Nature, people and civilization are timeless issues. The environmental field is currently dealing with a number of hot and time-sensitive concerns. In the current socioeconomic development situation in Vietnam, the Marxist perspective on the interaction between humans and nature is extremely methodologically significant. It not only provides us with a theoretical foundation for believing in human capabilities, but it also helps us identify a realistic way for humans to live in harmony and unity with nature during the development process. An Giang is a Mekong Delta province with a strong economic growth potential. Environmental protection still has significant limits that must be addressed as it grows. As a result, based on intriguing Marxist perspectives on the demonstrated relationship between persons, society, and nature, this paper suggests essential measures to foster economic integration while also protecting the natural environment in An Giang today.

The use of semiconductors in photovoltaics, or solar cells, allows them to transform light into energy. Because of its potential as eco-friendly and effective light-harvesting technologies, solar cells have been in the spotlight recently. Extensive and ongoing research has focused on the potential critical role of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in these devices. The most essential metric in comparing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) is their optical transmittance, which is different at low densities. As a result, SWNTs are known to perform better than MWNTs. The semiconducting properties of SWNT films allow them to serve as active or charge-transporting materials.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality, with acute exacerbations (AECOPD) representing the primary driver of healthcare utilization, economic burden, and negative patient outcomes. The conventional management of AECOPD is frequently fragmented, characterized by professional silos that lead to critical communication gaps, medication errors, high hospital readmission rates, and a suboptimal patient experience. This review synthesizes the evidence for a structured, interprofessional collaborative care model as the superior standard of care for patients with AECOPD. The objective is to explore the distinct and synergistic roles of key healthcare professionals across the entire acute care continuum, from pre-hospital response to inpatient management and the critical transition back to the community. This report details the evidence-based contributions of Emergency Medical Services, Nursing Technicians, Radiology Technicians, Respiratory Therapists, the integrated Pharmacy Team (Clinical Pharmacists and Pharmacy Technicians), Social Workers, and Medical Records Technicians, highlighting their crucial interdependencies. The synthesis of current evidence demonstrates that formalized collaborative care models, when supported by robust system-level frameworks such as structured communication protocols and integrated electronic health records, significantly improve clinical outcomes, enhance system efficiency, and elevate patient-reported quality of life. Such integrated models are no longer an ideal but an essential framework for delivering effective, efficient, and patient-centered care for this complex and vulnerable population.

Background: Varenicline represents the most effective first-line pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, though post-marketing safety concerns historically limited utilisation. Contemporary evidence requires synthesis following resolution of neuropsychiatric safety signals and emerging applications in diverse populations. Objective: To evaluate varenicline efficacy and safety for smoking cessation through systematic review of evidence published January 2020-October 2025. Methods: Comprehensive search across PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and EMBASE identified randomised controlled trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses. Two reviewers independently screened records using predefined PICO criteria: adults ≥18 years with current smoking status; varenicline monotherapy at standard dosing; placebo/active comparators; biochemically verified continuous abstinence ≥6 months. Data extraction captured efficacy outcomes, safety profiles, and population-specific effects. Risk of bias assessment employed Cochrane RoB 2 methodology. Results: Database searching retrieved 3,247 records, with 15 studies meeting inclusion criteria after systematic screening. Studies encompassed 8 randomised controlled trials, 4 systematic reviews/meta-analyses, 2 network meta-analyses, and 1 observational study, representing >15,000 participants across diverse populations. Varenicline demonstrated superior efficacy versus placebo across all populations, with 6-month continuous abstinence rates of 22.1% versus 8.9% (OR 3.14, 95% CI 2.21-4.46, p<0.001). Particularly robust effects were observed in cardiovascular disease patients (OR 4.12, 95% CI 2.89-5.87) and dual cigarette-e-cigarette users (OR 4.95, 95% CI 2.29-10.70). Safety analysis across >8,000 participants showed no significant increase in serious adverse events (6.8% vs 5.9% placebo, OR 1.23, 95% CI 0.95-1.59, p=0.11), including neuropsychiatric (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.73-2.14, p=0.42) and cardiovascular events (OR 1.35, 95% CI 0.71-2.56, p=0.36). Nausea remained the most common adverse effect (28.6% vs 9.2% placebo) but proved dose-dependent and transient. Conclusions: Contemporary evidence strongly supports Varenicline as highly effective and acceptably safe first-line therapy for smoking cessation across diverse adult populations, including those with cardiovascular disease and psychiatric disorders. Historical safety concerns have been definitively resolved, supporting broader clinical implementation within established guidelines.

