This research paper deals a study of the portraits of black women as wives involves an understanding of the role of women as wives in Africa in the pre-colonial times. This is necessary as certain notions about womanhood persist even today in the post-colonial Africa. Black women in the U.S.A. have their roots in Africa as their ancestors were taken mostly from the West Coast of Africa to work as slave’s n the plantations of America. Their ideas about the role of men and women were shattered by the system of slavery and very little remained of their traditional roles that affected man-woman relationship. The most important factor with regard to the women in traditional society is their roles as mothers. The importance given to mothers and the high regard in which they were held has been explained in Chapter II. Filomina Chioma Steady points out that “women are important as wives and mothers since their reproductive capacity is crucial to the maintenance of the husband’s lineage and it is because of women than men have a patrilineage at all” (Steady, 29). This original research paper portrays the situations of house wives in those novels very clearly.

Aim: This research is aimed at the comparison of the amount of weekly physical activity of professional soldiers of the Army of the Czech Republic (soldiers of the 7th mechanized brigade) during an ordinary week spent in the garrison and during a week of continuous field training. Methodology: The observed group was made up of 48 professional soldier volunteers in the age range of 30.12 ± 4.84 years. The measurement has been performed continuously during the time span of one week. Physical activity has been measured with the utilization of the ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers supplemented with the use of a weekly physical activity protocol. Results: Based on the results it is possible to infer that no difference has been found between the amount of weekly physical activity of the soldiers during a week spent in garrison and during a week of continuous field training in a military training area. The level of physical activity has been sufficient during both of the weeks. The average active energy expenditure has been 18.27 kcal higher during the week of continuous field training. The average active power has been 5.06 kcal/hour higher during the ordinary week spent in garrison. Conclusion: Based on the values of average daily step count during an ordinary week in the garrison and during a week of continuous field training the soldiers´ activity can be categorized as regular medium intensity movement without competitive sport activity (Máček et al., 2010) and meets the healthy recommended value of number of steps per day (Aoyagi & Shephard, 2009).

Objectives: The study was done to evaluate efficacy of chemiluminescent method (vizilite) as a screening test in detecting the malignant changes in potentially malignant lesions of oral cavity. Study also compares sensitivity and specificity of toludiene blue with chemiluminescent method. Materials & methods: 30 patients clinically diagnosed as potentially malignant lesions of oral cavity were recruited. After obtaining consent form, all patients were subjected chemiluminescent method and toludiene blue. All patients were then compared with histopathological results and statistically analyzed. Results: After histopathological results, Sensitivity and specificity of vizilite was found to be 66.6% and 71.4% respectively and that of toluidine blue was 77% and 87%. Conclusion: Although vizilite accentuated the visibility of the lesion but overall detection rate in patients was not significantly improved. Qualities like easy to perform, less time consuming and instant results concur with the properties of an ideal screening test but diagnostic propensity is questionable.

Self-medication is taking any therapeutic drug without doctor's prescription. This practice is a potentially hazardous public health problem. It is commonly practiced in India as it provides a low-cost alternative treatment. Our objective was to find out the correlation between self-medication in medical vs. nonmedical students. It was a cross-sectional study, carried out using a pre-validated, semi-structured, self-administered questionnaire, a medical and a anon-medical undergraduate group consisting of 100 students each. Established statistical methods were used for analysis. It was found that 68% of the medical students self-medicated compared to 48% of the non-medical counterparts, higher in females. Awareness about side-effects, disadvantages, need of correct dosage and importance of course completion was more among the medicos. Upon analyzing the data from medical and non-medical groups we observed that most of them cited mild illness (82% and 69% respectively) as a reason for self-medication. Common-cold was the most common complaint and antipyretics (78% and 77% respectively) were the most commonly taken drug. Drug stores (78%) were the primary sources of obtaining medicines, while previous medication experience from the same illness was the main source of knowledge of dosage. More than 50% participants supported the use of self-medication in the treatment of common illnesses. Conclusion is that main reason of self-medication among medical students can be a better knowledge and understanding about the various aspects of medication, reflecting the influence of medical training and studies. However, an incomplete knowledge and understanding makes self-medication a potentially harmful practice.

