The aim of present work is to develop simple, economic, precise and cost-effective UV spectrophotometric method for determination of Nevirapine, an anti-retro viral drug, in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Forced degradation is a degradation of new drug substance and drug product at conditions more severe than accelerated conditions. Forced degradation studies show the chemical behaviour of the molecule which in turn helps in the development of formulation and package. The method for Nevirapine was developed using methanol and water and absorbance maxima was found to be at 282nm with a correlation coefficient of 0.9978. Forced degradation studies of Nevirapine like Acid degradation, Base degradation, Thermal, Photolytic, and Peroxide was conducted in UV Spectrophotometer using methanol and water and percentage degradation was calculated.

Chalcones comprise of a three carbon enone system. These are the products of condensation between aromatic aldehydes and acetophenones in the presence of a strong base. They represent a main skeletal in the plenty of organically dynamic molecules including synthesized and natural products. Synthesized chalcones or their disengagement from normal sources are being explored worldwide for the improvement of progressively powerful and proficient medications for the treatment of a few loathsome sicknesses, for example, malignant growth, diabetes, HIV, tuberculosis and so on. In this review, we will be focusing on the synthetic methods including gree methods for synthesis of chalcones and an overview of anticancer and anti-HIV activities of chalcones.

Background: Rickettsial infections are attributed as one of the important cause of pyrexia of unknown origin and there is a need to be differentiated from other common febrile illness. This study was conducted to know the prevalence of rickettsial disease among febrile patients since scrub typhus is endemic in our district in monsoon season the prevalence of scrub typhus is also studied. Materials & Methods: Clinical data and history collected from all PUO patients. A careful search of eschar was performed in all patients, peripheral smear, rapid test for Malaria, widal, Dengue NS1 done accordingly based on the clinical data. Serum samples collected from all the cases and weil felix test was done. Most of the samples were reactive to OX-K antigen, they were subjected to scrub typhus investigation. IgM ELISA was done for scrub typhus. Results: Out of 180 patients 58 (32.22%) were positive for weil felix test. Among the 58 positives 28 (48.27%) were positive for OXK antigen suggestive of scrub typhus. Out of 28 patients 27 (96.45%) were positive in both ELISA & ICT. Only 1 (3.57%) was negative by ICT but positive in ELISA. Seropositivity of scrub typhus is higher in Males in the age group 30 – 45yrs .Fever with chills was present in all cases & headache followed by rashes was the next common finding in all patients with scrub typhus. Conclusion: In our study the Seroprevalence of scrub typhus throws a light that, this has to be included in the fever panel in differential diagnosis, which will help in timely diagnosis and adequate treatment can be given and avoid complications.

The implementation of General Principles of Good Governance as a behavior political corruption village administration is very urgent, because over General Principles of Good Governance philosophy had a role in showing furnish and the lack of clarity and uncompleteness a norm. This type of research is non doctrinal research. The method of applying General Principles of Good Governance as a test stone for corruption in village funds is carried out with 2 (two) methods, namely: (1) legal changes and renewal. This legal amendment and renewal can only be done through national legislation carried out by the DPR, but this legislation path is very difficult to do unless there is a common logic of political equality, so that legal changes and reforms can be carried out. (2) the method of construction by the judge. This method is carried out by the judge in order to find the law because the law is vague in regulating or occurring a vacuum of norm. This path is commonly known as the Jurisprudence pathway where the law can also be born from a judicial institution.

This study has examined the impact of International Development Association (IDA) on the Nigerian economy for the period 1986 to 2016. The study used unit root test to determine the stationary state of the variables using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller Test. It also employs the Granger causality procedure, Johansen Co-integration and Error Correction Model (ECM) statistical techniques to establish both the direction of causality, short-run and long run dynamic relationship between the dependent and independent variables. The findings indicate that official development assistance increases the rate of economic growth of Nigerian; there is a unidirectional causal relationship between economic growth and official development assistance, i.e. the changes in the official development assistance are caused by the changes in economic growth and again, there exists a long run equilibrium relationship between official development assistance and economic growth. The study submits that the use of foreign aid should be encouraged since it promotes growth. It is therefore recommended that Government should create an enabling environment needed for investment of this official development assistance, Measures should be mapped out to ensure that every investment using official development assistance should be on capital project that will have a long term benefit and the Nigerian government should put stringent measures/policies to ensure the assistances from these body is well utilized to positively enhance both human and economic growth of the country.

