Background: In today’s era of preventive medicine, infection control practices hold the centre stage for prevention of Health care associated infection. Adequate knowledge and compliance of hand hygiene is undoubtedly the most essential component which needs to be instilled in all health care personals including medical undergraduate students. Objective: The present study aimed at assessing the knowledge and awareness of hand hygiene in students of a Medical college. Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted in a medical college teaching hospital and included students from I MBBS, II MBBS, III MBBS part I and II and also students undergoing internship in the hospital. Results and discussion: A total of 383 participated in the study and assessment of the students regarding their awareness showed that over all the awareness regarding the relevance of hand hygiene ranged between 39.2% and 89.2%. The knowledge aspect ranged from 36.6% to 64%. The study showed that overall the students were aware, but lacked knowledge in few important aspects of the laid down protocols of hand hygiene (80.5%vs 56.7%). Comparison of different batches showed a significant difference (p<0.05) in responses of various batches. The study results are in concordance with other studies in literature, where too a gap in knowledge has been realized. Conclusion: Need for introduction of hand hygiene practices in the early years of Medical graduate curriculum with adequate emphasis on all keys areas and thereafter a continued plan for educational and training program

Transmission lines are equally as important as power generation plants for developing the energy sector of any country. In the case of electricity transmission system, economic efficiency implies promoting an optimal utilization of existing network, placing of new generations and promoting addition of loads where the maximum efficiency is envisaged and promoting transmission investments. These characteristics require that the transmission networks that pertain to each transaction must be identified and their costs properly allocated among users based on ARR (Annual Revenue Requirement). In case of developing countries like Nepal where the energy resources are yet to be utilized and huge investments are attracted to build the infrastructures for energy sectors, inviting ample investments and the cost recovery of transmission line becomes challenging. In order to evaluate the wheeling charge of the transmission line, various methodologies have been adapted in different countries. In this view tracing the flow of electricity has gain significance as its solution helps in evaluating fair and transparent tariff. Electricity tracing methods would make it possible to charge the consumers and/or generators on the base of actual transmission capacity used. This paper focuses on electricity tracing using Bialek‟s tracing algorithm. Case study carried out using an IEEE 14-bus with additional two bus to replicate the radial network of a transmission system.

Many earlier studies assessed virtual vs. traditional learning outcomes. The majority of them had two limitations. (1) learners self-selection of virtual classes, and (2) the lack of exams proctoring. It has been stated that these factors give more opportunities of unrealistic elevation of learning outcomes of virtual classes over the traditional ones. This study is of comparative corpus-based nature applied on 1324 male students of Medicine enrolled in Joint First Year Program (JFYP) at Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) in the first semesters of the academic years (2017-2018) and (2018-2019). Participants of this study were given English classification test before commencing their JFYP. In the first semester of the academic year (2017-2018), 624 students were taught English in traditional classes by the English Language Center (ELC) at UQU. The other 700 students studied English through virtual classes by TeachCast with Oxford via Eleutian platform. Then, all participants sat for final exams by the end of their first semesters. Comparing the participants’ grades in these two tests is meant to (1) test the claims of the earlier studies, (2) reveal the impact of English instruction by the ELC at UQU and (3) disclose whether the English learning outcomes of controlled virtual classes surpass the traditional classes’ or not. Findings of this study indicated that the learning outcomes of virtual classes significantly surpassed the traditional classes although the affecting factors stated by earlier studies were eliminated. Then, the study recommendations were suggested.

The term orbital hypertelorism denotes “widely apart orbits.” This may also be associated with the abnormal orientation of the orbits in terms of the vertical position (dystopia). This deformity may be seen unilaterally or bilaterally. They may present as symmetric or asymmetric and can manifest in a variety of craniofacial conditions. The treatment is primarily carried out for aesthetic reasons. This paper emphasizes on the current understanding of this condition

This study assesses the condition of hostel facilities among students in Federal University Dutse, Nigeria. Stratified random sampling technique was employed to select three students’ hostels; two female hostels and one male hostel for the research while simple random sampling technique was used to select the respondents among the students on Campus. Primary data was obtained using questionnaire survey, a total of 140 copies of the questionnaire was administered to the students; 80 (57%) a males and 60 (43%) females. Both descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analyses. The Bio-data of the respondents was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the result shows that 75 (54%) of the respondents are aged between 18 and 20 years, 121(86%) are single, 44 (31%) are level 100, 54 (39%) are level 200, 20 (14%) are level 300 and 22 (16 %) are level 400 students. The data analysis further shows that the respondents gave different assessments of the facilities and services provided in the hostels for example, provision of electricity supply (56.4%), water supply (47.1%), firefighting equipment (40%), writing desks (37.1%), doors (49.3%) and windows (59.3%) were described as excellent and functional. The facilities and services adjudged to be good include fencing (40%), waste disposal (50.7%), standby generator (35.7%), security (36.4%), ICT/Reading (36.4%), kitchenette (33.6%), recreation area (32.1%), bathroom (31.4%), drainage (42.9%), laundry (40%), privacy (40%) and cost of bed space (39.3%). However, the condition of toilets facilities was assessed to be fair with a total of 26.4%. The paper therefore recommends that the Management of the University should sustain the current level of provision of facilities assessed to be in good condition and make efforts to improve on the provision of facilities that are not good condition for achieving better health, wellbeing and enhanced quality of life of the students living in the hostels as contained in the current United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.

