Introduction: Stress, is a part of the student experience enough evidence suggests that comparatively to other trainings nursing students experience high levels of stress, psychological morbidity, and depression (Zvauya, Oyebode, Day, Thomas, & Jones, 2017). Whereas, as brain plays the vital role in adaptation to the stress and make necessary changes in the behavioural and physiological responses to become resilient (McEwen, Gray, & Nasca, 2015). A study conducted by Al‐ Zayyat, and Al‐ Gamal (2014) illustrated that students suffered from high level of stress in the clinical setting and reported that common stressors among the students are independently caring to the patients, high expectations of teachers and clinical staff, and clinical assignments. Whereas, stress is important in the learning process as without stress the students are unable to realize the importance of time, schedules, evaluation criteria and study milestones. Objective of the study: The objective of this study is to determine the correlation between stress and competence among nursing student in Lahore, Pakistan. Methodology: Co relational study design is adopted to fulfill the research objectives. The study was conducted in the Private University from January, 2019 to May, 2019. Population of the study were nursing students and the sample size was 191. Two scales naming nursing competence and perceived stress scales were used to collect data. Results: The mean score of perceived stress was 2.1 on the scale (1= Never to 5= very often) which shows that students were usually having low levels of perceived stress. The students shared low competency values on the sub scales of serving as an example for other nurses, ethically oriented practice, general aptitude and nursing care in a team. There was negative moderate (r= -0.46, p=<.005) relationship between nursing competency and perceived stress among students. Conclusion: Stress is the hindering factor for learning whereas effective coping behavior can facilitate learning. Stress is related to poor nursing competence. To maintain the professional integrity the trait of stress has to be reduce among the nursing students. Being the student and deadlines in the training programs students face stress whereby student have to choose appropriate coping strategy to handle it effectively

The Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD), caused by the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), is one of the important banana diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It drastically reduces the production and diversity of bananas. This study focused on the production of banana and plantain planting materials free of BBTV from plants infected by micro-propagation and macro-propagation. 15 suckers of cultivars Litete [plantain (Musa AAB), French type)], Libanga Likale [plantain (Musa AAB) False Horn type)] and Bluggoe (Musa ABB) were used for micro-propagation and 15 others for macro-propagation. These suckers were collected from banana mats with stages 4 or 5 of BBTD symptoms. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 30 g glucose, vitamins, 1 μM of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and 10μM of 6-Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) was used for micro-propagation. The plants resulting from stem fragments was used for macro-propagation. After 5 subcultures in micro-propagation, the sanitation rate was 76.6% for Litete, 66.6% for Libanga Likale and 76.6% for Bluggoe. After macro-propagation, the rate was 27.5% for Litete, 6.6% for Libanga Likale and 73.3% for Bluggoe. These results indicate that the proliferation rate increases the chance to clean up infected planting material explaining why macro-propagation is less effcient than micro-propagation.

The Banana Bunchy Top Disease (BBTD), caused by the Banana Bunchy Top Virus (BBTV), is one of the important banana diseases in the Democratic Republic of Congo. It drastically reduces the production and diversity of bananas. This study focused on the production of banana and plantain planting materials free of BBTV from plants infected by micro-propagation and macro-propagation. 15 suckers of cultivars Litete [plantain (Musa AAB), French type)], Libanga Likale [plantain (Musa AAB) False Horn type)] and Bluggoe (Musa ABB) were used for micro-propagation and 15 others for macro-propagation. These suckers were collected from banana mats with stages 4 or 5 of BBTD symptoms. The Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium augmented with 30 g glucose, vitamins, 1 μM of Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) and 10μM of 6-Benzyl aminopurine (BAP) was used for micro-propagation. The plants resulting from stem fragments was used for macro-propagation. After 5 subcultures in micro-propagation, the sanitation rate was 76.6% for Litete, 66.6% for Libanga Likale and 76.6% for Bluggoe. After macro-propagation, the rate was 27.5% for Litete, 6.6% for Libanga Likale and 73.3% for Bluggoe. These results indicate that the proliferation rate increases the chance to clean up infected planting material explaining why macro-propagation is less effcient than micro-propagation.