Introduction: Increase in caesarean section rates up to 10-15% at the population level are associated with decreases in maternal, neonatal and infant mortality Above this level, increasing the rate of caesarean section is no longer associated with reduced mortality. WHO proposes the Robson’s classification system as a global standard for assessing, monitoring and comparing caesarean section rates within healthcare facilities. Aims and Objectives: Aim of the study was to know the caesarean section rate in our institution and to evaluate the distribution of caesarean deliveries according to Robson’s Ten Group Classification System. Material and Methods: A prospective and observational study was conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at GMC and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala. The study included all the women delivered by caesarean section from the period January 2016 to December 2016. The result obtained was analyzed to see and compare the caesarean section rate for the various contributing groups. Results: Caesarean delivery rate was found to be 40.49%. Maximum number of caesarean deliveries were contributed by Group 5 i.e. 26.51% followed by Group 10 (21.76%), Group 1 (19.87%) and Group 6 (6.78%). The main indication for caesarean delivery at our institution was repeat caesarean delivery (36.29%) followed by fetal distress (26.71%). Conclusion: Major contributing groups, Group 5, Group 10, Group 1 and Group 6 needs to be targeted to bring down the caesarean rate

The city of Kupang was assigned as the dirtiest city of number one by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in the East Nusa Tenggara Province-Indonesia in the assessment of the Adipura award in 2018. This assessment was a further impact of the cleaning management program by the Mayor of Kupang for the period of 2012 to 2017, namely Jonas Salean, because can not to finish process garbage problems in Kupang City. Therefore, a research with literature study techniques was conducted to find the concept of garbage management strategies in the city of Kupang that can be offered to Kupang City leaders for the new period of 2017 to 2022 to resolve existing garbage problems. The results of this research indicate that the concept of garbage management strategy in Kupang City can be done with the concept of zero garbage from upstream to downstream, the concept of zero garbage as extracurricular education, the concept of green community, the concept of management conventional garbage, and the economic concept of zero garbage.

This research work was carried out in 360 eyes of 180 patients
 to study the white without pressure (WWOP) lesions regarding its incidence, morphology, distribution, associated retinal and vitreous changes and its predisposition to retinal detachment in 60 patients each of emmetropes, myopes and hypermetropes. The patients were examined by indirect ophthalmoscopy and Goldman-three mirror lens. The maximum numbers of patients were in the second to fifth decade of life. Maximum number of eyes had 0-2 diopters of refractive error. The WWOP lesions were detected in 3.61% eyes. The WWOP lesions were found to be more common in the third decade of life. There was no predilection for sex in patients of WWOP. The lesions were found more frequently in myopic eyes compared to other groups. These lesions were observed between the ora serrata and equator. Isolated lesions were more common than the confluent lesions. The superotemporal quadrant of the retina was the most frequently involved. The peripheral retinal lesions capable of causing retinal detachment were seen more frequently in myopic eyes with WWOP. The vitreous changes were observed in all the eyes with WWOP irrespective of the type of refractive error. The WWOP lesion as such may not be having any potential
for causing retinal detachment, but because of the more frequent association to the predisposing peripheral retinal degenerations and retinal breaks, it has been suggested that these eyes should be examined more exhaustively and followed up more frequently to prevent the development of retinal detachment.

Background: Difference between the benign and malignant counterparts of mesenchymal tumours is significant due to the differences in the clinical outcome and the role of the surgical pathologist in making this distinction (especially in difficult cases) cannot be underestimated.2 The aim of the current study is to evaluate the histomorphological features of mesenchymal tumours of uterine corpus. Materials and methods: was undertaken in the Department of Pathology, JJM Medical College, Davangere over a period of two years from July 2010- June 2012. Results: Out of the 492 cases, majority were benign tumours accounting to 485(98.58%) cases, followed by 6(1.22%) cases of malignant tumours and one (0.20%) smooth muscle tumour of uncertain malignant potential (STUMP). Conclusion: Differentiation between the benign and malignant counterparts of mesenchymal tumours is through the use of multivariate criteria; that is, criteria that involves several microscopic features such as differentiated cell type , presence and type of tumor necrosis, the degree of cytologic atypia, the mitotic index, and the relationship to surrounding normal structures, including extrauterine sites. Morphological features supported by proper usage of IHC markers will help in arriving at the final diagnosis.

Aim: to investigate the antifungal effect of spirulina plantensis against candida albicans. Materials and methods: In the present study, we used 60 adult rats weighing between 150 and 200gm. The rats were divided into three equal groups: Group I: Animals served as controls, Group II: Animals were subjected to Candida albicans inoculation on the dorsal surface of the tongue and received systemic antibiotic treatment, Group III: Animals were subjected to Candida albicans inoculation on the dorsal surface of the tongue under systemic antibiotic treatment and then received 15 mg/kg body weight Spirulina platensis extract orally by gastric gavage daily. After 3 weeks, by cervical dislocation, animals of the three different groups were sacrificed. Tongue specimen were dissected from each rat and prepared for histological staining done with Haematoxylin & Eosin and transmission electron microscopic examination. Results: histological examination revealed atrophy of the lingual epithelium and the surface layers was infiltrated with candida yeasts in-group II while in Group III the papillae begin to regain their normal appearance with decreased infiltration of candida to the superficial layers. Ultrastucturely, showed normal appearance of different layers of the lingual epithelium in-group I. Group II: Candida albicans yeasts invaded the keratin layer. The different layers of the lingual epithelium appeared with severely widened intercellular spaces and destructed desmosomal junctions. Group III: keratin layer appeared with disappearance of candida spherical plastopores. The different layers of the lingual epithelium showed less widened intercellular spaces and less destructed desmosomal junctions. Conclusion: Spirulina plantensis can be useful against candida albicans instead of the traditional antifungal drug.

