This comprehensive study delves into the development of eye anatomy from the Greek to the Arab period, highlighting key figures such as Buqrāt (Hippocrates), Arastū (Aristotle), Herophilūs, and Jalinūs (Galen), whose pioneering contributions laid the foundation for the understanding of ocular structure and function. These scholars made significant strides in identifying the various components of the eye, including the cornea, retina, iris, and optic nerve, and proposed innovative treatments for ocular ailments. Their meticulous observations and detailed descriptions of eye anatomy in ancient medical texts underscore the early recognition of visual impairments and their clinical significance in early medical practices. The Arab period saw a flourishing of ophthalmological knowledge, with prominent figures such as Abū Bakr Moḥammad Ibn Zakriyā Al-Rāzī, 'Alī Ibn Sahl Raban Al-Ṭabarī, and Ḥunayn Ibn Ishāq Al-‘Ābādī making significant contributions to the field. These scholars authored seminal works that provided detailed insights into common eye anatomy and various ocular diseases, paving the way for advancements in ophthalmic knowledge and treatment methods. Their comprehensive texts not only enriched the understanding of eye disorders but also contributed to the development of systematic textbooks on ophthalmology, furthering the dissemination of medical knowledge in the Arab world. The legacy of scholars such as Ibn Sīnā, 'Alī Ibn 'Isā Al-Kaḥḥāl, Ibn Al-Haytham, and Ibn Rūshd continued to shape the field of ophthalmology, with their ground-breaking research on vision, eye anatomy, and disease treatment setting the stage for modern practices. Their innovative approaches to studying the eye, introducing technical terminology, and proposing novel theories on ocular function have had a lasting impact on the field. Through their collective efforts, these scholars have enriched the understanding the Ocular anatomy and its applied aspect, paving the way for advancements in ophthalmic research and clinical practice.

The study painstakingly assessed ''Blue Resources under-exploitation and Development Impediment along Atlantic Coastline: Example from Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria’’. Reconnaissance survey was done prior to field work between September 2024 to February 2025. The study employed descriptive method of data analysis alongside in-depth interview using community leaders, Women Association and Youth Forum and other concerned social groups. Focus Group Discussion was further employed using 15 males and 15 females with participants ranging from 28 years and above. Forty (40) structured questionnaires were distributed to heads of household in ten (10) selected communities making a total of 400 questionnaires. Findings revealed that there are numerous blue resources potentials in Akwa Ibom State including blue food, blue tourism resources, blue mineral, blue energy, blue-green resources and blue transport. The study revealed that in order of resource utilization, blue minerals and blue tourism take the leads, while investment in blue energy, maritime services, wetlands farming and aquaculture was under-utilised. Linking this finding with the level of economic development of the region, blue resource under-utilisation contributed significantly to the declining economic situation. It was further realized that household economic status was relatively low in comparison to the huge natural resources availability. The study however, recommended that more efforts should be re-directed towards multi-sectoral and holistic resource management that could ensure that all dimensions of blue resources in the region are incorporated into the economic sector for development. Hence, an organized, participatory and multi-lateral investment, laced with modern skills on environmentally friendly resource exploitation, resource marketing and resource value-chain optimization are suggested.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the effective protective potential of aprepitant on L-arginine induced pancreatitis in albino wistar rats. Thirty albino wistar rats weighing 150-200 g were randomly divided into five groups. Each group contains six animals. Pancreatitis was induced by 250 mg L- Arginine in the normal saline and administer in the time interval of 4th, 7th, 10th, 13th, 16th and 19th days. Treatment with aprepitant 14 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg was evaluated by using body weight and serum parameters like amylase, lipase, creatinine, BUN, ALT, AST, inflammatory markers and histological study of pancreatitis induced rat’s pancreas. The present study demonstrates that treatment with aprepitant with 14 mg/kg and 8 mg/kg had potential therapeutic effects on the treatment of pancreatitis. It was found that parental administration of the aprepitant shows the equal effectiveness in treating pancreatitis when compared with pancreatic rats treated with standard drug methylprednisolone. Histopathological studies of the pancreas sample also confirmed the damage in the pancreas reduced due to the aprepitant. This shows good anti- inflammatory activity against diseased group. It is concluded that the aprepitant showed siginificant anti- inflammatory activity in albino rats. Among that aprepitant 14 mg/kg showed distinguished effect than aprepitant 8 mg/kg. Therefore, the study results show that the aprepitant produces siginificant suppression of inflammation, cell damage in pancreas. Thus, it has the potential to be developed for clinical applications in the future.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic necessitated exploration of convalescent plasma (CP) therapy. This phase-II RCT evaluated CP's efficacy in 30 severe COVID-19 patients (June 2020–July 2021), comparing standard care (n=30) with CP-added therapy (n=30). Despite historical success in viral outbreaks, evidence remained conflicting. We assessed 28-day mortality, clinical improvement, and safety, addressing gaps in donor antibody variability and timing. Objective: To determine therapeutic Role of Convalescent Plasma (CP) therapy in the treatment of severe COVID-19. Methods and Procedure: It was a Randomized Controlled phase-II Trial which was carried out at COVID-19 unit and ICU Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka from 01June 2020 to 31July 2021. Plasma was collected and supplied in the department of Transfusion Medicine of BSMMU and transfused in patient at ICU, BSMMU. After proper evaluation 30 healthy donors required amount of convalescent plasma of COVID-19 was collected by continuous flow cell separator. The collected convalescent plasma was transfused to; 30 (INTERVENTION ARM) severe ill patients receiving standard treatment protocol admitted in ICU, BSMMU, Dhaka. Then the improvement of these patients was observed and another 30(control) patients receiving standard treatment protocol only and comparison was made. Before administration of the plasma it was screened for RCT-PCR for covid-19. HBsAg, Anti-HCV, HIV and other infections. Results: The study included 60 COVID-19 patients (30 control, 30 intervention) with comparable baseline characteristics (mean age 51-53 years; 40% vs. 56.6% males). The intervention group showed significantly higher baseline D-dimer (4.3 vs. 0.5 µg/mL, p<0.001) and ferritin (1045 vs. 631 ng/mL, p=0.049). Both groups had similar 28-day mortality (26.6%, RR=1.00, p=0.95), hospitalization duration (10 vs. 9 days), and discharge rates (63.3%). Clinical parameters improved over time, with mortality declining from 7.1% (Week-I) to 4.5% (Week-IV). Conclusion: In conclusion, this phase-II randomized controlled trial demonstrated that convalescent plasma (CP) therapy did not significantly improve 28-day mortality or other clinical outcomes in severe COVID-19 patients compared to standard care alone.