Introduction: Basedow (Graves’) desease remains the leading cause of hyperthyroidism (40–60%), affecting mainly young women with a prevalence varying according to the iodization of the populations. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive and analytical study, covering 25 years (01/01/1998–31/12/2023) at the Medical Clinic II/CHAN; inclusion of all hyperthyroidism files related to Graves' disease, operative criteria and standardized definitions; descriptive and comparative analysis. Results: Our cohort included 3007 patients, with a female predominance; the most common initial clinical signs were goiter (nearly 89%) and exophthalmos (approximately 69%). Under ATS, a decrease in pulse rate and weight regain were observed at 18 months. Overall outcomes showed failure in 48–49% of cases, remission in nearly 33%, and recurrence around 18%; cardiac complications included cardiothyreosis in nearly 6% and acute thyrotoxic crisis in 0.3%. The worst outcomes were associated with grade 3 goiter, exophthalmos, a consultation time > 12 months and a loading dose > 40 mg/day. Conversely, early initiation of maintenance treatment (<6 months) was associated with more remissions and fewer recurrences. Conclusion: Rapid initiation and reasoned adjustment of ATS, coupled with stratification by severity (goiter, orbitopathy, delay), optimize the response and limit surgery; these levers can be used in resource-constrained systems.

Introduction: Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is a common condition in adults, particularly affecting women of childbearing age. It is the leading cause of anemia worldwide and represents a major public health concern. Purpose of the study: analyze the clinical and etiological profile of iron deficiency anemia in an internal medicine department. Materials and Methods. This was a retrospective study conducted over a 4-year period (January 2021 to December 2024) at the OUED-EDDAHAB military hospital in Agadir. Results: Our study included 151 cases. The mean patient age was 35.2 years, with a male-to-female (M/F) ratio of 0.07. Women of reproductive age (14–50 years) were the most affected group. The mean hemoglobin level was 8.3 g/dL. Gynecological blood loss and malabsorption syndromes were the primary etiological mechanisms. However, digestive disorders were the leading cause of IDA in our series. Among the studied cases, we identified: 51 cases of gynecological bleeding (33.8%), 41 cases of impaired absorption (27.2%), 26 cases of gastrointestinal bleeding (17.2%), 9 cases of dietary deficiency (6%), 5 cases of PICA syndrome (3.3%), and 18 cases of undetermined origin (11.9%). Injectable iron therapy played a significant role in management in our setting, being prescribed in 56.3% of cases. Conclusion: The causes of IDA in adults are multifactorial, involving several mechanisms. Gastrointestinal disorders were the most frequent in our series, consistent with literature data. For blood loss, gynecological causes predominated. The diagnostic approach to IDA is guided by clinical findings, and treatment relies on iron supplementation alongside etiological management.

