Introduction: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between vertical facial pattern and dental arch forms in class II skeletal malocclusion. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 60 pretreatment (lateral cephalogram, dental cast and photographs) aged between 11-38 years full permanent dentition without agenesis and/or tooth loss except third molar. The evaluation of the dental arch form was performed using a computer analysis (AutoCad). Results: Assessment of interexaminar reliability analysis was performed using Kappa statistic. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the dental arch form and facial vertical dimensions. Conclusion: As the form of dental arches is associated with the vertical growth patterns, it would be desirable to use individualized arches for each patient.

Background: Risk factor reduction is the primary clinical approach in preventing coronary artery disease. Traditional risk factors are found to be absent in many of the cases. Novel risk factor – hyper homocysteinemia was reported to be associated with the disease process. Objectives: This study is aimed at identifying the association of coronary artery disease with homocysteine and other conventional risk factors, along with the risk they pose both independently and in combination. Methods: The study included 100 people, 60 subjects in the study group with diagnosed coronary artery disease & 40 subjects in the control group with no disease. Conventional risk factors are evaluated & compared along with homocysteine levels. Results: The data obtained concludes that the levels of homocysteine independently are significantly higher (20.19 ± 5.00) among the study than the control group (12.35 ± 3.39).However, there was no significant association between conventional risk factors homocysteine levels and conventional risk factors (smoking, family history of coronary artery disease, hypertension and diabetes). Conclusion: Elevated levels of homocysteine are associated with coronary artery disease. Homocysteine, in combination with the conventional risk factors, did not pose any increased risk for the disease. Raised levels of Homocysteine in the controls is probably attributed to the early sign of disease occurrence, further investigation is required into this aspect. Also, an investigation is necessary to search for the ways of reduction of risk like vitamin supplementation.

Background: To ascertain if fluoridated dentifrices have an effect on Streptococcus mutans count in orthodontic patients with Stainless steel brackets. Material and method: patient had tooth No’s 12 included in the study with Stainless steel bracket bonded. Dentifrices tested were Fluoride based. Conventional tooth paste was considered as control group. Result: Paired T test compared the means of Streptococcus mutans count around Stainless steel bracket at different time intervals. Conclusion: This shows Stainless steel bracket has statistically significant reduction of Streptococcus mutans with Fluoride toothpaste.

There are numerous Physiological terms being used in the field of Physical Education and Sports. For all the trainers, coaches and Physical Education teachers, the clarity and well understanding of all these terms is very important to make the players or the students understand fully, so that better methods of training or teaching may be facilitated. This paper will review the general Physiological concepts that already used in the field of Sports and Physical Education.

Bacterial contamination of transfusion products, especially platelets are the most common cause of transfusion associated morbidity and mortality. Minimizing bacterial contamination in blood products is a priority for safe transfusion practices. A prospective study was done comparing the efficiency of two different disinfectant techniques by studying the flora on donor’s arm before and after disinfection. This study was undertaken as there are very few reports on this important transfusion protocol from Southern India. Mean number of colonies in post disinfection swab culture with 2% povidone iodine was found to be greater than that of 2.5% Chlorhexidine in 75% isopropyl alcohol. 2.5% chlorhexidine disinfection offers more effective reduction in bacterial contamination than 2% povidone iodine group.

Background: Invasive breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease in its presentation, pathological classification and clinical course. Most tumors are derived from mammary ductal epithelium, principally the terminal duct-lobular unit. However, there are more than a dozen histological variants which are less common but still very well defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) classification. The prime objective of the current study is to document our institutional experience of such rare histological entities with review of literature of the same. Methods: The clinicopathological records of resected breast lesions submitted to histopathology department over the period of three years from Jan 2016 to December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. It was observational, retrospective and descriptive analysis of 4 unusual histological types of breast carcinoma. The most common lesions like infiltrating ductal carcinoma (IDC) and infiltrating lobular carcinoma in malignant category and benign lesions were excluded from the study. Results: Among 528 breast malignancies reported in the institute, 48 unusual histological types were recognized, of which 4 are very rare histological types with less than 1% incidence. Conclusions: Here in we highlighted the rare varieties of cribriform, squamous, apocrine and signet ring cell carcinoma of breast with relevance to clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features. It is with significance to the fact that histological diversity of breast carcinoma has relevant prognostic implications.