Introduction: The rehabilitation of areas with localized horizontal atrophy in the molar region or with reduced interdental spaces using dental implants is challenging. In many cases, horizontal regeneration must be performed prior to implant placement, which increases the morbidity of the procedure, particularly considering it involves a unitary implant. For these situations, narrow-diameter implants with reduced platforms offer a viable solution to address localized atrophies successfully. This case series demonstrates situations resolved with these implants in a safe and predictable manner. Materials and Methods: Narrow implants with a diameter of 3.3 mm and a narrow platform (3.0 mm) were prospectively analyzed. These implants were placed in molar positions and rehabilitated as single-unit restorations in cases of localized horizontal atrophy with reduced mesiodistal spaces, avoiding the use of regenerative techniques to restore lost width. The primary variable evaluated was implant survival, followed by crestal bone loss and the occurrence of surgical or prosthetic complications during the follow-up period. Qualitative variables were described using frequency analysis, while quantitative variables were summarized using mean and standard deviation. Implant survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: Thirteen patients were recruited, receiving a total of 15 implants that met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 73.3% were placed in the mandible, with position 46 being the most frequent location. All the implants studied had a diameter of 3.3 mm with a platform of 3.0 mm and were placed for unitary molar rehabilitation, using screw-retained crowns supported by single abutments. Implant lengths were 5.5 mm in 33.3% of cases and 6.5 mm in the remaining 66.7%. The mean mesial bone loss at the end of the follow-up was 0.49 mm (+/- 0.21), while the mean distal bone loss was 0.43 mm (+/- 0.28). Conclusions: Narrow-platform (3.0 mm) and reduced-diameter implants can be placed in molar regions and rehabilitated as single-unit restorations in cases of localized horizontal atrophy, reduced interproximal spaces, or both factors combined, with favorable outcomes.