Legal issues, particularly those related to the protection of citizens' rights, are addressed through the mechanism of citizen lawsuits (CLS). Until now, citizen lawsuits have only covered the environment, but there are several other sectors that have not been accommodated in the regulations on citizen lawsuits. This has led to legal uncertainty and inconsistency in court rulings on citizen lawsuits. This study uses normative legal research with a normative juridical approach based on the post-positivism paradigm. The results of this study explain that the characteristics of civil lawsuits are as follows: Basis of the lawsuit: public interest; Subject: the plaintiff is a citizen; Defendant: the government or private parties carrying out governmental affairs; Object of the lawsuit: negligence or failure to fulfil legal obligations; Notification/summons: must be sent 60 working days before the lawsuit; Claim: does not include monetary compensation, but requests that the government create regulations and policies. This reconstruction uses a dignified justice approach, namely Simplification of Procedures: CLS must have simple procedures, be affordable, and cover various fields; Subject of Lawsuits: Regulations must cover human rights violations and actions that harm the public interest, with an emphasis that the public interest also includes human rights; Judicial Competence: the authority between the District Court (PN) and the Administrative Court (TUN) must be clarified, with human rights-related lawsuits falling under the competence of the District Court; Capacity Building for Judges: training for District Court judges; Dismissal Mechanism: there is an initial selection process to screen CLS cases.

The Hajj pilgrimage is central to Nigeria–Saudi Arabia relations, extending beyond its religious obligations to encompass diplomacy, governance, and economic dimensions. Despite efforts by the National Hajj Commission of Nigeria (NAHCON), recurring challenges in pilgrims’ welfare, weak accountability, and governance lapses have undermined Nigeria’s diplomatic credibility. By contrast, Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030 emphasizes digitization, efficiency, and transparency in Hajj administration, setting a benchmark that Nigeria must adapt to remain credible and strengthen bilateral ties. This study aims to analyze how pilgrims’ welfare and accountability mechanisms influence Nigeria–Saudi relations and to propose a Vision 2030–aligned framework for NAHCON. The specific objectives were to assess the state of welfare and accountability in Nigeria’s Hajj administration, evaluate their impact on bilateral relations, and identify reforms necessary for alignment with Saudi standards. Adopting a mixed-methods design, the study combined survey data from 400 pilgrims with qualitative evidence from documents and media reports. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analyses were employed alongside thematic analysis for explanatory depth. Findings show that welfare services were rated moderately (means ≈3.4–3.5), while accountability mechanisms received weaker ratings (means ≈3.1). Regression results revealed accountability (β = 0.520) had a stronger impact than welfare (β = 0.387) on perceptions of Nigeria–Saudi relations, highlighting governance credibility as central to diplomatic outcomes. The study contributes by providing empirical evidence that links Hajj administration with foreign policy outcomes, advancing a Vision 2030–aligned framework for NAHCON that integrates welfare, transparency, digital transformation, and diplomacy, thereby positioning Hajj as a tool of Nigeria’s soft power and bilateral engagement.

Umbilical cord blood banking is a rapidly growing field with significant medical potential, especially in regenerative medicine and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The first successful Umbilical cord blood transplant in 1988 marked a breakthrough, leading to the establishment of both public and private Umbilical cord blood banks worldwide. Pharmacy students, as future healthcare providers, play a pivotal role in patient education regarding Umbilical cord blood banking, but research on their knowledge levels remains sparse. This study was conducted at JKK Nattaraja College of Pharmacy over six months using a pre-post intervention design to assess the impact of education on students' knowledge and aptitude regarding umbilical cord blood banking. Initially, a structured questionnaire was administered to assess baseline knowledge. After an educational intervention comprising lectures and discussions, a post-survey assessed changes. Results indicated significant improvement in awareness and understanding of Umbilical cord blood banking applications, benefits, and collection methods. Before the intervention, most students lacked clarity on stem cell sources, Umbilical cord blood uses, and public vs. private banking differences. After the session, understanding improved markedly, with over 90% correctly identifying medical applications and banking types. The study concludes that educational programs are essential for enhancing pharmacy students’ awareness and aptitude toward UCB banking, preparing them to counsel patients effectively.

Given that it influences the therapeutic product's dissolving profile and bioavailability, particle size is a crucial component of contemporary medication quality. Particle size analysis aids in improving drug quality and improving the pharma product development process. In this research, the particle size distribution of Azithromycin oral suspension is determined using an innovative and accurate approach that was established for the purpose of determining the particle size of the suspension. This approach has produced good, repeatable outcomes. The International Conference on Harmonization's Q2 (R1) guidelines were followed in the development and validation of the wet method, which used water as the dispersant. The results showed that the method was robust and reproducible, with the percentage RSD values found within acceptance limit. The approach presented here in is a precise, verified, and efficacious technique for ascertaining the particle size distribution of oral azithromycin suspension. In-depth discussion of the particle size approach is provided to guarantee comprehension of the particle size distribution and the performance of the method across the product's lifetime.