Aim: Current study aimed to study the coeliac trunk and its branches in 50 specimens, presence of supernumery branches from coeliac trunk and its branches, and presence of any aberrant vessels. Method: The study was carried out in 50 human cadaveric specimens. Of the 50 specimens, 22 were done in the dissection hall cadavers, 28 were collected from the post mortem. The arteries supplying the liver, stomach, pancreas and the spleen were dissected. Results: The mean length of the splenic artery was 9.11 cm (ranged from 8 cm to 13.5 cm). Its tortousity index was from 1.02 to 1.29. Suprapancreatic course in 76%, retropancreatic course in 20% and intrapancreatic course in 4% were noted. Apart from the usual branches, the superior polar (30%), inferior polar (36%) and both polar arteries (8%) were found. 18% of specimens had dorsal pancreatic artery, 28% had posterior gastric artery and 12% had gastrosplenic artery. Regarding the Left gastric artery, it took origin from the coeliac trunk in 96%, from the aorta in 2% and from the splenic artery in 2% of the specimens. Conclusion: The knowledge of the branching pattern, variations in the origin and the presence of supernumery branches and aberrant arteries which had been enumerated in this study will be helpful to the surgeons and the radiologists.

Aim: The present research study aims to study the effectiveness of WhatsApp as a teaching learning tool in biochemistry for I MBBS students. Objectives: To enhance the ability of students to apply their knowledge of biochemistry to clinical case scenarios using WhatsApp as a medium of instruction and to evaluate the effectiveness of WhatsApp as a medium of teaching complementary to traditional teaching. Materials and Methods: Institutional ethics committee approval was obtained. I MBBS students were enrolled after obtaining their informed consent. WhatsApp group was formed involving the students and faculty of the department of biochemistry. Study period: 3 months (April – June 2018). Sample size: 131 I MBBS students. Topics that were earlier taught by didactic lectures were chosen and clinical scenario based discussion on those topics were initiated in the WhatsApp group thus created. Pre-test and post-test questionnaires were given before and after the WhatsApp based discussion and student feedback about the WhatsApp based teaching method was also obtained. Results: The pre-test and post-test scores were compared using paired t test and it was observed that the performance of students improved significantly after the WhatsApp sessions. An analysis of feedback from students has revealed that 78% of students felt that the WhatsApp sessions helped them to logically analyse the information taught and another 71% felt that it helped them apply their knowledge of biochemistry to clinical case scenarios. The students perceived the WhatsApp based teaching method to be effective, as evident from their feedback. Conclusion: It is evident from the study that the WhatsApp based case discussion has proved to be an effective supplement to conventional mode of teaching, though it cannot totally replace the conventional method. Therefore, it can be concluded that the social media has the potential to revolutionize medical education in the future

Introduction: Lesions of the head and neck region are routinely encountered by clinicians, in patients across all age groups with diagnosis ranging from reactive hyperplasia of lymph nodes to malignancies. FNAC of head and neck is a well accepted technique with high specificity. Aims & Objective: To evaluate the role of FNAC in palpable head and neck lesions and also to study their distribution. To assess the prevalence of different types of palpable head and neck swellings. Materials & Methods: This study is conducted over a period of 5years (2013-2017) retrospectively. Palpable head and neck lesions in all individuals irrespective of age and sex was considered and cases with scanty material was excluded from the study. Results: A total of 2598 cases were studied. There were 1649 females (63.5%) and 949 males (36.5%). In the present study age ranged from 1 year to 88 year. Common age group involved was 30 -39years (513 cases) accounting for 19.8% followed by 501 cases in age group of 40-49 years accounting for 19.2%. Most common site was thyroid (979 cases) constituting 37.7% followed by lymph node (960 cases) constituting 36.9%. Among the thyroid lesions predominant lesions were benign accounting for 25 % (245 cases) [TBSRTC system]. Conclusion: Present study confirmed that FNAC is an excellent first line investigative method, for diagnosis of palpable head and neck swellings.

Rehabilitation of post-surgical defects maxillofacial region requires a multidisciplinary approach. Maxillofacial prosthodontist plays an eminent role in restoring the normal health and function of the patient. This review highlights the role they plan in diagnosing, treatment planning along with conventional and advanced prosthetic management of such acquired defects.

Objective: To study the clinic bacteriological profile and outcome of Empyema Thoracis in children between 1 month to 12 years of age admitted at Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital (CNMCH), Kolkata. Methods: Study subjects were enrolled from children admitted at Paediatrics Department of CNMCH, Kolkata with fever, cough, respiratory distress and diagnosed as Empyema Thoracis by basic investigations like Chest X Ray (CXR), Pleural fluid analysis,Ultrasonography of Chest (USG chest), blood culture and sensitivity. Result: Rapid diagnosis by basic investigations and early initiation of IV antibiotics with intercostal chest tube drainage was an effective method of therapy. The common organisms isolated were Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. Only 4% cases of the sample size required surgical intervention. Malnutrition was an important co morbid condition. Conclusion: IV antibiotics and intercostal chest tube drainage is an effective means of therapy of Empyema Thoracis in children at resource poor settings.