Background: This study investigates the morphometric and morphological characteristics of the external ear in the Omuma population, a distinct ethnic group in Nigeria. The external ear’s unique anatomy and its individual variability, influenced by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors, have applications in forensic science, anthropological research, and clinical medicine. The research aims to provide baseline data specific to this population, filling a gap in the existing anthropometric literature. Materials and Method: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was employed in Omuma, Rivers State, Nigeria. Participants 250 volunteers aged 16–45 years, with both parents and grandparents from the Omuma ethnic group. Sampling Method: Random sampling, with sample size determined using the Taro Yamane formula. Materials and Techniques: smart camera, 2 cm graph paper, Vernier calipers, and statistical software for analysis. Morphometric data included parameters such as ear length, width, and lobule dimensions. Morphological observations documented variations in ear shape and structure. Results and Discussions: The findings reveal significant morphometric and morphological variations in the external ear among the Omuma population. Sexual Dimorphism: Male participants exhibited larger ear dimensions compared to females. Variations aligned with genetic and environmental influences unique to the Omuma group. The study corroborates earlier findings on the relevance of ear dimensions in forensic identification, reconstructive surgery, and anthropological research. The significance levels observed for ear length, width, and lobule height (p < 0.05) validate the importance of these parameters in distinguishing sex and ethnicity. Conversely, the non-significance of lobule width (p > 0.05) indicates that this measure may not be a reliable indicator of sexual dimorphism in this population. Conclusion: This research provides essential baseline data for the Omuma population, highlighting the clinical, forensic, and anthropological importance of understanding population-specific ear morphology. The results of this study revealed that free earlobes occurred more frequently than attached earlobes and earlobe attachment did not demonstrate any significant correlations with either gender or age group. Also, males had slightly higher lobule lengths and widths than females, but these differences were not statistically significant.

This study examines heavy metal contamination and bioaccumulation in earthworms across three sites in Ekiti State, Nigeria: Are Oil Palm plantation, Irasa waste dumpsites, and EKSU Teak plantation. Soil and earthworm samples were analyzed for copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results showed the highest contamination at Irasa waste dumpsites, with Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations averaging 45.2 mg/kg, 8.4 mg/kg, 36.7 mg/kg, and 112.5 mg/kg, respectively. Are Oil Palm plantation exhibited moderate contamination, with Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn averaging 29.5 mg/kg, 4.2 mg/kg, 18.6 mg/kg, and 67.9 mg/kg. The EKSU Teak plantation showed the lowest levels, averaging 15.3 mg/kg for Cu, 2.1 mg/kg for Cd, 9.8 mg/kg for Pb, and 35.4 mg/kg for Zn. Bioaccumulation analysis revealed a strong correlation with soil contamination, with earthworms from Irasa waste dumpsites containing the highest concentrations of Pb and Cd, at 25.3 mg/kg and 5.6 mg/kg, respectively. Earthworms from Are Oil Palm recorded 13.1 mg/kg for Pb and 2.9 mg/kg for Cd, while those from EKSU Teak had the lowest levels, at 6.5 mg/kg for Pb and 1.5 mg/kg for Cd. The study highlights significant heavy metal contamination and bioaccumulation gradients influenced by anthropogenic activities. The elevated contamination at Irasa waste dumpsites emphasizes the need for pollution control and remediation strategies to protect soil and ecological health.

The research examines the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in waste management systems, using Bee'ah AI City Vision in Sharjah, UAE, as a case study. Research checks the application of advanced AI models, including long short-term memory (LSTM) network and transformer-based models, in adaptation to waste collection efficiency and sustainable urban rule. Conclusions display a 30% lower environmental footprint due to a 25% decrease in operating costs, waste volume prediction, and LSTM network in passage optimization. The transformer model also enabled a 20% increase in public satisfaction by increasing the accountability of services through emotion analysis. Research reflects AI's ability to increase operational efficiency, environmental stability, and governance in the public sector, as well as the main challenges, including AI decision-making data secrecy, algorithm bias, and transparency.

Schiff bases are effective corrosion inhibitors for metals like mild steel, copper, and aluminum, offering high efficiency, adaptability, environmental stability, and cost-effectiveness. This study examines how substituents and molecular structures influence their corrosion-suppressing capabilities. It also analyzes the effects of metals and environmental factors such as temperature and pH on their performance. The relationship between inhibition efficiency and Schiff base concentration is explored to provide insight into their protective mechanisms. Industrial applications are discussed, particularly in coatings, mechanical engineering, and the oil and gas sectors. A key focus is on integrating nanotechnology into Schiff bases to enhance their protective properties. Innovations like nanoscale surface treatments, controlled release via nanocapsules, and nanocomposite coatings are highlighted as promising advances for next-generation corrosion prevention. The study emphasizes the need for future research into environmentally sustainable Schiff bases, novel derivatives with enhanced characteristics, and extensive industrial testing. The integration of nanotechnology is identified as a critical area for development, potentially leading to more effective and durable corrosion prevention solutions. These advancements position Schiff bases as a versatile and sustainable choice for industrial corrosion control.