The term 3D printing is generally used to describe a manufacturing approach that builds objects one layer at a time, adding multiple layers to form an object. This process is more correctly described as additive manufacturing, and is also referred to as rapid prototyping.Used in aerospace, defence, art and design, 3D printing is becoming a subject of great interest in dentistry. Uses of 3D printing include the production of drill guides for dental implants, the production of physical models for prosthodontics, orthodontics and surgery, the manufacture of dental, craniomaxillofacial and orthopedic implants and the fabrication of copings and frameworks for implant and dental restorations. This paper reviews the types of 3D printing technologies available and their various applications in dentistry.

Mandibular premolars are known for having variations in root canal anatomy, Endodontic and periodontal success of such anatomical variations requires the clinician to be aware of their clinical and radiographic anatomy. This study was done to evaluate the mandibular second premolars in a Kashmiri population using routine digital radiography.

Background: Periodontal diseases could be regarded as an independent risk factor for the onset of cardiovascular diseases. Evidence documents that periodontal diseases have an independent statistically significant association with cardiovascular diseases, although weak to moderate, after adjusting for potential confounding factors, such as advancing age, gender, race, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, indicators of socioeconomic status, stress, obesity, lipid rich diet and others. Aim: The aim of the study is to evaluate a correlation between periodontitis and ECG abnormalities. Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study constituting 15 systemically healthy subjects with moderate to severe periodontitis and 15 systemically healthy subjects without periodontitis. Subjects were selected with proper inclusion and exclusion criteria. For each patient clinical parameters including PI, MGI, PD, CAL, BP and Electrocardiograph (ECG) are recorded. ECG changes like LVH, ST depression etc. are evaluated and the relation with periodontal condition is assessed. Results: No significant ECG abnormalities were detected in moderate-severe chronic generalised periodontitis patients. Conclusion: The present study did not find a relationship between periodontitis and ECG abnormalities. Further longitudinal studies with a larger sample size are required to associate the relationship.

Binder's syndrome is a rare congenital condition characterized by a retruded mid-face with an extremely flat nose due to an underdevelopment of the mid-facial skeleton. It primarily affects the anterior part of the maxilla and nasal complex. Hence the condition is also known as Maxillonasal dysplasia. This paper aims to put forth the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation & the, management of Binder’s syndrome.

The dermatoglyphics is the study of epidermal ridges present on the surface of palm, soles, finger and toe and have emerge a promising tool in screening and diagnosis of medical and genetics conditions. It is one of the low-cost and noninvasive methods used for mass screening. Materials & methods: This study was conducted out in 100 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and 100 Non diabetic individuals as control. Dermatoglyphic prints of both hands of study subject were taken by using ink method as described by Cummins and Midlow. Results: This study observed that whorls are increased in diabetic patients both in right and left hand, this difference was found statistically significant (p<0.0001, p<0.003). Arches found more in control than diabetes mellitus patient and this difference is statistically significant (p< 0.007, p<0.0001) Ulnar loop found more in control than diabetes mellitus patients and this difference found statistically significant. There was increase in ‘atd’ angle in patients of diabetes mellitus than controls and this was statistically significant.

Epulis is the most commonly detected benign tumor of the oral cavity. Usually presents as a solitary lesion involving the marginal and attached gingiva. It is the 1st reported case of a 56 year old female patient with four isolated epulides on all four sides of oral cavity and this rare finding is coined as „Quadra Epulis‟.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is an insidious, chronic, progressive, debilitating disease. It has amalignant potential resulting from progressive juxtaepithelial fibrosis of the oral soft tissues, resulting in increasing loss of tissue mobility, marked rigidity and an eventual inability to open the mouth. The hallmark of the disease being sub mucosal fibrosis that affects most parts of the oral cavity, pharynx and upper third of the oesophagus and its clinical presentation depends on the stage of the disease at detection. As the disease has a spectrum of presentation, the management differs with the various stages of the disease. This articles presents a review of the existing literature pertaining to the effectiveness of medical management of Oral submucous fibrosis in its initial stages

Aim: The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate and compare the efficacy of resorbable collagen-based tetracycline fibers and chlorhexidine chip placement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis. Methods: A split-mouth design was used to conduct this study. Fifty one patients with periodontal pockets ranging from ≥5 mm to ≤7 mm were selected for the study. The treatment sites were randomly divided into the control and experimental groups. All of the selected sites were treated with scaling and root planning, and then collagen-based resorbable tetracycline fibers and chlohexidine chip were placed adjunctively in equal number of experimental sites at the same visit. Baseline and followup measurements in both treatment groups included plaque index, probing pocket depth, and relative attachment level. Results: Although significant clinical benefits were obtained in all the treatment groups, the adjunctive antimicrobial use of chlorhexidine chip demonstrated better results compared to the locally tetracycline fibers over the 3-month observational period. Conclusions: The delivery of both antimicrobial agent’s tetracycline in a collagen Matrix and chlorhexidine chip was found to improve the benefits of scaling and root planing by a larger magnitude in patients with moderate-to-deep pockets.