Purpose: This study investigates English studies in Nigerian universities and the implications of such studies on nation-building. Method: Fifty (50) research instruments (questionnaires) were administered to three categories of respondents: Nigerian undergraduates (15 questionnaires); academic staff of Nigerian universities (15 questionnaires); employers of labour in Nigeria (10 questionnaires); employees in Nigeria (10 questionnaires). The theoretical underpinning of this study is the Sociology of Language Approach. Results: The analysis reveals that: the importance of English studies in Nigeria is widely acknowledged; different factors bedevil English studies in Nigerian universities; and formal education fails to accomplish the goals of English studies in Nigeria. Conclusion: In this study, literacy in English is “the ability to use the English language with significant proficiency in spoken and written communications, such that graduates of Nigerian universities can perform satisfactorily at work-places, irrespective of their disciplines.” In Nigeria, literacy level in English is not satisfactory, and this situation hinders nation-building. Given the significance of English studies all over the world and in Nigeria in particular, all stakeholders should foster the teaching and learning of the English language.

Freewriting is defined as timed writing without stopping and checking grammar, format, and structures, and has not only been used as a powerful tool for developing student writing in educational contexts but also as therapy. However, freewriting is often used in writers’ first language and relatively less used in their second language. This article will, therefore, explore whether the benefits of freewriting will offset the anxiety of writing in a second language in EFL classes. It was conducted in a three-credit writing course designed to help students master effective English writing skills and strategies. Eighteen freshmen of the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures were required to do freewriting in the first thirty minutes of each week for fifteen weeks and were asked to write a reflection on freewriting in the eighteenth week. Of the eighteen students, seventeen of them positively comment on freewriting practices and revealed some beneficial effect, which shows that freewriting can be a powerful teaching tool in English writing courses for EFL classes.

The paper discusses walkability in low-income areas of the small Libyan cities, specifically in the city of Zawiya, which borders the capital, Tripoli. The purpose of this study is to explore executive methods of how to implement the walkability of the city, as an element of urban design that is concerned with city design. The city began preparing a comprehensive development strategy after years of neglect and civil war. The sustainable ways approach is encouraged in the areas of environmental, social and economic development. The municipality pursues the development of the city center and its urban areas such as streets, squares and parks. It also aims to link streets, reduce cars, and promote pedestrians to strengthen social ties and promote culture. The researcher aims to help the municipality and draw up a plan to develop the streets and transform them into more vital places. The study is based on the spatial data analysis approach through the analysis of traditional geographic data.

The topic of the study was to analyze working capital management on profitability of Consumer goods industries in Rwanda. The problem of the study was looking on how does working capital management could be a channel of profitability of consumer goods industries especially in Rwanda. The objectives of the study were to find out the extent to how inventory management affect the profitability of consumer goods industry, to evaluate the effectiveness of cash management on the profitability of consumer goods industry; and to analyze the influences of account receivable management on the profitability of consumer goods industries. The methodology used questionnaire, and documentary techniques, while methods of data analysis were descriptive statistic and linear regression analysis methods. Target population was 585 employees, while sample size was 59 of respondents from Bralirwa Plc, Skol industry and Urwibutso Enterprise as selected consumer goods industries in Rwanda. However, the findings of this study were presented in accordance with research objectives. Then, the results on the effects of Inventory management on the profitability of consumer goods industries were on the table 5 which confirmed in consumer goods industries, they make sure that every product needed to be sold on market is available in stock as confirmed on the rate of 93.2%, and also the store room is well maintained in order to keep well goods on rate of 93.2%. The findings on the effectiveness of cash management on the Profitability of Consumer goods industries were on table 6 which shown that petty cash is always available for solving little payments as confirmed by 96.6% of respondents. Cash are always disbursed after being approved by official workers was confirmed by 93.2% of respondents. The results on the influences of account receivable management on the profitability of Consumer goods industries were shown on table 7 that illustrated debts were only given after assessing the capacity of the

The most disturbing gynecologic malignancies are cervical cancer particularly in the developing world with the same high incidence in Iraqi women. Cervical carcinoma has a high rate of mortality. The high death rate is associated with presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Cervical carcinoma is hard to treat, and conventional therapies are very aggressive which lead for the need for new approaches of therapy. Nanoparticles is a promising treatment modality to produce non-toxic and efficient cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) accumulate in cancer cells selectively. The current work was aimed to study cytotoxicity and cell death induced by AuNPs on cervical carcinoma cells. Methods: Cytotoxicity of AuNPs was assessed by MTT viability assay and analysed using multiple comparison ANOVA tests. Results: AuNPs nanoparticles from 12.5 up to 50 µg/mL for 72 hours showed concentration-dependent killing activity. Conclusion: Gold nanoparticles have anti-cervical carcinoma cells activity by cell death induction.

The paper explores the historical panorama of the personal law system in India and scrutinizes the social and political factors that contributed towards the expansion and preservation of personal laws in India over the period of time.