Background: Dyslipidemia, characterized by abnormal lipid profiles, is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease and has been increasingly implicated in the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Dyslipidemia contributes to endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation, potentially exacerbating renal impairment. However, the association between dyslipidemia and key renal risk factors—estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), proteinuria, anemia, and C-reactive protein (CRP)—in renal transplant recipients remains inadequately explored. Objective: To assess the association between dyslipidemia and renal risk factors, including eGFR, proteinuria, anemia, and CRP, in renal transplant recipients. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at Sir Salimullah Medical College & Mitford Hospital, the CKD and Urology Hospital (CKD&U), and the Kidney Foundation Hospital and Research Institute, Bangladesh, over 13 months (May 2019–June 2020). A total of 105 renal transplant recipients were included through purposive sampling. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected, including fasting lipid profiles, serum creatinine, fasting blood glucose, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR), CRP, and eGFR (calculated using the MDRD equation). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v16, applying Chi-square tests to evaluate associations between dyslipidemia and renal risk factors. Results: Among renal transplant recipients, 61.9% had elevated triglycerides, 53.3% had high LDL, 33.3% had elevated total cholesterol, and 61.0% had low HDL. The mean triglyceride level was 214.38 ± 128.33 mg/dL, and the mean LDL was 100.41 ± 36.31 mg/dL. Dyslipidemia was significantly associated with reduced eGFR (p=0.04), indicating a decline in renal graft function. Lower ApoA1 levels were significantly linked to elevated CRP (p=0.01) and reduced eGFR (p=0.043), while higher ApoB levels were also associated with reduced eGFR (p=0.038). Hypertriglyceridemia was significantly correlated with anemia (p=0.05). However, no significant associations were observed between lipid markers and proteinuria, hypertension, or diabetes. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia, particularly elevated triglycerides and low HDL levels, is significantly associated with reduced renal function and systemic inflammation in renal transplant recipients. Specific lipid markers, such as ApoA1 and ApoB, may play a critical role in predicting renal dysfunction and inflammatory status. Early detection and management of dyslipidemia may be crucial in preserving renal function and improving long-term transplant outcomes.

Background: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is the standard treatment for gallbladder diseases, traditionally performed under general anesthesia (GA). However, spinal-epidural anesthesia (SEA) has emerged as a potential alternative due to its advantages in postoperative recovery, reduced nausea, and improved pain control. Despite these benefits, the choice between SEA and GA remains debated in clinical practice. Objective: This study aims to compare the perioperative and postoperative outcomes of LC performed under SEA versus GA, focusing on pain management, complications, and recovery parameters. Methods: A prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted at a tertiary care hospital from September 2023. A total of 97 patients were randomly allocated to undergo LC under SEA [n=48]or GA[ n=49]. Inclusion criteria included ASA I-II status, age 18-65 years, and BMI ≤30 kg/m². Perioperative parameters, postoperative pain (Visual Analog Scale), complications, and hospital stay duration were assessed. Statistical significance was determined using appropriate tests, with an interim analysis performed after the first 100 patients. Results: Baseline characteristics were comparable between groups. Median operative time was 45 minutes for SEA and 47 minutes for GA. SEA patients experienced significantly lower postoperative pain scores at all time points (p < .001). The incidence of postoperative nausea and vomiting was slightly higher in the GA group (16.7%) than in the SEA group (14.3%). Urinary retention was observed only in the SEA group (6.1%), while dizziness and sinus tachycardia were exclusive to GA (2.1% each). The median hospital stay was one day for both groups. Conclusion: SEA provides superior postoperative pain control compared to GA while maintaining comparable operative and anesthesia durations. Although SEA was associated with urinary retention, GA had a higher incidence of nausea, dizziness, and tachycardia. These findings support SEA as a viable alternative to GA in LC, particularly for patients prioritizing pain reduction and enhanced recovery.