This paper presents a brief work about numerical method to solve ODE with IVP. In this paper firstly derived the first and second order R-K method, than a comparative study will be done use the MATLAB program by taking an example, also in this paper we will show that the second order R-K method is more accurate than first order. Also in this paper present that the accuracy of the methods depend to step size, if the step size taken small then all the numerical methods will be convergence.

Background: In today’s era of preventive medicine, infection control practices hold the centre stage for prevention of Health care associated infection. Adequate knowledge and compliance of hand hygiene is undoubtedly the most essential component which needs to be instilled in all health care personals including medical undergraduate students. Objective: The present study aimed at assessing the knowledge and awareness of hand hygiene in students of a Medical college. Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in a medical college teaching hospital and included students from I MBBS, II MBBS, III MBBS part I and II and also students undergoing internship in the hospital. Results and discussion: A total of 383 participated in the study and assessment of the students regarding their awareness showed that over all the awareness regarding the relevance of hand hygiene ranged between 39.2% and 89.2%. The knowledge aspect ranged from 36.6% to 64%. The study showed that overall the students were aware, but lacked knowledge in few important aspects of the laid down protocols of hand hygiene (80.5%vs 56.7%). Comparison of different batches showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in responses of various batches. The study results are in concordance with other studies in literature, where too a gap in knowledge has been realized. Conclusion: Need for introduction of hand hygiene practices in the early years of Medical graduate curriculum with adequate emphasis on all keys areas and thereafter a continued plan for educational and training program

Transmission lines are equally as important as power generation plants for developing the energy sector of any country. In the case of electricity transmission system, economic efficiency implies promoting an optimal utilization of existing network, placing of new generations and promoting addition of loads where the maximum efficiency is envisaged and promoting transmission investments. These characteristics require that the transmission networks that pertain to each transaction must be identified and their costs properly allocated among users based on ARR (Annual Revenue Requirement). In case of developing countries like Nepal where the energy resources are yet to be utilized and huge investments are attracted to build the infrastructures for energy sectors, inviting ample investments and the cost recovery of transmission line becomes challenging. In order to evaluate the wheeling charge of the transmission line, various methodologies have been adapted in different countries. In this view tracing the flow of electricity has gain significance as its solution helps in evaluating fair and transparent tariff. Electricity tracing methods would make it possible to charge the consumers and/or generators on the base of actual transmission capacity used. This paper focuses on electricity tracing using Bialek‟s tracing algorithm. Case study carried out using an IEEE 14-bus with additional two bus to replicate the radial network of a transmission system.

Many earlier studies assessed virtual vs. traditional learning outcomes. The majority of them had two limitations. (1) learners self-selection of virtual classes, and (2) the lack of exams proctoring. It has been stated that these factors give more opportunities of unrealistic elevation of learning outcomes of virtual classes over the traditional ones. This study is of comparative corpus-based nature applied on 1324 male students of Medicine enrolled in Joint First Year Program (JFYP) at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) in the first semesters of the academic years (2017-2018) and (2018-2019). Participants of this study were given English classification test before commencing their JFYP. In the first semester of the academic year (2017-2018), 624 students were taught English in traditional classes by the English Language Center (ELC) at UQU. The other 700 students studied English through virtual classes by TeachCast with Oxford via Eleutian platform. Then, all participants sat for final exams by the end of their first semesters. Comparing the participants’ grades in these two tests is meant to (1) test the claims of the earlier studies, (2) reveal the impact of English instruction by the ELC at UQU and (3) disclose whether the English learning outcomes of controlled virtual classes surpass the traditional classes’ or not. Findings of this study indicated that the learning outcomes of virtual classes significantly surpassed the traditional classes although the affecting factors stated by earlier studies were eliminated. Then, the study recommendations were suggested.