With the acceleration of globalization and the increasingly complex international situation, language is not only a written symbol, but also a social and cultural function to mark countries and nations. Great changes have taken place in people's view of language. Some linguists are no longer confined to the study of micro-linguistic phenomena such as pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, but focus more on macro-linguistic phenomena closely related to national interests and national security. Especially with the development of modern informationization in recent years, language policy has also become an important topic of concern to linguists. This paper discusses the research of American minority language policy based on knowledge base from the research background, research purposes, research ideas, research methods, innovations, and theoretical and practical significance.

This paper examines pre-Kanuri Borno societies focusing more on the „So‟ that were not given much relevance historically. It is in this view that the paper attempts to examine the place of the pre-Kanuri inhabitants of Borno in the history of the area and bring to the fore their contributions to human civilization, particularly in the Chad Basin Area before the arrival of the Sayfawa into Borno. It appears like the history of Borno started only with the coming of the Sayfawa into the area as documented in most reference materials. The „So‟ were the most notable pre-Kanuri inhabitants of Borno. Perhaps there were many ethnic groups who probably dispersed to other locations in the Benue Valley, Bauchi Plateau and some parts of Hausa land. These groups of people left some imprints in terms of civilization that we are able to understand through archaeological and ethnographical researches. The Method that was adopted in writing this paper is documentary analysis, using a multidisciplinary approach that cut across history, ethnography, archaeology and oral tradition. Data collected were critically analysed and interpreted. Findings revealed that the area was well inhabited long before the arrival of the Sayfawa, although, little was known about the pre-Kanuri inhabitants due to lack of enough sources to contend with. In conclusion, the area is noted for a civilization that flourished for thousands of years. As such, there is the need for more research on the area to reveal more on the pre-Kanuri Sayfawa people.

homes in their country for one reason or the other. This issue has assumed a significant dimension of great concern all over the world with the African sub-region being the highest victim. Internally Displaced Persons face grave dangers in their home countries as they are vulnerable economically, psychologically socially, religiously and even politically. Apart from the pronounced refugees, they constitute a major group of the vulnerable persons. They could be referred to as “refugees” in their home country. The only difference between them and the refugees is that they are still within the geographical circumference of their nationality. Economically, their means of livelihood is cut off either as farmers, fishermen, or petty traders, or artisans; psychologically and socially, they are not in good frame of mind and have lost their natural homestead and habitation, cut off from their traditional and cultural environment, distanced from their gods and deities and therefore cannot worship their gods; from the political point of view, their civil rights and obligations are even denied sometimes may be not deliberately but because of the circumstances of relocation to areas where it may not be convenient for them to exercise such rights. In Africa generally and in particular Nigeria, the issue of IDPs has become a common phenomenon and of great concern to both the government and voluntary organizations. This paper which will concentrate on Nigeria will examine the causes of displacement of people in Nigeria, the efforts made by the Government as well as legal/institutional framework for the protection of IDPs, and how far the efforts of Government have helped in alleviating the plight of IDPs. Some recommendations are made as part of the concluding remarks.

Allergic reactions raise the utmost concern to health care practitioners in all fields of expertise. Nickel allergy can be seen occasionally in orthodontic patients as nickel is a component of the majority of orthodontic alloys. The objective of this review was to discuss the prevalence of nickel hypersensitivity reactions, compare the nickel ion release during orthodontics treatment and possible alternative treatment options available for patients with a nickel allergy. Further prospective researches with large sample sizes are required to improve the quality of evidence.

This study aims to determine the effect of Free Cash Flow, Return on Assets, Debt to Total Assets and Level of Payments dividend to Stock Prices. This research use 8 samples of property, real estate, and building Construction Company listed on BEI year 2012-2015. The analysis technique used is panel data regression using three alternative model approach that is, Common Effect, Fixed Effect and Random Effect. Then for model selection used Chow Test Hausman Test model by t-statistic Test. The results of this study showed that the Free Cash Flow and dividend have positive but not significant effect on Stock Price while Debt to Total Asset have positive significant effect on Stock Price and Return On Asset have negative but not significant effect to Stock Price.

The focus of this paper is on fiscal federalism and its effects on national integration in Nigeria. The paper was aimed at explaining the nature of fiscal federalism in Nigeria and the relationship between fiscal federalism and national integration. The theoretical framework for the paper was the Public Goods Theory. The historical/descriptive analytical approach was the method of the study which relied largely on secondary sources of data collection, such as journals, textbooks, internet and newspapers. The recommendation of the paper among others is that the lasting solution to the problems confronting Nigeria‟s fiscal federalism lies in the readjustment of the tax revenue sharing power of the federation in an equitable manner among the component units which currently angle in favour of the federal government. Conclusively, the paper states that a united country and people are in a better position to ably confront its crises of development, nationhood and stability if there is truly fiscal federalism. National integration is a serious and purposeful endeavour, the failure of which has grave consequences to any nation.

An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of stored energy n the Earth’s crust that creates seismic waves. In term of the earthquake, this study aimed to cluster which areas were the most affected by earthquake occured in Java Province in 2017. The algorithm used in this study was Self Organizing Maps algorithm (SOMs) with Cohonen as a type of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) that is trained using unsupervised learning in decision making. In addition, the clustering results through its algoritm are functioned as a base of determining the eartquake pattern criteria and which areas often occurred in order to be able to mitigate earthquake that causes fatal impacts.