In the present study, 3-dimensional model of natural circulation loop (NCL) have been developed in design software Proe 4.0. The steady flow simulation of single phase CO2, for natural circulation loop (NCL) with end heat exchangers are analyzed in Fluid Flow (Fluent), a module in Ansys-Workbench 14.0. Results are obtained for various mass flow rates/velocities of air in control volume of cold heat exchanger, for a fixed heat flux from air in the hot heat exchanger. Results show that due to the presence of bends and strong buoyancy effects, local velocity and temperature vary in all three dimensions.

Aim: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of sardine (Sardinella gibbosa) fish extract on papain induced osteoarthritis in rats. Methodology: In this study 30 wistar rats were randomly selected and divided into five groups. Group-1 (-ve Control), Group 2 (+ve control), Group 3 (Calcium 75 mg/kg as standard), Group 4 (Sardine extract 30 gms/kg), Group 5 (15 gms/kg sardine extract). Osteoarthritis was induced in the right knees of all the groups of rats except negative control by injecting 0.2 ml (4%) of papain solution with 0.1 ml (0.03M) of cystein as activator. All groups were left for development of osteoarthritis. Rats were sacrificed on day 1, 2, 7, 14, 21 & 28 days of post papain injection. Results: Estimation of calcium and phosphorus in fish extract was carried out by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The percentage inhibition of knee thickness of sardine fish extract and Calcium groups were found to be 68% and 77% respectively. Various haematological parameters like RBC count and Hb, WBC count and ESR were recorded. Parameters like blood glucose, urea, globulin, creatinine, total protein, and albumin were calculated. Histopathological studies of knee joints of rats were also carried out. Conclusion: Sardinella gibbosa fish extract at a dose level of 30 gm/kg p.o., exhibited reduction in osteoarthritis due to the rich source of Ca & selenium and maintained the normal haematological and biochemical parameters in papain induced osteoarthritic rats

Introduction: The paired scapular bone are present on dorsal aspect of thorax with its process like spine, coracoids and acromial; and it has superior, inferior and glenoid or lateral angles; costal and dorsal surfaces and surascapular notch on its superior border. The detailed knowledge of scapular anatomy and its morphometric & osteometric measurements are essential for treatment of shoulder blade disorders like displacement fracture and for corrective prosthetic surgeries. Materials and methods: 60 dry intact scapulae (24 right & 36 left) were examined for the study were taken from department of anatomy, Vydehi Institute of Medical Science & Research Centre, Bangalore and from East Point College of Medical Science And Research Centre, Bangalore. The different parameters of the scapula were taken for the measurements. Results: In the present study average parameters of scapular length was 13.5 cm, scapular width was 8.6cm, glenoid height was 3.5cm and its width was 2.2cm, acromion length was 3.8 cm and its breadth was 2.2cm, corocoid length 3.68cm and its thickness 1.17cm, projection length of spine 12.2cm, acromio-corocoid distance 3.56 cm and acromio-glenoid distance 2.75 cm, suprascapular notch depth 0.83cm & superior transverse diameter of notch was 1.75cm, superior angle of scapula was 91.70, inferior angle was 37.60, lateral angle was 55.10, glenopolar angle was 34.30 & glenoinclination angle was 11.50. Conclusion: This data of detailed measurements of different parameters of scapula may be helpful for athropologists and anatomists and also for surgeons to aid in the management of various shoulder diseases and in designing implants for the shoulder joint.

The aim to conduct this case study, because Pituitary Macroadenoma leading to aspergillus is a rare condition. In which the main pathogen of fungal sellar is aspergillus species. The pituitary infectious fungi consisted on different groups and dimorphic fungi. The leading pathogen of fungal sellar abscess is the type of aspergillus. The possible route of infection through sphenoid sinus with a thin sellar roof. Pituitary tumour differentiate through its size. Pituitary tumors undesirably known to grow in the, sphenoid bone, cavernous sinus, mid-nasal ductus, and left cerebral hemisphere. In our case presentation patient presented with pituitary macroadenoma, which diagnosed through magnetic resonance imaging. Presented with nasal mass, and acromegaly features, headache. Right eye vision loss. Through endoscopy biopsy report shows the nasal fungal infection. Surgical treatment, trans-sphenoidal procedure will be planned as recommended in literature reviews.