Background: Dyslipidemia is a key modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is highly prevalent among renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes, and obesity, contribute to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. The Framingham Risk Score (FRS) is a widely used tool to estimate coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, incorporating lipid levels and other major risk factors. However, the association between dyslipidemia, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and FRS in RTRs remains unclear. Objective: This study aimed to assess the relationship between dyslipidemia and traditional cardiovascular risk factors in RTRs and to evaluate the impact of dyslipidemia on FRS. Methodology: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted over 13 months (May 2019 – June 2020) at nephrology departments of multiple healthcare facilities in Bangladesh. A total of 105 RTRs, selected through purposive sampling, underwent clinical assessments, laboratory investigations, and FRS calculation. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was evaluated, and its associations with hypertension, diabetes, body mass index (BMI), and FRS were analyzed using SPSS version 16. Results: The majority of RTRs were male (88.6%) and aged ≤40 years (72.4%). Dyslipidemia was highly prevalent, affecting 88.0% of hypertensive patients, 100.0% of diabetics, and 100.0% of underweight and obese individuals. However, no statistically significant associations were found between dyslipidemia and hypertension (p = 0.498), diabetes (p = 0.455), or BMI (p = 0.470). Similarly, dyslipidemia did not show a significant correlation with FRS (p = 0.107), despite its high prevalence across all FRS categories. Conclusion: Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent among RTRs but is not significantly associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors or FRS. These findings suggest that conventional cardiovascular risk models may not fully capture the complex risk profile of RTRs. Individualized lipid monitoring and tailored cardiovascular risk management strategies are essential for optimizing post-transplant care. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longitudinal designs are needed to elucidate the interplay between dyslipidemia, immunosuppressive therapy, and cardiovascular risk in RTRs.

This study examines the transition from cash to accrual accounting in government accounting, focusing on its impact, significance, and implementation. It explores the concept of return on public spending, measurement methodologies, and optimal allocation. The research analyzes the link between accrual accounting adoption and objective measurement of public spending returns. A proposed accounting strategy addresses expenditure allocation issues using an accrual basis. A practical field study, including experts from inside and outside Saudi Arabia, confirms a direct relationship between accrual accounting and improved spending measurement. The findings support the proposed approach, highlighting accounting's role in economic development and reform.

The investigation of the inhibiting patterns and variations of 10cm3 leaves extracts of yam, maize and cassava on the corrosion of mild steel in a selected media using weight loss method was carried out. The mild steel samples were pre-weighed, immersed in different concentrations of NaOH, NaCl and H2SO4 solutions with the 10cm3 leaves extracts alongside the control samples immersed in solution of the media without leaves extracts. The arrangements were allowed to stand for 672 hours and a set of samples from each environment withdrawn at intervals of 168 hours for corrosion characterization. The research findings indicate that the corrosion rate decreased as a result of the 10cm3 leaves extracts introduced into the media thereby confirming that the leaves extracts functioned as effective and excellent inhibitors in the NaOH, NaCl and H2SO4 media. Among the leaves extracts from the three plants used, it was observed that Yam has the best inhibition efficiency in both NaOH (alkaline), NaCl (salt) and H2SO4 (acidic) media, followed by Cassava and Maize which also showed good inhibition efficiency. The results show the very good potentialities of the leaves extracts for application in the diminution of corrosion in our various manufacturing industries.

Vocational education plays a vital role in equipping young people with the skills and knowledge necessary for success in the workforce, making it an essential aspect of human development. This study aimed to investigate how instructors' competence, qualifications, and experience influence the quality of vocational training and skills acquisition in vocational training centers within Tana River County. A descriptive research methodology was adopted, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. The study focused on nine vocational training institutions in Tana River County, involving 322 participants: 250 trainees, 54 trainers, 9 principals, and 9 deputy principals. Trainees and trainers were selected using random sampling, while principals were chosen through purposive sampling. Data collection involved the use of questionnaires for trainees and trainers and interviews for principals. Reliability was ensured through a pilot study and the test-retest method. Findings indicated a significant shortage of qualified trainers, as reported by 74.9% of trainees, which negatively impacted the quality of training. The study recommended that the County Government of Tana River implement in-service training programs for trainers and prioritize the recruitment and retention of highly qualified instructors. Additionally, further research was suggested to explore community perceptions of vocational education for youth.