Alcohol and drug abuse among university students are significant public health concerns with multifactorial determinants. This study was carried out between Jan 2024 to June 20024 using multistage sampling technique to select the tertiary institutions and students. It aimed to investigate the influence of socio-demographic factors, peer pressure, family dynamics, and academic stress on substance abuse prevalence among students of the tertiary institution in Imo State, Nigeria. Method: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 433 students using questionnaire to collecting data on socio-demographic characteristics, peer pressure, family dynamics, academic stress, and substance abuse behaviors. Chi-square tests were utilized to analyze the associations between variables, with p-values < 0.05 considered significant. Results: The results revealed that 59.9% of respondents reported that they never or rarely consuming alcohol, while 66.9% reported never using recreational drugs. Additionally, 62.7% of respondents reported not feeling pressured by peers to consume alcohol or use drugs. There were significant associations between peer pressure and socio-demographic factors, including age (X2 = 4.64, p = 0.031), gender (X2 = 0.01, p = 0.019), religion (X2 = 3.96, p = 0.046), monthly allowance (X2 = 7.42, p = 0.007), educational level (X2 = 8.19, p = 0.004), and residence (X2 = 11.37, p = 0.001). Additionally, family dynamics/upbringing (X2 = 33.2, p = 0.0101) and academic stress/workload (X2 = 11.5, p = 0.041) were significantly associated with substance abuse prevalence among students. Conclusion: The findings show high level in the knowledge of drug/substance abuse and the importance of addressing the socio-environmental determinants that contributes to alcohol/substance usage. Recommendations include implementing targeted prevention programs, strengthening family-based interventions, enhancing campus support services, promoting healthy coping mechanisms, providing education on substance abuse, conducting further research, and fostering collaboration and partnerships. By addressing these factors, universities can create supportive environments conducive to student well-being, ultimately mitigating substance abuse's negative consequences and promoting a culture of wellness and academic success.

Background: Fetal movement is an early sign of life and indicates well-being. Reduced fetal movement is common in pregnant women, affecting perinatal outcomes and increasing risks of stillbirth, growth restriction, distress, and preterm birth. The biophysical profile (BPP) assesses fetal well-being in the last trimester. This study evaluated the association between BPP scores, delivery mode, and neonatal outcomes in women with reduced fetal movement at term. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Dhaka Medical College and Hospital, Bangladesh, from August 2019 to July 2020. One hundred women at ≥37 weeks of gestation with reduced fetal movement were enrolled and divided into normal (≥8/10) and abnormal (≤6/10) BPP groups. Maternal demographics, mode of delivery, and perinatal outcomes were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: Caesarean section rates were significantly higher among women with abnormal BPP (80.95%) compared to those with normal scores (46.55%) (p=0.002). Vaginal deliveries predominated in the normal group. Perinatal outcomes were generally favorable, but neonatal death and stillbirth occurred more frequently in the abnormal BPP group (7.14%) compared to the normal group (1.72%), though this difference was not statistically significant. Conclusion: Abnormal BPP scores correlated with higher caesarean rates and adverse outcomes. However, no significant difference in mortality was observed. Findings suggest BPP helps identify at-risk fetuses, but delivery decisions should combine test results and clinical judgment to balance intervention with outcomes.