Facial trauma, with or without life- and sight-threatening complications, may arise following isolated injury, or it may be associated with significant injuries elsewhere. Trauma management has evolved significantly in the past few decades thereby reducing mortality in the golden hour. However, challenges remain, and one such area is maxillofacial injuries in a polytrauma patient. A systematic review of the literature was undertaken to formulate an evidence-based approach to the treatment of life-threatening maxillofacial trauma. This review article aims to provide a concise, contemporary guide for the knowledge about complications and treatment of maxillofacial trauma in the emergency setting.

Anemia is a condition in which the blood hemoglobin (the main oxygen-transporting protein in red blood cells) level is under the minimum extreme of the reference range for the age and gender of the person .It is the most common hematological disorder affects millions of women at reproduction period around the globe that may influence in different phases of their socioeconomic lifestyle. It occurs due to increase red blood cell destruction or due to bone marrow failure to produce adequate number of blood cells. Iron deficiency anemia is the most common type of anemia noticed among women during their reproductive age, while other types are less common. Pernicious anaemia and folate deficiency are recognized to cause secondary infertility. Any attempts to treat infertility or to even establish preliminary investigations should be delayed until anaemia is treated. Management of anaemia itself may resolve the infertility problems and should be taken as a first line treatment in all cases.

Dental decay is one of the most prevalent diseases of mankind. In many countries, its severity increased in correlation with importation of sugar, reaching its zenith in about 1950s and 1960s. Dental caries, unlike periodontal disease, is now recognized as an infectious, transmissible, multifactorial disease of bacterial origin. The philosophy of caries management by risk assessment, or CAMBRA®, represents a paradigm shift. Current evidence-based emphasis is on the need to recognize a carious lesion in its earliest stage before demineralization has produced a cavitated lesion that requires restoration by a dentist. Prevention strategy is to determine the dental caries risk factors for patients of all ages and to introduce remineralization strategies into the patient's dental care plan. Therapy should focus on patient-specific approaches that include disease monitoring and preventive therapies supplemented when necessary by restorative care. Changes in the management of dental caries will require health organizations and dental schools to educate students, practitioners, and patients in evidence and risk-based care. This paper discusses current understanding of the caries balance, the process of demineralization and remineralization of tooth structure, caries risk assessment, the different levels of caries risk and a brief review of strategies to control dental caries. Adequate treatment protocols specifically related to the remineralization of non-cavitated lesions using dentifrices and related studies are discussed.

The essence of teaching and learning materials to any learning institution cannot be overemphasised. This is more so when it comes to the learning of the young children. This research study focused on the effects of learning and teaching resources in lower primary school children. The education system in Kenya is evolving a bit slowly even as it is faced with inadequate teaching/learning resources in lower primary schools due to poor planning and corruption in the process of acquiring learning resources. A mixture of both purposive sampling and simple random sampling techniques were used in the study. The instruments that were used in data collection include questionnaires, the interview schedule and the observation schedule. The findings were that most books in school libraries are outdated and need to be upgraded to fit with the changing world of technology especially with Social Studies. Teaching and using of black boards and toys play a very important role in the teaching and learning process.

Very few ethnic groups in Cameroon have been subjected to ethnobotanical surveys and data on plants having medicinal properties against sinusitis which are very scarce. The current study is about exploring the Cameroonian flora in order to promote traditional medicine in the treatment of this affection. Ethnobotanical surveys were conducted among traditional healers and herbalists from villages and local markets in the Centre, Littoral, East and West provinces in order to identify the plants used by these four major cultural groups in Cameroon to treat sinusitis. After recipe characterization, the plant specimens were harvested and identified. Their floristic characterization and finally determining the composition of their bioactive metabolites were done. A total of 78 recipes involving 52 medicinal plant species were identified for sinusitis treatment; these recipes were prepared using plant combinations. These plants belong to 29 families, the most represented belong to the Fabaceae (7 species), Rutaceae (5 species) and Rubiaceae (4 species) families. 73.00 % are woody plants from which the bark (56.00 %) is mainly collected. Fruits of Massullaria acuminata (29 occurrences), bark of Piptadeniastrum africanum (17), Erythrophleum suaveolens (9), Mammea africana (9), Cylicodiscus gabunensis (6) and leaves of Nicotiana tabaccum (5 occurrences) are the most commonly used organs to prepare the recipes which are mainly administered by nasal instillation (60.77%). The bark of Antrocaryon klaineanum (6 occurrences), the stems of Costus afer (6) and the fruits of Citrus lemon (5 occurrences) are used as plant combinations. These plants are forest species (62.00 %) with regional distribution (40.00 %) whose diaspores are spread by zoochory (97.00 %). They contain many bioactive compounds, in particular phenolic compounds responsible for their pharmacological activities and thus justifies their use in the traditional treatment of sinusitis.