rapid chromatographic immunoassay and associated risk factors using structured questionnaire which was voluntarily completed by the participants and the data were thereafter analysed. Results: Of the 131 participants, 105 were males and 26 females with age range between 16-75 years. An overall HBsAg seropositivity of 16.8% and HBAbs positivity of 74.8% were observed. On multivariate analysis, factors such as multiple sexual partners: HBsAg (35.0%), anti-HBs (10.0%), anti-HBe (20.0%) and anti-HBc (35.0%); history of surgery: HBsAg (64.3%), anti-HBs (21.4%), anti-HBe (7.1%) and anti-HBc (7.1); lack of condom usage: HBsAg (15.7%) anti-HBs (28.7%), anti-HBe (18.3%) and anti-HBc (27.8%) were among some determinants of HBV infection in this study. Conclusion: The data results suggest high prevalence of HBV among this mobile group of people;, and with the increasing number of individuals and corporate bodies engaged in one or more activities at motor parks, there is the need for deliberate efforts for preventive measures.

Background: Midline line incisions are known for its versality of rapid and wide access to the peritoneal cavity with least damage to abdominal wall musculature, vessels and nerves. The closure technique varies from operating surgeon to institutions. The aim of this study was to see the postoperative results in reference to small tissue bites in the closure of abdominal wall. Materials and methods: The study was conducted in the department of general Surgery SKIMS, MCH Bemina Srinagar. A total of 50 cases were managed with small bites technique that underwent midline laparotomy in both elective and emergencies from 2016 to 2018. Patients were operated with small tissue bite sutures placed 5 - 7 mm from the wound edge and 5 - 7 mm apart and included only the aponeurosis in the stitches without peritoneum. Results: Maximum number of patients were males, maximum number of patients were in age group of 20-30 years (56%), serum albumin was ≥3 in36 (72%) of patients. Surgical site infection was seen in 12 (24%) of patients. Conclusion: Our study showed that small stitch length between 5 to 7 mm with SL: WL ratio: greater than or equivalent to 6:1 to achieve safe closure of midline laparotomy incision

Higher morbidity and mortality is seen with bacteraemia caused by Biliary tract infection. Due to the presence of biliary sphincter, bile remains sterile despite presence of high concentration of bacteria in duodenum. Increased ductal pressure due to obstruction in biliary tree, can result in biliary stasis and bacterial multiplication resulting in cholangitis. 16% to 85% of bacteriobilia have been reported in various studies worldwide in patients of biliary tract infection. Govind Ballabh Pant institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (GIPMER) is a super speciality hospital providing care to patients from all over India. This study was performed to identify the bacteria causing Biliary tract infection and study their resistant pattern. A total of 229 intraoperative bile aspirates from gastrointestinal surgery department were received in microbiology department of GIPMER and analysed. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as per standard techniques. Bacterial growth was seen in 166(72.48%) out of 229 patients. Polymicrobial cultures 27(16.27%) were less frequent in comparison with Monomicrobial growth 139(83.73%). Commonest isolate was Escherichia coli (47.94%) followed by Klebsiella pneumonia (17.53%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (16.49%), and Enterococcus spp. (11.34%). High resistance was observed against routinely used antibiotics by Gram negative bacteria, such as ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, piperacillin/tazobactam, and low resistance was observed against carbapenems and colistin. The study shows that analysis of bile can be valuable in preparing a better treatment strategy in biliary tract infection. Rapid development of multidrug resistance in gram-negative bacteria causing biliary tract infections remains the cause of concern.