Globally, research groups are investigating CZTS thin film via various deposition methods as an absorber layer for solar cells. The challenge lies in understanding the formation of a number of secondary phases during and after the synthesis of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and its various different structural and optical defects. The present contribution shows an in-depth review of the works carried out so far by various research groups. This review also highlights the effect of deposition parameters on the optical properties of CZTS absorber.

200 consecutive patients scheduled for intraocular cataract surgery under peribulbar block (PBB) were randomly divided into two groups of 100 patients each. All patients before cataract surgery randomly received peribulbar block either plain (pH 5.4) or pH-adjusted (pH 6.8 range 6.7–6.9) 0.75% bupivacaine labelled A and B respectively. This was done to make anesthetic unaware of the mixture to be administered for peribulbar block (Double Blind Technique). Hyaluronidase was added to both solutions prior to peribulbar block. Observation of ocular movements in all four quadrants at interval of 1 minute was assessed upto maximum 20 minutes and the time of onset of akinesia of the globe was noted. After 20 minutes interval of time no effect of PBB then the need for supplementary injections were also recorded by an independent observer (Supervisor). The relative efficacy of the different anesthetic solutions A or B was compared in patients who underwent intraocular cataract surgery. In both groups of patients, eyes receiving peribulbar block with the pH-adjusted solution showed a shorter onset of time to partial akinesia of the globe (P < 0.05). However, there was no difference between the solutions in the time to complete akinesia of the globe, but the number of supplementary injections required for an effective block with the pH-adjusted solution was increased. Onset time to akinesia of the lateral and superior rectus muscles was shortened in patients receiving the pH-adjusted solution but there were minimal effects on the medial and inferior recti muscle.

Psychoanalytic concepts have become an indispensable part of people’s daily life, which not only can help them better understand human behaviors and thoughts but also enable them to understand literary texts more accurately and clearly. Jacques Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory, Mirror Stage, gives a new perspective for texts. This paper will illustrate the detailed experiences about Jeannette Walls in The Glass Castle by three Orders of Lacan’s psychoanalytic theory, which can give enlightenment to the perplexed young people in the modern world.

A simple and rapid reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay for determination of tolperisone concentration in human plasma was developed and validated. Using prednisolone as an internal standard (IS), 1.0 ml plasma samples were extracted with a mixture of methyl tert. butyl ether and dichloromethane (70:30, v:v). Analysis was performed using Atlantis dC18 column with a mobile phase composed of 0.05 M (mono basic) potassium phosphate (pH=3.0) and acetonitrile (70:30, v:v). The eluent was monitored spectrophotometrically at 262 nm. No interference with tolperisone or IS peaks by extracted blank plasma components or commonly used drugs was observed. The relationship of tolperisone concentration and peak area ratio of tolperisone / IS was linear (R2 ≥ 0.9961) in the range of 10 – 800 ng/ml, the intra and inter-day coefficient of variations were ≤ 4.1% and ≤5.7%, respectively with a corresponding bias of ±11.4% and ±8.4%, respectively. Mean extraction recovery of tolperisone and the IS were 95% and 83%, respectively. The method was applied to assess the stability of tolperisone under various conditions encountered in the clinical laboratory. Tolperisone stability in processed samples stored at room temperature for 24 hours or at -20 °C for 48 hours, in unprocessed samples stored for 24 hours at room temperature or for 8 weeks at -20 °C, and after 3 freeze and thaw cycles was ≥ 91%.

The periodontal clinical measures of the effects of surgical and non-surgical techniques have been widely described, but the subjective parameters after the procedures need to be well investigated, focusing their direct influence on the quality of life of these individuals. This observational study aims to evaluate the impact of periodontal disease on the quality of life of individuals submitted to surgical and non-surgical periodontal treatment through the application of the OHIP-14 questionnaire. Sixty patients were interviewed, of which 30 were from the surgical treatment group and 30 were from the non-surgical treatment group. The subjects included in the study underwent surgical periodontal treatment with flap for access to scaling and non-surgical periodontal treatment with scaling and root straightening. The OHIP-14 questionnaire was applied at two times, 7 days and 30 days after treatment. The results of the surgical periodontal treatment group after 7 days showed a significant impact on quality of life, after 30 days did not show improvement in the quality of life, affecting the subgroup, and the results of non-surgical periodontal treatment after 7 days showed a small impact in quality of life after 30 days revealed an increase in quality of life. We concluded that the surgical periodontal treatment did not show benefits to the quality of life of the individuals, affecting more subgroup already the non-surgical periodontal treatment showed significant improvement in the quality of life of the individuals included in this study. Being the non-surgical treatment, the periodontal treatment of first choice more indicated and with greater chances of success.

Voiding dysfunction due to Bladder outlet obstruction in females is one of poorly understood conditions and is much rarer as compared to males. More difficult is the objective diagnosis of this condition. Here in, we present our case of a chronic voiding dysfunction in a female caused by symphysis bone tumor, which was managed surgically.