Jatropha oil is considered one of the most important vegetable oil can use as biodiesel. This study was studied the genetic variations of Egyptian Jatropha curcas. Analysis of the five SSR loci with the ten of genotypes detected a total of 10 bands or alleles with 60 % polymorphism. The results showed that genotypes having the allele with the JCDS10 SSR locus (116bp) were 42 times more likely to have a high (above 10%) oleic acid content compared with these without this allele. The same results were obtained with the SSR loci JMDB57 and JCPS20 (alleles 82bp and 108bp) and increased odds to 3.8 and 3.6, respectively). While, allele at the JEM100 (140bp) SSR locus was showed negatively correlated with oleic acid content and exhibits a decreased odds (0.035) of having high (above 10%) oleic acid content. On other hand, Oleic acid content might be independent from the alleles at JCKASII SSR locus (OR=1.0). Moreover, the G9 oil specification was matched with European’s standard. The Values of Oil density, Viscosity and Iodine Value were 0.85 gm/cc, 34 cp and 96.5 mg. I2. g-1, respectively. Altogether, we can conculcated that the 5 SSR loci can use for study the genetic variations of Egyptian Jatropha curcas on a molecular basis. In addition, genotype 9 could be useful parental line for developing mapping population to map EST-SSRs (transcribed regions).

The ontological study of visual verbs mainly focuses on the meaning and grammar of visual verbs, while the grammar study focuses on the grammar of patterns, syntactic functions, grammaticalization, pragmatics and collocation. The cognitive research of visual verbs mainly includes categorization, life meaning, and metaphor and so on. The semantic research of visual verbs mainly includes polysemy and its meaning evolution, word-formation semantics, lexical semantics, syntactic semantics, and semantic field.

Since long there has been persistent controversy among Prosthodontists regarding the Camper’s line or Ala-tragus line which helps in establishing the occlusal plane in edentulous patients. Which posterior part of the tragus of ear has to be taken into consideration? It is the superior border of tragus or middle or Inferior border of tragus. Some authors postulate the usage of superior border whereas some postulate the usage of inferior border and very few postulate the usage of inferior border. To solve this controversy the present study was undertaken and we did cephalometric tracing on dentulous patients with different types of malocclusions and applied our results in the edentulous patients. Different Angle’s molar relation Class II, Class II and Class III were considered in the study there lateral cephalograms were obtained on which cephalometric tracings were performed and the parallelism of campers line was checked with the occlusal plane with all the three points i.e Superior, middle and Inferior border of tragus of ear. Result revealed that the line drawn from the inferior border was much more parallel to the occlusal plane of dentulous patient than the middle and superior borders.

Metaphor, as a common linguistic phenomenon, has been the focus for most linguists. In recent decades, as metaphor highly concentrated on the political discourse development, more and more linguists have begun to emphasize on metaphorical use in politics. However, scholars pay less attention to Chinese political discourse metaphors. Critical metaphor analysis is a new metaphor research method proposed by Charteris-Black in 2004 with the intention to reveal the hidden ideology, attitude and beliefs concealed in discourses. The paper attempts to conduct Critical Metaphor Analysis approach to the analysis of Chinese Government Work Report. With collecting the data of Chinese Government Work Report in 2018 from official website, the paper aims to analyze its potential metaphorical functions and reveal the hidden ideology of the Chinese government work report. Meanwhile, the present paper is supposed to provide a new perspective to the theoretical research in the area of CMA. Besides, it is expected that the research will help government promote its political ideology and help the populace understand better the policies of our government.

Child abuse and neglect is defined as attitudes and behaviours performed by caregivers or other adults that cause physical or psychological harm; emotional, sexual or mental developmental delay to the child. Child abuse is an important social issue whose significance is increasing day by day from both medical and social aspects. In addition, protective and preventive attempts should be individually, socially and universally be planned, organized and urgently applied. Doctors and dentists should especially be educated in order to diagnose this devastating problem and all health professionals, and parents should be informed about this medicolegal issue. The awareness, experience, and motivation of the physician are extremely significant for diagnosis. Medicine, law and like social workers must work cooperatively for the evaluation of child abuse.

One cannot hold a company directly liable for any criminal act until one identifies the very ego and center of the personality of the company. This paper is, therefore, concerned with the examination of the provisions made under our laws and the laws of other jurisdictions together with case laws for easy identification of those organs of the company which control the affairs of the company. The author adopted historical, expository, analytical and comparative methods in conducting this research. Part of the findings of this paper is that the de facto control of the management of the affairs of a company resides with the board of directors while de jure control is with the general meeting. The paper, recommends that Sections 246 and 255 of CAMA be amended to accommodate the right caliber of men on the board.

The research analyzed lexical aspects which have correlation among the elements in cohesion discourse systematically in the texts of Melayu Deli Folklores. Its objective was to identify and to describe the type of lexical cohesion devices in the texts of the tales, “Hikayat Putri Hijau”, ”Dongeng Batu Belah Batu Betangkup” and “Panglima Nayan”. The analysis was focused on the types of lexical cohesion such as repetition, synonym, antonym, collocation, meronym, and hyponym. The background of the research was LSF (Systemic Functional Linguistics) with the study on the theory of cohesion discourse which states that social context can interpret language structure. The research used library research, descriptive qualitative approach, and primary and secondary data. The result of the research showed that there were the aspects of lexical cohesion such as repetition, synonym, antonym, collocation, meronym, and hyponym, and the most dominant aspect.

This study examines the instrumentality of English in writing good research papers. Writing is an interesting intellectual process. Research papers cover a wide range of topics. Poor mastery of English in English-speaking non-native regions is evident in research papers, and this is unacceptable. The study hinges on an integrative theoretical underpinning which explores insights from contemporary English grammar and principles of writing. Data are generated from research papers across academic disciplines. They are analyzed in terms of the conventions of English (grammar and vocabulary) and principles of writing that the writers have either articulated or violated. This study concludes that effective use of English in research papers presupposes use of correct spellings, appropriate vocabulary, grammatical constructions, progressive paragraphs, accurate transitional expressions, creative description of phenomena and proposition-reporting verbs.