Background: Body fluid samples are routinely received for cytological examination to diagnose inflammatory, benign or malignancy. Diagnostic efficiency depending on the type of fixatives used. Therefore these fluid samples are processed with six different fixatives to study thecytomorphological changes. Aim and objectives: 1.The aim of the study was to study as closely as possible the cytomorphological characteristics of body fluids by different fixatives. 2. To compare and analyse the most effective fixative. Materials and method: Inpresent study, the body fluid samples were received from various out-patient and inpatient departments of saveetha medical college and hospital (from Jan 2019 to March 2019). About 50 body fluid samples of various patients is collected for morphological examination .The moderate amount of fluid (10ml to 15ml) were processed by centrifugation, then smeared and stained. Results: Schaudins and carnoys fixatives are the best among the other six different fixatives which had an excellent nuclear and cytoplasmic features and clear background. Conclusion: Isopropyl alcohol using as an ideal fixative in ctytology laboratory. But Schaudins and carnoys are also as best fixative as that of isopropyl alcohol in body fluid cytology

Aim: Nosocomial infections are of great concern in hospital settings especially in intensive care units. Health care professionals and their medical equipment have long been known to act as vectors of pathogens. This study aims at evaluating the presence of bacterial pathogens on stethoscopes of health care workers and to substantiate the effectiveness of alcohol swabs for decontamination of stethoscopes. Methods: 50 stethoscopes belonging to physicians, residents, interns and nurses were swabbed before and after decontamination with alcohol swab. The health care workers belonged to the medicine, surgery, obstetrics, paediatric wards and the intensive care unit. Results: 36% of the stethoscopes were contaminated. Decontamination with 70% isopropyl alcohol showed a significant decrease in contamination. The predominant organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (50%). Conclusion: Nosocomial infections carry a higher level of morbidity and mortality. Most stethoscopes harbour potential pathogens. A change in the attitude of health care workers to disinfect their stethoscopes regularly and in between patients will bring about a break in the chain of transmission of infection. We recommend that disinfection of stethoscope should become an integral part of undergraduate and postgraduate education

This paper sought to establish primary school English Language teachers’ experiences that they encounter during schools’ inspection. Underpinned by the MacBeath Cube theory of Evaluation, a qualitative research approach was adopted where a case study research design was utilized with a purposively selected sample of fourteen (14) primary school English language teachers who had been picked from two schools that had been identified as underperforming. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. The paper was based on the following research questions: What are the challenges encountered by English language teachers during schools’ inspection? How can the challenges encountered by English Language teachers during schools’ inspection be minimized? The findings of the study revealed that some of the challenges encountered by English language teachers during schools’ inspection were that, inspectors disrupted teaching and learning as they came unannounced; inspectors harassed, rudely reprimanded and disrespected the English language teachers; inspectors instilled fear on the teachers because they harshly criticized them and they also confused the teachers as they gave different insights on how best to teach English Language; inspectors threatened teachers with their jobs. The findings further revealed that all these challenges could be minimized if inspectors could respect teachers and provide constructive criticism. Based on the findings, the study recommends that inspectors should annually plan and announce dates for their visits and that the inspectors should follow the inspection guidelines when they visit schools. The study further recommends that the Ministry of Education should establish a policy which protects teachers from being harassed by the inspectors.

Gloria Naylor, in the Women of Brewster Place: A Novel in Seven Stories depicts the economic, sexual and psychological conditions that African American women go through. The female characters of the novel are victims of economic and sexual pressures that bring about psychological trauma. For Mariama Ba, in So Long A Letter, she points out the traditional practices and deep- seated customs that impact on the economic, sexual and psychological well-being of Senegalese women. Women’s lacks of moral comfort, the emotional intensity and the psychological shocked caused by men’s betrayal are the results of a misinterpretation, misconception and misunderstanding of tradition, customs and religion. The main purpose of the paper is to show how, Gloria Naylor and Mariama Ba, from different angles and cultures, has faithfully depicted the economic, sexual and psychological predicaments that Senegalese and African American women are suffering.

The study sought to determine funding patterns and cost-sharing in public universities in Nigeria. The main purpose of the study was to determine lecturers’ perception about funding patterns and cost-sharing in public universities and provide implications for global competitiveness. To achieve the purpose, one research question and one hypothesis were developed to direct the study. One hundred (100) lecturers were purposively sampled from a population of one thousand six hundred and six (1606). A research instrument titled “Funding Patterns in Public Universities and Cost-sharing Questionnaire (FPPUCQ)” was validated, and administered to twenty (20) lecturers, for data collection. Data collected were analyzed with Mean, Standard Deviation and Independent t-test. The result showed that funding patterns and cost-sharing need improvement. It was concluded that the funding patterns and cost-sharing in universities needs improvement in order to ensure the provision of quality education for global competitiveness. It was recommended among others that managers of universities should be more prudent in utilizing the meager allocations of government, students’ contribution, internally generated revenue, philanthropic donations, among others.