Background: Eclampsia remains a significant contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. This study aimed to evaluate the maternal and fetal outcomes of eclampsia patients admitted to Dinajpur Medical College Hospital. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Dinajpur Medical College Hospital, Dinajpur, Bangladesh, from July 2008 to December 2008. In this study, we included 52 patients who were admitted with eclampsia at Dinajpur Medical College Hospital during the specified study period. Results: Most patients were aged 21–25 years (48.1%), primigravida (65.4%). Nearly half (48.1%) delivered between 33–37 weeks of gestation. Most of the patients had the antepartum eclampsia (55.8%), followed by postpartum (25.0%) and intrapartum (19.2%) eclampsia. Regarding morbidity, 44.2% experienced complications, most commonly wound infection (15.4%) and raised blood pressure (15.4%). Maternal mortality was 5.8%, with stroke (66.7%) and pulmonary edema (33.3%) as the leading causes. Among 54 neonates, 88.9% were live births and 11.1% stillbirths. Of the 26 neonates referred for pediatric evaluation, prematurity (46.2%) and birth asphyxia (34.6%) were the predominant causes. Early neonatal death occurred in 23.1% of referred cases, mainly due to birth asphyxia (50%) and prematurity (33.3%). Overall, 77.8% of neonates were discharged healthy, while perinatal death accounted for 22.2%. Conclusion: Eclampsia remains a significant cause of maternal and perinatal complications. Maternal morbidity was common, though mortality was relatively low, while perinatal death and neonatal morbidity were substantial, largely due to birth asphyxia and prematurity.

Judicial police officers occupy a pivotal position in Cameroon’s criminal justice system, exercising investigative powers conferred by the Criminal Procedure Code of 2005. Their functions are indispensable to the administration of justice, yet they continue to raise persistent concerns regarding legality, accountability, and protection of human rights. This paper undertakes a legal appraisal of the role, oversight, and violence surrounding judicial police officers under Cameroonian criminal law. It interrogates the gap between statutory supervision by prosecutors, judges and the limited effectiveness of existing oversight mechanisms, which remain largely internal and susceptible to executive influence. The study further examines the dual dimension of violence: firstly, abuses perpetrated by judicial police officers against suspects, such as arbitrary arrests, detention, ill-treatment, and secondly, violence endured by these officers themselves in conflict-affected areas and high-risk operations. The analysis demonstrates how weak accountability structures and inadequate protective measures simultaneously undermine both human rights and compromise the legitimacy of law enforcement. The paper concludes by advancing reform proposals aimed at strengthening independent oversight, judicial supervision, and improving the protection of officers thereby aligning policing practice with the rule of law and democratic governance.

Background: The World Health Organization advocates for proper integration and regulation of evidence-based Traditional, Complementary, and Integrative Medicine (TCIM) into healthcare systems nationally in response to the rapid growth of using TCIM worldwide (WHO, 2017). Fenugreek seeds are one of the most popular galactagogues for lactating mothers (El Sakka et al., 2014). Additionally, cabbage leaf compresses have shown several benefits in reducing breast engorgement (Thomas et al., 2017). Understanding the attitudes of both mothers and healthcare providers towards the use of TCIM during lactation is essential to promote informed decision-making regarding practices(Sim et al., 2014). Objective: This review aimed to explore the attitudes of lactating mothers and healthcare providers towards cabbage leaves and fenugreek, to investigate healthcare providers' perspectives on these remedies, and to identify potential benefits and risks associated with the use of cabbage leaves and fenugreek during lactation. Method: The literature review employed a systematic approach to gather relevant articles. Electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar were systematically searched using specific keywords related to the topic of interest. Result: Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. The review of literature provides significant insights into the traditional use of cabbage leaves and fenugreek in lactation management, elucidating their perceived benefits and effectiveness in alleviating breast engorgement among lactating mothers. Conclusion: The synthesis of literature underscores the significance of integrating traditional practices and natural remedies, such as cabbage leaves and fenugreek, into lactation management. While these interventions have shown promising results in relieving breast engorgement and enhancing milk production, further research is warranted to elucidate their mechanisms of action, optimal dosages, and potential side effects. Collaborative endeavors among healthcare providers, researchers, and lactating mothers are crucial to facilitating informed decision-making and fostering the comprehensive overall health of lactating mothers and their infants.