A condition in which a person feels uncomfortable in the crowded places, malls and using public transportation because he supposes himself unsafe in such places and imagines if an emergency situation occurs, no one will be there for his help thus leaving him helpless and embraced. Most of the time agoraphobia person is followed by panic attacks, in which person feels fast heartbeat rate, sweating, pressurized and even faintness occurs. It can be treated through counselling and proper medical checkups. Urinalysis is done in order to compare the level of specific gravity of urine with that of water for the purpose of monitoring any abnormality present in kidneys functioning. For this purpose dipstick test is done in this survey by dipping strips in the urine which changed their colour according to the intensity oof abnormality. After comparing the results we supposed there is some relation present in agoraphobia and urine specific gravity.

Glucose handling and metabolism is disturbed in acute kidney injury; L-arginine is a component of nitric oxide (NO) which aids the delivery of blood to tissues. This study focused on investigating the underlying effect that L-arginine would have on glucose handling and GLUT-4 expression in rats with acute kidney injury. Oral glucose tolerance test was used to assess the rat’s ability to regulate glucose metabolism, glucose utilization by the cells and how quickly glucose is cleared from the blood. Insulin tolerance test was used to assess insulin resistance and the sensitivity of target organs to insulin, as well as the rate of glucose clearance from the blood. Glucose transporter 4 expression was assessed via ELISA. Results showed that glucose clearance from the blood was more effective and rapid in the arginine-treated groups when compared to the control group. L-arginine induced rapid insulin-like action which was effective after thirty minutes of oral glucose loading in both groups treated with arginine but the effect was not long-lasting. Similar result was observed from the insulin tolerance test, again indicating an insulin-like action of arginine. L-arginine produced no marked difference in GLUT-4 expression across the various groups showing that the insulin-like activity observed may not be via the activation of GLUT-4 channels or exocytosis of GLUT-4 proteins to the plasma membranes of insulin target organs. This study showed that L-arginine exhibits a rapid but un-sustained insulin-like action in glucose metabolism by clearing glucose from the blood and this action is not via the activation of GLUT-4 channels on plasma membranes.

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections are one of the commonest community-acquired and nosocomial infections caused by bacteria in humans. Poor feeding habits, poor sanitation and low standard of living are related to urinary tract infections and these factors are rife in rural settings. Despite susceptibility of both sexes to this infection, there is a higher vulnerability of women due to their physiological and reproductive anatomy. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence and the rate of transmission of Urinary tract infections at our locations of study. Materials and Method: The study subjects were made up of 24 (15.9%) males and 127 (84.1%) females, with females as the predominant. This gives a male to female ratio of 1:3. Clean-catch midstream urine was collected was collected in a sterile bottle from 151 individuals between the age range of 10 to 30 years. The urine samples were processed and microbial isolates identified. Susceptibility testing was performed on all bacterial isolates. Results: Results from this study indicated that 83 (55%) from 151 individuals assayed were positive to UTIs. With coagulase negative Staphylococcus constituting the predominant microorganism and was responsible for (36.1%) cases of UTIs. This was closely succeeded by Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.1%) Staphylococcus aureus (14.5%) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.3%) Escherichia coli (7.2%) Micrococci (3.6%) Klebsiella ozaenae (2.4%) Enterococcus faecalis (2.4%) Candida albicans (1.2%) Proteus Vulgaris (1.2%). Conclusion: The incidence of urinary tract infection of 55.0% uropathogen in this study particularly among sexually active women is of public concern, hence the need for improved and screening facilities for routine laboratory test especially among the sexually active females. There is also the need for the provision of improved, adequate and affordable health care services in the community.

Euthanasia is a much debated concept around the world. It involves a human’s right to take way his life or have a choice of living the life. Art.21 guarantees the right of life and liberty also including human dignity as a fundamental right and human right. Does a person have a right not to live is the question of the hour.The study would be touch upon the history of Human right of a man in India, the justification to euthanasia’s legality or illegality while studying euthanasia in other jurisdictions as well thereby analysing the concept of life and death as a Constitutional right and a human right in formation of legislation to control and guide euthanasia and the principles by which it is governed and the policy towards an effective legislation in India while taking guidance from Netherlands and Belgium Court’s statement in validifying the act of passive euthanasia.